UTheodosius, inqaba ngamaRoma. iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo Feodosia

inqaba ngama - a oluntsonkothileyo izakhiwo zokuzikhusela, wakha kumaXesha Aphakathi kwi kummandla isixeko esifana Feodosia (eCrimea). Oku kwadalwa kwinkulungwane XIV.

Nqaba yayakhelwe ukukhusela Republic of Genoa Kafa - izibuko kakhulu engundoqo eCrimea. Namhlanje, phezu kweli lizwe ibekwe bucala lwembali bokwakha.

Abakhenkethi abaninzi umhlambi apha ukonwabela iimbono ezimangalisayo kweendonga yamandulo neenqaba, ivumba kumaxesha amandulo, ekhoyo apha kwaye uzive-gqaba kumaXesha Aphakathi. Makhe uqhelane kunye imbali yale nqaba iyingangamsha.

Isixeko samandulo Feodosiya. ziimbaxa

Feodosia (eCrimea) - isixeko kunye nembali odibanisa ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini anesihlanu eminyaka. Yakhiwa le BC ngenkulungwane VI. e. bahlali Greek. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-IV BC aba yinxalenye Bosporus karhulumente. Ke uTheodosius zifunyanwe igama layo ngoku. Liguqulwe njenge "alinikwe nguThixo."

Umnqweno wasithimba isixeko ngenxa indawo yayo elilungileyo geographical kunye nobukho kwi izinto ekrwada urhwebo eCrimea ezahlukeneyo: uboya, intlanzi, ityuwa, ubusi kunye nezinye iimpahla zexabiso. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu uTheodosius yaguquka yaba yokuhlala yorhwebo uyanda kwelinye lamaziko ephambili ikhoboka eCrimea.

Xa Greece wawa azisalungiseki, esi sixeko ngokuphindaphindiweyo kudlule phantsi kolawulo wamaRoma, i Khazars, uBukhosi baseByzantium. Kude kube X ngenkulungwane uTheodosius waba ezikwimeko engafanelekanga. Oku kungenxa yokuba amaRoma babe kumazibuko zabo urhwebo, lula ngakumbi indawo ngaphezu eCrimea. Ukucutheka uTheodosius kwakhokelela ehlasela ezinye nezihlwele zalapho. Kwinkulungwane XIII somzi phantsi kolawulo Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, koko yathi yathengwa ngabarhwebi ngamaRoma.

ixesha ngamaRoma. Ukudala inqaba

Ngoku kucingwa ochumayo kakhulu kwimbali kwisixeko Kaffa (Feodosia). inqaba ngama, ngasendleleni, yakhiwa ngexesha.

Qala kweentyatyambo kunganxulunyaniswa malunga ukuya phakathi kwenkulungwane XIII. Abarhwebi ngama, wangena kuLwandle Black, wabona iingenelo ngokucacileyo bay yasekuhlaleni. Kwisayithi ye kwisixeko samandulo benza yokuhlala yorhwebo, ogama Kafa. Makubulelwe ke iinqaba abanamandla kaConstantinople wathabatha ulawulo zonke iindlela ulwandle esuka kwiMeditera ukuya eMpuma.

Kungekudala, Feodosiya yayiyeyona thanga ngamaRoma eziphambili eCrimea. Yaba neziko elibalulekileyo lorhwebo sendleleni. Esebenzisa uTheodosius kumazwe aseYurophu kwaziswa ukusuka oboya East kunye nengqolowa, ngegolide, namatye anqabileyo, imveliso kunye nobulawu. Kodwa ke imveliso engundoqo inzuzo, njengokuba ngaphambili, yeha, wahlala amakhoboka ezininzi.

Ngokubanzi, ngeli thuba uTheodosius ingaba ochumayo. Inani labemi koko wababala imiphefumlo malunga 70,000. Le dolophu umntu yeqonga kunye isebe lebhanki, olwenziwa ngqekembe alo.

Ukudalwa kwenqaba ngamaRoma

Embindini ye XIV inqaba ngamaRoma yayakhelwe ukukhusela Kafa. Akubalulekanga nje ingongoma eliqaqambileyo umdla, kodwa nokuzingca okukuko lesixeko Kaffa (Feodosia). inqaba ngama yaba yesibini inkulu yaye inamandla eYurophu. Kuye ise ezantsi esixekweni, kunxweme Feodosia Bay. Waye imigca emibini izixhobo zokhuselo: kwinqaba iShushan - intliziyo inqaba - kunye inxenye engaphandle.

lokubiyela balo baba ngaphezu kwama amawaka amahlanu eemitha. Kwakugcwele iinqaba ngaphezu mathathu. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngamnye kubo igama layo. Phantsi iindonga inqaba wenzela sisihogo esinzulu, apho wakhonza nje kuphela ukuze akhusele isixeko, kodwa ukuba nemali yokuhlawula amanzi elwandle.

