UMikhail Tugan-Baranovsky: engobomi, imisebenzi izimvo, ezoqoqosho

UMikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski - a ngezoqoqosho Russian-Ukrainian, liyachuma wezemfundo elafikayo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Kwakhona yaba ngumpolitiki ezaziwayo-kakuhle kunye sikatata. Tugan-Baranowski ngummeli le Marxism elisemthethweni ekuthiwa-in Tsarist eRashiya. Yozef Shumpeter ingqalelo kuye ngezoqoqosho iphambili Russian ngexesha lakhe. Ngexesha ubomi bakhe wabhala Mininzi imisebenzi enikelwe kwithiyori ixabiso, ukusasazwa zengeniso zentlalo, imbali ulawulo kwaye zisekelwe ulawulo oludibeneyo.

Tugan-Baranowski: biography

Future Nobel Prize wazalwa ngo January 8, 1865 kunye. SeTyuwa, kufuphi eKharkov. Namhlanje, oko ummandla Ukraine, kodwa ke ngelo xesha ilizwe behlelo uBukhosi Russian. Tugan-Baranowski weza - line kayise - uhlobo Lipka nangezinto. Scientist Umama waba uhlanga Ukrainian ukusuka kummandla Poltava. Tugan-Baranowski waya esikolweni Kiev ne eKharkov. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, ndiwuthandile bulumko, wafundela imisebenzi Emmanuila Kanta. Ngowe-1884 wangena University of eKharkov, apho waqhubeka nokufunda yakhe nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Kwiminyaka emine emva koko, Tugan-Baranowski ndafumana PhD. Kodwa eli xesha sele nomdla kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko, ngoko wagqiba ukuba baqhubeke nezifundo zabo. Ngowe-1890, uMikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski ndinesinye isidanga. Kunyaka ongaphambili, watshata intombi ngumlawuli we-St Petersburg Conservatory, Lidii Davydovoy. Yena ithabathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yoluntu owakhe umsebenzi ngempumelelo kwizifundo. Ebutsheni bowe-1919, Tugan-Baranowski wathunyelwa ukuya kwinkomfa Paris njengentloko labathunywa Ukrainian. Ebudeni hambo, akavumelanga ukuhlaselwa ezimbini sifuba angina waza wafa kuloliwe kufuphi Odessa ngumntu wesithathu.

Le mood mbuso

Ngoxa ukufunda kwiYunivesithi Tugan-Baranowski waqalisa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba mbuso ngokuchasene urhulumente tsarist eRashiya. Wayeqhelene umzalwana Vladimir Lenin kaThixo, uAleksandr Ulyanov, owabulawa ngowe-1887 ngokuthatha inxaxheba ukuzama phezu ubomi Alexander III. Friendship oluphazanyiswa kokubanjwa Tugan-Baranowski ukuba inxalenye yokugqibela xa umboniso umfundi e St. Petersburg, azinikele engama 25 sokufa ngumbhali UNikolai Dobrolyubov.

Inqaku lokuqala oluphemeleleyo

A umsebenzi ngempumelelo kwizifundo Tugan-Baranowski yaqala ngo 1890. Inqaku yaKhe yokuqala, othi "Imfundiso eluncedo litheni iinzuzo zoqoqosho" yapapashwa ngo-Oktobha kulindixesha "Legal iGazethi". Kulo msebenzi khorwisaka nokuxoxa ukuba imigudu ngcamango ixabiso economics bakhe marginalist mihla azikho ngeziqu bamchasa uYesu, kodwa ezihlobeneyo.

