Umda Norway neRashiya: ezeMbali Modernity

Imida uqhekeza kuwo onke amaxesha yaba imbangela yeemfazwe. Ukususela kwixesha Kievan Rus, ubudlelwane zalo ezilungileyo olungileyo kunye namanye amazwe kunye nazilawuli ngokufuthi uzukile njengoko rusichi bona kunye nabanye abantu.

Akuvamile uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana ubudlelwane obude womelele phakathi kwamazwe amabini, kodwa ke loo ezinxulumene eRussia eNorway. Kufutshane ezi amazwe amabini kunqabile idlula ngaphaya ukusilela lobuhlobo. Ubungqina lo umda eNorway neRashiya, unyaka-190 engama apho ke yabhiyozelwa ngoMeyi 2016.

Imbali ubudlelwane phakathi Norway neRashiya

Vikings ebizwa Kievan Rus eNorway, Danes kunye balwa. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-10, baba yinxalenye 'iindwendwe' imeko entsha, njengoko kudla wenza imitshato dynastic phakathi amakhosi yasebukhosini. Umzekelo, Yaroslav Mudry wendisela intombi yakhe noElizabhete uKumkani uHarald Norwegian, elidume obizwa ngokuba "inzima". Waye watshata intombi kaKumkani uOlaf Swedish.

Norman kwaqeqeshwa ezizizikhulu Kiev, walwa nabo nxamnye Pechenegs, wada waya Byzantium. Abaninzi kubo wakha wahlala Novgorod, Kiev, Chernigov kunye namanye amazwe, kwaye ihlanganiswe kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni. Ngoko ngokwembali savela ubuhlobo eminyaka ubudala phakathi Norway naseRashiya.

Utshintsho ukuya kumda Norwegian Kievan Rus

Ngelo xesha, imida yesizwe bezihlala zitshintsha emideni yabo, ngokunxulumene amaphulo ngempumelelo okanye hayi emkhosini, "Ndachukumiseka" njengesipho somtshato. Ngokomzekelo, kude kube phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-11 umda phakathi Russia kunye Norway senzeka Lyngen Fjord, km 50 ngakumbi ukuya empuma kwedolophu namhlanje Tromso. I Yaroslav efanayo Mudry njengoko ikhazi intombi yakhe, wabanika lonke ilizwe ezibangqongileyo i-Alta Fjord (ngoku iphondo Finnmark).

iminikelo wedding efanayo amkelwe onke amakhosi yasebukhosini lwaseYurophu, kangangokuba ukwanda kummandla kwilizwe elingummelwane ngeendleko ilizwe labo akazange gula i-Grand Duke.

Le umda eNorway neRashiya wahlala de kwinkulungwane ye-13, lo gama Alexander Nevsky, ngubani ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo waba Novgorod, Kiev, ngoko e noVladimir, hayi "bephathwa" enye inxalenye intsimi ukuzithandisa ummelwane wasentla. An umgca okhoyo, yena lwandiswa Tanaforda.

Ukususela ngo 1397 Norway yaba yinxalenye Kalmar Union, leyo iphantsi kolawulo lomntu wookumkani Danish, kwaye umda njengoko lamiswa phakathi Russia, iUNIA. Kwakungekho de 1523, lo gama le manyano iye ayohlulwanga ngenxa ukunganeliseki kunye Sweden.

umda Russian-Norwegian ukusuka 17 19 leminyaka ukuba

Ngowe-1603, iinguqulelo zenzeke umda phakathi kwamazwe amabini, njengoko kuvunyelwene phakathi Boris Godunov kunye zamaKristu 4, uKumkani Denmark kunye Norway (iminyaka 1577-1648). Ngokutsho kuyo, umgca omtsha yayiza kuqhutyelwa Kola Umlebe kunye Tanafordom kwi Varanger Fjord (Bay of the Sea Barents, leyo esahlula usingasiqithi of Abalobi kunye Norwegian Varanger Peninsula).

Kodwa njengoko imihla baseRashiya ezingacacanga, sibulawe ukumkani kungekudala, isivumelwano awuthunyelwanga isayinwe. Kuye kuphela ngo-1684, kodwa ke imiqathango kokwahlulwa komda eziye indawo kunye nabantu abatsha. Ngokutsho kuyo, eRashiya Norway banamalungelo alinganayo kwi the Kola Peninsula kunye nakwabanye mhlaba kwakuphikiswana.

Ngenxa yoko, la mazwe mabini aye owned le mimandla kunye eqokelelwe iirhafu apho, kodwa akukho namnye kubo akazange afune ukuba siyiphuhlisa ngaphakathi nzulu. Yaye waqhubeka kangangoko 130 leminyaka ubudala, lo gama Norway iye akaphumanga lebhodi ye-Danish wafika phantsi kolawulo Sweden.

