Uphi na eLapland Reserve. ELapland Biosphere Reserve

Ngaba wakha weva ngalo liyana eLapland? Kakade ewe! Noko ke, asingabo bonke uyazi malunga ubukho eLapland Reserve. Yintoni na odumileyo? Indlela esebenza? Kweli nqaku siza kuzama ukuphendula ezi kunye nezinye imibuzo enxulumene kule ndawo emangalisayo.

Okokuqala, ufumanise ukuba apho eLapland Reserve. Le ise entla, kuloo mmandla Murmansk. Wayesele phantse-100 leminyaka ubudala, yaye ukongezelela kule yokuhlala Santa Claus kukho izinto ezininzi umdla kubakhenkethi eziqhelekileyo izazinzulu. indawo I-Reserve ngayo ichaphazela ubungakanani bayo - kuba ngaphezu kwe-278 435 eehektare, 8574 kuzo ethatha indawo ngamanzi amachibi kunye nemilambo. Ngenxa kule ubukhulu Lapland Nature Reserve yenye inkulu eYurophu.

indaba

Le ndawo buffer wadalwa Lenoblispolkoma isigqibo ngoJanuwari 1930. Ngaloo mihla, i Kola Peninsula behlelo yiKomiti yesiGqeba kummandla Leningrad. engama-20 kwaba kumazwe adle Reserve, kodwa sele ivaliwe ngenxa kwixesha elingenammiselo ngo-1951. Ngethamsanqa, le meko isonjululwe ngokukhawuleza, reserve eLapland yavulwa kwakhona emva kweminyaka emihlanu, ibhaliswe kwaye wafumana iwonga karhulumente.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umda "ILapland" watshintsha ngamaxesha, yaye ngokufuthi ngakumbi ngakwicala ukuhla. Oku kungenxa kuphuhliso imithombo yezimbiwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane lokugqibela imimandla Monchetundra. Ngaphandle koku, ngo-1983, ukuya egciniweyo ukuba indawo encomekayo kakhulu eqhotyoshelwe kule osentshona (129,577 ha). Kwaba elingana phantse-100% kwindawo yokuqala. Ilizwe urhulumente labiwe "ILapland" kwi imbuyekezo ezikhutshwayo kuncitshiswa azisalungiseki sisityalo "Severonikel 'umhlaba okwimpuma myezo.

Phakathi-Februwari 1985 Lapland State Biosphere Reserve ethatyathwa phantsi kokhuselo UNESCO njenge Biosphere Reserve. Project "Fantastic ILapland" yaphehlelelwa kwiminyaka elishumi kamva (1995). Ukususela ngoko, i-Reserve waqala nje kuphela, uphando kunye nokusingqongileyo, kodwa ixabiso yenkcubeko.

ILapland Nature Reserve - landscape

Ngemihla ye-Valdai glaciation Kola Peninsula azigubungela kuxwebhu ice efanayo behlawulela eGreenland namhlanje. Anyamalala kwiminyaka 10,000 eyadlulayo, eshiya esemazantsi ukuya kummango olomeleleyo gquma kunye namatye glacier-mpuluswa ezinamandla iziphumo, ezo zibizwa ngokuba "emabunzini yemvu". Emva glaciation kukho phantse akukho kumatye awenziwa ludaka. Bona indawo maleko angqine ubudala Archean, ikakhulu gneisses.

Emva kokuba ukunyibilika zomkhenkce kwiindawo enkulu Kola Peninsula engenanto elide. Ekuqaleni, imimoya neentaka nazo apha eliphikisa ulele kunye ubulembu, imbewu yengca. Izityalo negalelo intshabalalo kade yomfanekiso lwamatye Kola Peninsula kwaye ukuyilwa lomhlaba. Ngokukhawuleza badlands lomqolo izinziswe, nethe yanegalelo obanzi ukutshintsha.

Baza baqala ukwenza amahlathi kunye kumathafa, ekugqibeleni ukuthatha akhoyo.