"Ubomi kwabantu Mbasa"

Emva kokuba impumelelo yokuqala entsimini lenzululwazi ithiyori Tugan-Baranowski wagqiba ukubhala ibhayografi elifutshane ngamagqabantshintshi iimbono zoqoqosho Pierre-Dzhozefa Prudona, noYohane Stuart Mill, ukuba uthotho iincwadi, apapashwa ngokupapasha indlu Pavlenkova. Wazijika umsebenzi omncinane, iphepha 80 kuphela. It uMikhail Tugan-Baranowski Proudhon wagxeka ngenxa yokuswela kwayo efanayo lwangaphakathi kovavanyo lokugqibela, ukudideka yayo zesimbo, ukunqongophala ngqondweni kunye nenkxaso lohanahaniso ulawulo uNapoleon kaThixo. Imibono phezu Mill yadla uMikhail Ivanovich umphefumlo, ngokuba libonakalise ulwazi oluchanekileyo ngomoya bezenzululwazi, ngokusekelwe isifundo wendalo.

amava Ukulungiselela aphesheya

Njengoko uKarl Marx kunye Friedrich Engels, Tugan-Baranovsky wabona eNgilani umzekelo kumazwe asakhasayo njengoko, ingakumbi eRashiya. Ngoko ke, lo zentlako-hlaza nezasehlotyeni ka-1891 i-nzulu kubanjelwa kwiMyuziyam yaseBritani, ukufunda ingqokelela yeencwadi ezinqabileyo kunye nomsebenzi manani. Emva koko ke wabuyela eSt Petersburg. Iminyaka emibini elandelayo ayichitha isifundo kwethiyori mijikelo zoshishino. Ngeli xesha wabhala umsebenzi omkhulu-isikali "ubunzima Industrial Kumaxesha England:. Unobangela nefuthe kubomi babantu" Kuba 1894, isidanga master xa kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko kwiYunivesithi eMoscow. Emva koko, wabuyela eSt Petersburg, wakwazi ukufumana ukuya eyunivesithi ngenxa isithuba umncedisi ngunjingalwazi. Tugan-Baranowski wasebenza apho de-1899, xa angagxothwa unreliability kwezopolitiko.

ipolitiki

Ngowe-1895, M. Tugan-Baranowski, kunye co-umbhali P. B. Struve wajoyina i-Free Economic Association. Ngowe-1896 waba usihlalo walo wabhala enye zakhe edume amanqaku akhe "Ukubaluleka umba kwezoqoqosho embalini." Nangona uqoqosho Tugan-Baranowski waba abangabaxhasi bakaMarx kwindalo, ISAZINZULU akuzange kubekho iqela intshukumo komhlaba zentlalo-yedemokhrasi, nto leyo iye yavela nje ixesha ngeli thuba eRashiya. Ngowe-1898 wabona ukukhanya umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, "mveliso Russian kwi zakudala nangoku." Ngokuba kuye, wafumana isidanga sobugqirha yakhe e Moscow State University. Ukususela ngo 1901 ukuya 1905 Tugan-Baranowski lathabatha inxaxheba kubomi loluntu kummandla Poltava. Waqala ukusebenza kwi zemstvo yasekuhlaleni. Emva koko, lo nzulu wabuyela eSt Petersburg. Apha wasebenza nje abahlohli kunye unjingalwazi kumasebe zezoqoqosho yeseti amaziko Polytechnic nezorhwebo, kwakunye eyunivesithi yabucala Shanyavsky eMoscow.

Neokantianism nepolitiki

Ngokuthe ngcembe, umdla Marxism zomthetho Tugan-Baranowski bungacinywa. Unomdla zeniyo-livela ezininzi imisebenzi yakhe kwenkulungwane XX ekuqaleni, azinikele intshukumo lwentsebenziswano. Ngowe-1901 wapapasha "Amanqaku ukususela kwimbali yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko 'enkarhini lowu" Ubutyebi besizwe ". Lo msebenzi, kwakunye kwalandela yayo, iguqulelwe German ngo-1915. Ngowe-1919 bekukho umsebenzi wokuqala nzulu ngolwimi Ukrainian ebizwa ngokuba "Intsebenziswano, ubume balo kunye nenjongo." Ukususela ngowe-1906 uye wasebenza kunye Mihailom Grushevskim. Naye wabhala encyclopedia "Abantu Ukrainian in elidlulileyo zalo elizayo." Tugan-Baranowski yaba lilungu le-Ukrainian Social-Federalist Party kunye wawushiya Jikelele Secretariat ka November 20, 1917 ukuya nxamnye isihlokomiso somthetho yesiThathu Universal ye-Central Symbol, awalithethayo ngemfuneko ukunika ukuzimela ngakumbi Ukraine.