Kwinqaba iShushan yakhiwa kwi kumathambeka, leyo wadlala indima izakhiwo zaseprayimari zokhuselo. Izinto indalo alo lekalika, geni ukusuka olwandle okanye kwiintaba ezikufutshane. Ubude lilonke kweendonga ngaphezu kwe-700 m ubukhulu yabo ngaphezulu kwe-11 m, yaye ububanzi -. Malunga ezimbini. Kwinqaba iShushan yayikhona Consul Palace, ebuncwaneni wengingqi, inkundla, kwakunye noninzi nempahla ingakumbi imali eninzi - oboya, kwiintlobo, iimpahla.

Kwaye nangona uninzi izakhiwo kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi sele kutshatyalaliswa, zonke mmi lizwe kunye Ikratshi ndixelele apho inqaba ngamaRoma, njengoko lwenziwe.

Le singqingiwe njalo ke Wozisibekekisa imikhosi Golden mkhosi

Ngamandla kuzo kwivenkilana enxulumene enye iziganeko ezininzi ezibuhlungu eYurophu. Sithetha malunga bhubhane isibetho apho kwaqhambuka 1347 - iminyaka 1351. Yonke le nto yaqala nesibakala sokuba Golden nyambalala yomkhosi, nto leyo okhokelwa Khan Dzhanibek, wazama ukumbamba isixeko abazizityebi esinempumelelo Kafa (Feodosia). inqaba ngamaRoma, phawula sayilwa ukuze akwazi ukumelana nokuhlaselwa. Tatar kwamabutho nje akwazi ukoyisa iindonga eziphakamileyo kwaye womelele kwaye ukukhwela ngaphezulu sisihogo esinzulu wemba phambi kwabo. In Djanibek wahlala ithemba enye - ukuba abahlali anikezele. Le singqingiwe njalo ke Mongols ngamaRoma angahlala iinyanga ezininzi eCrimea, ukuba abazange ebuhlungu.

Summer ubushushu kunye ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela iimfuno ezininzi ezingundoqo umzimba, kwakunye nokwanda kwenani enkulu lamajoni wamqumbisa kokuqhambuka isibetho phakathi nabangqingi. Emva koko, ukuba zifake inqaba Dzhanibek wayalela ukuba udlulisela umzimba kwabafileyo ngalo iindonga. Kwisixeko bhubhane iqala. Eqonda ukuba kwenzeka ntoni, abarhwebi ngamaRoma osisityebi (apho abakuloo mzi malunga namawaka) Washiya Cafu waya ekhaya.

Abahlali ezishiyekileyo ngelizama ukuba ashiye kummandla ochaphazelekayo ngokukhawuleza, bagaleleka ukuba ndizivule iingcango kwaye anikezele. Noko ke, Khan Dzhanibek ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwalo bhubhane yomkhosi wakhe, akazange kungena esixekweni, waza wemka kuye, nkqu ivaliwe. Ngelo xesha ngama wafika ekhaya, washiya sisifo esibi kuzo zonke izixeko apho stop kuphela. Umphumo waba ezoyikekayo ukuze yonke imbali Europe lo bhubhane, eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama emithathu babulala, ngokutsho uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwikota ukuya kwisiqingatha abemi belizwekazi.

Amanye lizwe kunye nesixeko ngokupheleleyo bamshiya. Le ubhubhane kuchazwe imisebenzi emininzi yoncwadi, kuquka "Decameron" yi Boccaccio.

inqaba ngama kwi XV - XIX eminyaka

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV uTheodosius yathinjwa umkhosi Ottoman. I Turks wabatshabalalisa kuqala sixeko, waza ke walakha, igama. Ngoku wabizwa Kef. Esi sixeko waba urhwebo izibuko engundoqo Turkish. Apha ukuba ibekwe imarike edume amakhoboka ezingqonge unxweme Sea wasentla Black.

Ngowe-1616 le nqaba nkobe Zaporozhye Cossacks ukhokelwa Petra Sagaydachnogo. Bakhawuleza yoyisa ikampu enamandla lwathukululeka amabanjwa.

Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII uTheodosius behlelo uBukhosi Russian.

Ngenkulungwane XIX, satshatyalaliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo nqaba. Kwaye, Isimanga, isizathu sokuba oku akuyona impi kunye zokungqinga. Inyaniso kukuba ngelo xesha babengenayo izinto ukwakha izindlu kunye nezinye izakhiwo. Abahlali Local kwafuneka ibattery enqabeni medieval ukusebenzisa eli litye.

Fortress kwinkulungwane XX

Ngowe-1920, oko yamiswa ekugqibeleni amandla yiSoviet esixekweni. UTheodosius (inqaba ngamaRoma, kunye nayo), nangona kokutshatyalaliswa, waqhubeka ukugcina imizila amandla alo bangaphambili.

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II kakhulu kuwo umzi, kwaye nayo - kwaye iinqaba yakudala, yatshatyalaliswa nemikhosi yaseJamani.