Imilambo nemijelo

ILapland Nature Reserve (Monchegorsk) imelwe ziintlobo yenkohlakalo izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kumantla Eurasia. Ngenxa glaciation elandulelayo kweli lizwe, njengoko, okunene, ukuba wonke eScandinavia, luphawulwa ukungabikho olupheleleyo lweentlobo zezityalo izezo zifumaneka apha kuphela.

ILapland ecosystem wadala kutshanje kuphela, ngoko ke inkqubo yokwazisa ngaphandle kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezintsha zezilwanyana nezityalo lusaqhubeka. Ntlobo zezilo neentyatyambo esoloko itshintsha, incinci kakhulu.

ILapland reserve egcwele uzele yoba yimijelo, yimisinga fast intaba. Kwezinye iindawo, edambile, abe eweni olu. Kwezinye iisayithi, bona Rapids waphuphuma kunye le miyalezo ezimhlophe.

Abaninzi reserve amachibi ezincinane nezinkulu, ilitye, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha isanti okanye zigqunywe iibhanki sedge. River iintlambo yolula Yagelnaya amahlathi. lwentaba Inshorensi shady nespruce-zelenomoshniki. iintili Wide imijelo elibaleka, apho erhangqwe isijungqu imxinwa yimithi ubuncwane, Zinokuxutywa nokuphalazeka kwelifu enkulu yamatye, nolwenzelwa amatshatshazi of ulele emibalabala.

Eli chibi likhulu - Imandra, indawo ka-880 km ^2. It ibekwe iziqithi ezingaphezu kwe-150. Imilambo inkulu - Strelna, Varzuga, umba.

emathafeni

ILapland Nature Reserve (kummandla Murmansk) izityalo ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ujongwa kwindawo yayo geographical - km 120 kumntla Arctic Circle - kwaye landscape intaba. Emva ukunyibilika komkhenkce kumphezulu womhlaba bahlala ulele kunye ubulembu. Kwiimeko ezimaxongo kumathafa ntaba, adle moss intaba efanayo - uju oluthandayo reindeers. Kwezinye iindawo, ukuba utshintshe iikhaphethi imithana, crowberry, iiblueberries, cranberries, bearberry. Bathi nazo, kwaye amatyholo rhododendron kuropatochey ingca (Dryad).

Kwezinye iindawo, kukho ethengisayo okanye ababetheki-ezimile saxifrage, Linnaeus ovsyannitsa ephantsi, ezinde etyumke ubudoda. Ithuba nezidubula ngayo ezi ndawo intle kakhulu.

hlathi polar

Enye asethi ephambili kwimimandla ILapland Reserve Ihlathi ikhula kwi la mazwe ukusuka kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwi-10 amawaka. Iminyaka yobudala avareji imithi ikhula apha iminyaka 300. Ezinye iisampulu ukufikelela ukuphakama kuyimitha 15. uphuhliso elikhutheleyo hlathi polar ngenxa sezulu onomoya kwaye nokungabikho epheleleyo permafrost kule nwebu ongaphantsi.

Ebusika, umhlaba snow ekhuselweyo, yaye kubanda ngokuba akukho nzima kakhulu. Imithi zikhula kancinci, kodwa ukufikelela ubungakanani gqitha, akubanga ukukhumbula olukhulayo stock behlathi kumathafa eSiberia.

I pine lendawo iinaliti ezimfutshane zeyure ukuba iminyaka emithathu, iminyaka esixhenxe. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, olu hlobo isaziwa njenge ifomu eyahlukileyo - pine Vries.

Eqhelekileyo kuthi nespruce endaweni kwi reserve nespruce eSiberia kunye Uphawu olu hlobo cone ezincinane.

Arctic kunye amade ezinde ekhula emahlathini nespruce kunye emahlathini. undergrowth ezabanjwa iquka ash ntaba, konwele yaseSiberia, willow kunye nezinye iintlobo semingculuba.

Le uhlaza komhlaba layer Reserve enkulu, ndimkhathalela imithana - crowberry, lingonberry, Linnaeus, iiblueberries, iintlobo ezininzi wintergreen. Kukho ezininzi zezityalo evergreen herbaceous - Luzula pilosa, ingca iinwele.