imibono zoqoqosho

Yonke imisebenzi ngu Tugan-Baranowski lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela eziliqela ngokwe izihloko ukuba bathi:

1. Ngomhla zokukwazi socialism.
2. Ngokutsho ingqiqo lonikezelo.
3. Ngokutsho kwithiyori eluncedo ebekiwe.
4. Ngenxa wentsebenziswano.
5. Ngokutsho kwithiyori yemijikelo mveliso.

Ngomhla iziseko kwiSocialism

Tugan-Baranowski wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo isifundo wentsebenziswano. Washwankathela amava Russian angaphandle. Kwincwadi yakhe "IPhulo leZiseko zokuFunda loLuntu Intsebenziswano", ngowe-1916, i-nzulu ekwabelwana ingqikelelo intshukumo lwentsebenziswano kunye uhlobo lweshishini kwezoqoqosho njengoko wobunye. Ideal lokuqala ukudaleka Thethani bobusoshiyali, umntu omtsha, kwaye eyesibini - inzuzo kwezoqoqosho oko kakuhle phakathi ukukhulelwa yobungxowankulu wokufama. Noko ke, eyona njongo iphambili yale fomu kwenkampani hayi esenza ingeniso, kunye nokwanda ingeniso Ukuxelenga kubantu abasebenza kuyo, nokunciphisa ukuba imali abathengi. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo amanyeneyo: abalimi, encinane-yoohlohlesakhe kunye uyazazi. Uhlobo oluthile lweshishini kuxhomekeke iinjongo eklasini, nto leyo idala kuyo. Kuba Tugan-Baranowski intsebenziswano - kunzima nxamnye capitalism, kodwa ayizizo iindawo, kodwa ngendlela enoxolo.

concept lonikezelo

Imfundiso Tugan-Baranowski iquka icandelo elahlukileyo ngokwabelana ngokulinganayo imveliso lwentlalo. Le Isazinzulu wabonisa ingxaki womatshini lonikezelo ezikhoyo, apho ukuwubamba meko iiklasi non-esebenzayo. umqeshwa emvuzweni ufumana inxalenye encinane gqitha imveliso lwentlalo. Kuxhomekeke kwesigaba njengeklasi kuxhomekeke ulwakhiwo iSocialism; ngokuba nguye yedwa kukhulula kwezoqoqosho kusuka kongxowankulu basebukhosini. Zakutshanje abafumana ingeniso unearned, ke ngoko, kufuneka ulwe nabo.

Imfundiso eluncedo ebekiwe

Tugan-Baranovsky akazange avume kunye ingqiqo yexabiso Ukuxelenga Marx. Le eliluncedo ebekiwe kuba - oku isizathu ixabiso lempahla kwezoqoqosho. Kufuneka ukuba bamise malunga neendleko zabasebenzi, kodwa ke ngumphelelisi kuyimfuneko. Ngokutsho Tugan-Baranowski, ingxaki kukuba imfundiso eluncedo litheni idla kuqondwa. imfundiso kaRicardo swi injongo imilinganiselo zinto, kwaye Menger - ezikhathazayo. Ngoko ke, ukuba abayi abamelene ngokwendalo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ithiyori yabasebenzi exabiso Ricardo kunye Marx zincedisana ingqiqo eluncedo eziseludinini, zibhengezwa Menger. Yonke into yogqibelelo. Le Isazinzulu kwabonisa ukuba eluncedo abekelwe kwempahla yokwandisa ngokukhululekileyo usoloko kisekiyo kwixabiso lazo yabasebenzi. Esi sikhundla udla ngokubizwa ngokuba theorem ka Tugan-Baranowski. ULenin akazange uyayixhasa le mbono Economist Ukrainian. Tugan-Baranovsky wayekholelwa ukuba Socialism kwimeko ezingalungiselelwanga - ukumendo ngqo ebukhobokeni kunye nentlupheko jikelele yabemi. Scientist wasivuna indima ekhethekileyo abakumgangatho ophakathi nje unxulumano phakathi kwabasebenzi kunye nezazi. Nangona kunjalo, eSoviet Union kunye nemfundo bakhe iingxaki ezinkulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, nkqu Lenin uyaqonda ukuba kwakhiwe socialism - oku kwixesha elizayo.