Emva neemeko uTheodosius wafumana iwonga iiholide. Uqhekekile kuye kwatsala abakhenkethi abavela kulo lonke elo lizwe.

inqaba ngamaRoma, namhlanje

Namhlanje i inqaba Oku igcinwe. Yonke into eseleyo kuwo - kwaye emazantsi entshonalanga udonga kwinqaba iShushan, a iinqaba ezimbalwa saa kuwo umzi. Kwakhona umbindi abalondolozwa ezinye iicawa, iibhate Turkish kunye kwebhulorho.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba inqaba ngamaRoma e Feodosia hayi indumasi Sudak, namhlanje indawo yokhenketho ethandwayo. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba amaziko akukho benithobele ngokubuyiselwa, kwaye ndikwazile ukugcina oyinyaniso, umoya olunge- kudala kunye Ages Aphakathi. Kwaye kutheni inqaba nomtsalane kangaka ngamaRoma. Reviews Umhambi zibonisa ukuba yindawo emangalisayo kunye ezizodwa apho ufuna ukubuyela kwakhona kwaye kwakhona.

Indlela ukuya apho?

Namhlanje, mhlawumbi, wonke umntu esixekweni ngokulula ndixelele apho inqaba ngamaRoma. Tour ingaqala ekunene ukusuka kwindawo kwisikhululo sikaloliwe, ujonge enqabeni uConstantine iqhele khona. Ukuze ufumane iintsalela kwinqaba iShushan yamandulo kulula kakhulu - cela nje nabani na odlulayo akanankathalo, yi, apho inqaba ngamaRoma.

Indlela ukufumana zendlela? Ungafumana apho ibhasi yeshatile №1 emarikeni. Okanye ndihambahamba - kuthatha ngaphantsi kwe kangangesiqingatha seyure, kodwa iya kuhlala amava ezimnandi kakhulu. Kwathi ngomhla Gorky Street. Emva kokwenza ekhohlo sele kwaye iya kubonakala kwinqaba ngamaRoma. Ngena okanye kunoko, amasango aye alondolozwa kakuhle, kodwa uhlolo kuhle ukuba uqale ibhulorho ebalaseleyo, kunye nembono zobungangamela entilini.

Inqaba Yethu Feodosia nobugcisa

ilanga zinenani Theodosia utsale abantu abaninzi abadumileyo. Kodwa yena ukudunyiswa opeyintayo yayo ehlabathini-edumileyo, ngomzobi zaselwandle Ivan Aivazovsky. Apha Ndikhetha ukuphumla Anton yaseChekhov. In Feodosia wahlala Osip Hope kunye uAleksandr Etsho ngoncumo. Hi ndlela leyi, apha yabhalwa ngu "Baleka phezu Amaza 'yakhe.

Okunye walondoloza eCrimea inqaba

Iinqaba e Feodosia - akukho nje inqaba ngamaRoma eCrimea. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, abarhwebi, efuna ukufaka ngokupheleleyo iindlela elwandle, ukomeleza izixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo. Omnye izakhiwo ezinjalo zokhuselo sasinda ephawulekayo, yaye etsala kubakhenkethi abaninzi namhlanje. Yintoni igama umzi apho ke kuloo nqaba ngamaRoma? Sudak.

ixabiso itikiti engange imalunga 150-160. Nangona ukusuka central inxalenye yaso phantse nto iseleyo, ukwakhiwa udonga yaye ngoku hit ubungangamsha bayo nokungafumaneki, bemi ngaphandle ngokucacileyo nxamnye yangasemva bay. Inqaba e Sudak, okanye, njengoko yayibizwa njalo ngoko, kwi Sughd kwakhiwa kancinane emva kwe e Feodosia. Namhlanje yinto yolondolozo lwendalo. Kungcono ukuya khona ngo-Agasti - ngexesha elimisiweyo apho ke kuloo nqaba, olunzulu joust, elide ngaphezu kweveki.

Yintoni enye ukubona Feodosia?

Mandulo, akamsalisela - oku ngokungathandabuzekiyo elidala, kodwa hayi kuphela ikratshi Feodosia. Phakathi kwezinye ngokulinganayo enhle kunokwenzeka ukuqaphela igalari eyodwa mizobo yi Aivazovsky, ehambisa idolophu artist.

Enye indawo edume - indlu-museum ye-Green, babehlala apho umbhali kwaye wasebenza. Ihlabathi elimangalisayo le yakusasa imisebenzi ukusungulwa ngokohlobo enqanaweni. Kakade ke, musa ukulibala amangcwaba amaninzi kunye nemithombo, amaziko olondolozo kunye nezitiya ukuba banxibe ubuso kwesi sixeko yinzwakazi.

UTheodosius sihle, kwakunye iintsalela abalondolozwa inqaba yamandulo ngamaRoma. umoya yamandulo eziKhawulezayo kwenza ibethe intliziyo ngokukhawuleza kwaye edala umnqweno akhe ukuba babuyele kulo mzi ibangel 'umdla.