Izakwandisa wavakalisa umaleko moss. Xa pine zamahlathi ubulembu lidla kudityaniswe ulele cladonia (Alpine, deerskin ezibandayo). Nelona qondo liphezulu yehlathi eliphawulwe nomphakamo 380 m.

Izilwanyana of Lapland Nature Reserve

Uhlobo kule ndawo mhle engamelanga ithathwe njenge yamandulo. Kangangeenkulungwane, i Sami baye benza ngempumelelo adle zomhlambi, ngokufanelekileyo, ndibatshabalalise amarhamncwa.

Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokugqibela, eLapland kukho bambalwa kakhulu adle kunye ezinkulu ezizingelayo.

adle

Entshonalanga, i Kola Peninsula ngelo xesha wahlala kuphela malunga nawo ezilikhulu.

Kwafuneka ukuba athathe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo ukukhusela ezi zilwanyana, ngoko ngowe-1930, yaye yaququzelelwa leli eLapland Reserve. Kungekudala amanyathelo yokhuseleko wanika iziphumo zokuqala emihle.

Namhlanje ebekelwe bucala rhoqo iminyaka engaphezu kwewaka abantu. Deer bakhetha amahlathi-belomoshniki kunye intaba-tundra landscape. ILapland park yesizwe zizityebi lokutya okuthandayo lwabo - adle moss. Ngenxa imisebenzi zokhuseleko ixesha elide Reserve ixhama yasendle, lwavakala kulo lonke elo lizwe, ngaphezu kwabo bonke kwintshona weentaba kunye amahlathi.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX kwi ILapland Biosphere Reserve emva kokunyamalala elide wabuya beaver dlebe. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo ixhama weza kwezi ndawo emzantsi kumzantsi-ntshona ngokwabo, kodwa beaver zaye ngokukodwa wakhululwa egciniweyo isixeko Voronezh. Nangona zombini iintlobo inqabile.

ezidla

ILapland Nature Reserve is on nommandla wayo, kunye ezinkulu ezizingelayo. Eyona eqhelekileyo ibhere emdaka. Wolverines, iingcuka kunye lynxes bambalwa. Kukho kwakhona iimpungutye, kodwa inani labo lincinane kakhulu. Least, marten, ermine kwenzeka kaninzi. Ubusika ngekhephu abasakwazi obutofotofo ubomi voles kunye Lemmings.

iintaka

Zonke iintaka eziphila kulo ILapland Reserve, ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha kwinqaku elifutshane akunakwenzeka. Ngoko ke, namhlanje siya avalele thina kwabo iintlobo kule reserve kunexabiso elikhulu kokusingqongileyo.

imfuduko yokwakha kwaye waphawula iintlobo 20 zasemanzini. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba irhanisi elincinane, encinane emhlophe-egudle. Kutshanje, olu hlobo ngokukhawuleza phantse wonke ummandla kule ndawo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye amarhanisi emantla, egudle iindlwana irhanisi kunxweme imilambo ntaba kunye nemisinga.

Indawo yokuqala ixabiso ebekelwe bucala kuhlala icula - icula, capercaillie, icula omnyama, ptarmigan nenamathafa. Iintlobo yokugqibela ohlala kumathafa entabeni, elinye zihlale yehlathi.

Ezo iintaka ezidla kwaye kunqabile ezifana nenkqo, eagle yegolide, nesangxa, ukhozi emhlophe-ezinomsila, egciniweyo bazive bekhululekile ngokupheleleyo.

izikhova

Abameli ezi ntaka ongathanda ukuba usixelele ngakumbi. Kunzima ukufumana ehlabathini kwenye indawo ezifana ILapland State Biosphere Reserve, apho mikhulu, kodwa kungaphelelanga kummandla omiweyo ziintlobo ezisibhozo leenciniba.

Uhlobo luqhelekileyo - encinane owl bethengisa. Uthi ummeli iintlobo ezahlukeneyo amahlathi wasentla. usiba lwayo ihlangana kakuhle imvelaphi eyenziwe yi-ezinde wasentla.