Theory of imijikelo yemveliso

iimbono zoqoqosho Tugan-Baranowski baba ebanzi ngokwaneleyo. Le mihla kakhulu imfundiso yakhe mijikelo zotyalo-mali. Tugan-Baranowski ndandiphanda ubunzima kwimizi eNgilani. wabo wabona kulwabiwo mali omkhulu, apho luqiniswe izibonelelo Bank Limited. Xa umsebenzi wakhe 'ubunzima Industrial in Modern England ", yena wabethelela ukuba uqoqosho nkulu ngokwayo singakha emarikeni, ngoko ke akukho ukulinganiselwa zophuhliso kunye nokukhula. Noko ke, Tugan-Baranowski wayesithi ukuba ukhuphiswano ezamahala zithintele ukwanda kwemveliso. Unobangela ngeentlekele kwakhe kuqwalaselwa kuphela phantsi, ngesifo sephepha, kodwa ke iingxaki udumo nemali ejikelezayo. Njengoko isiseko umjikelo mali lwayo theory Scientist mbono Marx ukuba ukuhla industrial enxulumene imfuneko zokuhlaziywa ngamaxesha eyinkunzi ezinzileyo. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho Tugan-Baranowski, kwisigaba industrial somjikelo echazwe imithetho zotyalo-mali. Eguquguqukayo zenzeka ngenxa yokungabikho okukhona kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuqoqosho ngexesha nokunyuka, nonokungangqinelani phakathi kutyalo kunye nolondolozo, ukungayelelani kwamaxabiso ukulungiselela abathengisi neemveliso ezingundoqo. Tugan-zihlolwe kunye nendima kwenzala kuqoqosho. Wathi ukuba ungeniselo lwayo luphawu lokuba eli lizwe capital encinane kakhulu, kwaye le yokugqibela ngoyena nobangela le ntlekele, ngokutsho sisazinzulu.

Tugan-Baranowski: imisebenzi

1. "Le ntlekele kwimizi eBritani mihla, izinto zabo kunye nefuthe kubomi babantu" (1894).
2. "Le Factory Russian kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye langoku" (1898).
3. "Imfundiso eluncedo litheni" (1890).
4. "Proudhon, ubomi bakhe kunye nomsebenzi" (1891).
5. "Izincoko kwi-History of Economy Political" (1901).
6. A Inani imisebenzi German.
7. "Nomzobo ukususela kwimbali lwakutsha nje kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko kunye socialism" (1903).
8. "Isisekelo theory of Marxism" (1905).
9. "Boqobo njenge yimfundiso positive" (1918).

UMikhail Tugan-Baranovsky - an ebalaseleyo yezoqoqosho ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Indawo eyodwa kuphuhliso ezoqoqosho njenge inzululwazi ethatha imfundiso yakhe imijikelo shishino, nto leyo eyaba ungumhambeli phambili ingqikelelo-mali ngokudibeneyo. Le Isazinzulu babona unobangela ingxaki kuphela hormone, kodwa ukungafezeki kwenkqubo imali mboleko ejikelezayo. Yena ngummeli nje le Marxism zomthetho, kodwa omnye noosozoqoqosho edume kakhulu kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Yena umsebenzi, abazinikele ingcamango yexabiso, ingeniso lwentlalo ingqiqo ukwabiwa, uphuhliso ezingundoqo zolawulo. Ilifa uMikhail Ivanovich iyaqhubeka ekuphembeleleni iinzululwazi zale mihla kunye nezigqibo Tugan-Baranowski andilahlekwanga ukufaneleka kwabo namhlanje.