"Dade" zayo - Great Grey Owl - yesikhova ihlathi elikhulu boreal, kodwa bafumana kakhulu inqabile. It ukhetha ukuhlala emahlathini, ngelinye izithuba ezivulekileyo, umzekelo, kunye amadobo sphagnum.

Boreal kunye pygmy nefubesi - nenciniba lincinci eRashiya. Afuna ukuba ahlale incitshisiwe kunye nespruce kunye fir kunye namahlathi ezinde.

Marsh nenciniba, isikhova phambene kunye nefubesi ukhozi - enkulu izilwanyana ehlabathini. Bambalwa, kodwa kakhulu okufana Lapland Reserve omhlophe okanye izikhova ezibandayo.

Ngenxa yokuba kwi Arctic ukukhanya ebusuku, izikhova banyanzeleka ukuba kumka wokufuna emini. White Nights sizini elide - iintsuku ezilikhulu (ukususela ekuqaleni kuka May kude kube kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka ka-Agasti). Ngeli xesha izikhova ayifunayo ukuze akhule kwaye ukondla amantshontsho. Ngoko ke, ukuze ubone nengcwangube luphaphazela emini kulula ukulondoloza.

Unakho ngokufuthi kubonwa koovimba nomgxobhozo yesikhova. Iyabhabha izithuba ezivulekileyo ngokucotha, zikhangela amaxhoba. Kanye izikhova ezininzi, it has organ ibalulekileyo sensory yi unendlebe, nangona ayikwazi ngokuba buthathaka amehlo ayo.

Xa ukukhanya kwelanga ehlathini kunokubonwa owl hawkish. iintlobo ezimbini izikhova baziphathe ngendlela covertly, bakwazi ukuhlangabezana kuphela ngengozi. Benza "indawo yokugcina" babo kwimigongxo emithi. Apha Balizisa ke idiphozithi esidumbini kweempuku ezincinane, neentaka maxa wambi ezincinane.

Nokuba nzima kakhulu ukufumana ifubesi tawny nefubesi elide-tailed. Kokuba azalwe abazingeli. Ukongeza namabuzi ezincinane, ezo isiseko ukutya kwabo, baye zazidlala ukuba adle iintaka ezahlukeneyo kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Isikhova Ubambisa icula kunye oonomatse, musa ungaphoswa ithuba kwaye woyise ermine.

nenciniba inkulu ILapland reserve idla uzingela icula, imivundla kunye icula. Kwakukho iimeko xa ngempumelelo othathe marten. Noko ke, xa miss yena abe lixhoba.

Izikhova, siyabulela ukuva iindawo bayakwazi ukubambisa iimpuku phantsi ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze ikhephu, ngoko phantse zonke iintlobo, ngaphandle amade, kusingathwa.

kwimisebenzi yezobunzululwazi

Ukuqondisa engundoqo yomsebenzi ziinzululwazi ILapland Reserve - ukugcina nokwandisa inani adle zasendle wonke ummandla Kola Peninsula. Ukongeza, imisebenzi abasebenzi ziquka esweni rhoqo isifundo kufutshane reserve kwamashishini kwezemveliso kokusingqongileyo kunye nendalo. Le enezityalo nezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo utsala basebenzi zasekuhlaleni kuphela zidla izazinzulu avela kwamanye amazwe.

Ekufundweni iimeko zokuphila kunye imikhwa amaxhama zasendle yaqala ngo-1929, phambi kokuba kuvulwa reserve. Iirekhodi yokuqala yezi zilwanyana ukuba M. Kreps entabeni ebusika.

ihlele

ILapland Nature Reserve - indawo elihle. Ukongeza ubuhle eyothusayo entabeni, amahlathi bamandulo kunye nezilwanyana zasendle, ungafumana siqhelane lemveli lenkcubeko Sami, yaye ebusika ukuya kutyelelo enqabeni Santa Claus.

Utyelelo Reserve zinokubakho kuphela ngamalungiselelo angaphambili kunye nolawulo. Ukwenza amalungiselelo ukhenketho, kufuneka usebenzise iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano ngentla ukuze uzibekele intanethi.