Ukususela ngo-1814 ukuya 1826, kodwa baqhubeka ukungaqiniseki kula mazwe, njengoko umda ezisemthethweni Norway neRashiya iye ayasekwa.

ikhontrakthi 1826

Esi sivumelwano yaba sisiphumo umsebenzi omkhulu owenziwa abameli mazwe mabini. Ngokutsho kuyo, ilizwe sele kulithuba waba ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo, wemka eNorway. Ubunzima ngokuyintloko ethical, ngenxa yokuba kwezi kwintsimi ngokwemveli imiwe uwe, Skolt Sami.

Kwafuneka ukuba umda ilizwe phakathi Russia, Norway sele kuthathelwe ingqalelo iimfuno isizwe ngasinye:

• Lapps eminyaka beentlanzi;
• Sami, owayehlala ezintabeni, abazibandakanya nawo elusa;
• Skolt wayengafuni ukushiya iicawa zabo Orthodox kwakhiwa ookhokho babo kwiminyaka 300 eyadlulayo.

Phantse unyaka ephumile ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo zonke izinto, yaye May 14, 1826 uxwebhu othi "Convention on kumda karhulumente phakathi eRashiya eNorway churchyards ILapland" esayinwe eSt Petersburg, Bala Nesselrode ukusuka eRashiya Niels Palmstierna, Isigidimi Swedish-Norwegian.

Xa ulungiselela uxwebhu Enye ubunzima ngumda Finland.

Umda evela Finland

Uninzi lomsebenzi ukwahlulwa kumda Norwegian-Russian ukuba Valerian Galyamin sombutho yomkhosi Russian, ilungu yemfazwe Turkish, igcisa kunye nomlawuli we Imperial Porcelain Factory.

Ukususela oko akufuneki kuphela italente yakhe ibe opeyintayo bazobe Mezhuyev entsha kwimaphu phakathi kwamazwe amabini, kodwa ubuchule kwakhona bezozakuzo kunye nemida linegama nomdla yamazwe amathathu.

Umda ka Russia, Norway, Finland, eyayiyinxalenye ubukhosi, lwaqhutywa kwiindawo ezininzi. Kwicala Russian igqitha ephuma emlonyeni lomlambo ukuya kumthombo vorem yayo kwaye ngasentshonalanga Church of Boris kunye Gleb, uze ezantsi ngaphaya komfula ukuba Rayyakoski Paz.

E Finland (emazantsi umda) kunzima ukufikelela kwiindawo emseleni njengejelo iinduli eziliqela, imilambo namachibi xa ezintabeni Kolmizoyve-Madakiedsa kuqhubeka ukuya ekudibaneni Skaareiok ekungeneni omlambo Tana.

Ngelo kwindawo umda kuye indawo apho nkqu 1751 g scripting umda phakathi Norway iNkosana eFinland. Emva naye ngaphambili yedwa umhlaba eLapland. Kule fomu umda waze kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Utshintsho kule nkulungwane yama-20

Kwinkulungwane yama-20 emdeni Norway neRashiya izihlandlo eziliqela yatshintsha ukwakheka kwalo, yaye oku ezinxulumene iziganeko zomkhosi nezopolitiko, nto leyo befumile eli xesha. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe le utshintsho kwimida yezi kumaxesha:

• Ukususela 1920 ukuya 1944 edala umda Norwegian-Finnish ngokunxulumene ekurhoxisweni Finland ukusuka eRashiya yaphela ngo-1918 nokudliwa kwayo zesithili Petsamo.
• imvumelwano entsha kunye nomda laqina Soviet-Norwegian esatyikitywa ngo-1947 no-1949, ngokulandelelana kwazo.
• Ukususela ngo-1991, Norway abe umda ilizwe ne-Russia, ogama ulongamo iqatshelwa emva kokuwa eSoviet.
• Isivumelwano kwemida loLwandle Barents kunye Arctic Ocean phakathi kwamazwe amabini esayinwe-1993 no-2011.

Ukuba umhlaba kwi umda Russian-Norwegian ilula, ukwahlulwa likarhulumente kolwandle phantse 80 iminyaka kuye zinokuphikiswa.

umda olwandle

Umda ulwandle baphikisana Russia - Norway wabonakala ngowe-1926, xa eSoviet Union ibhengeze yinxalenye kuLwandle Barents kunye Arctic Ocean unilaterally zabo. Akukho lo umda asibonakali, kodwa ukuba anilwele kuyo, kakhulu, akazange afune ukuba.

It yathinjwa 175.000 km ² amanzi Norwegian, yaye wenza ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini uneengxaki. Ngowe-1976, Norway ligqibe ukuba barhuqe emva kananjalo unilaterally ibhengeze ezi imimandla yabo.

Eyona nto kuphela ukuba akwazi ukunciphisa le meko eladlulayo - isivumelwano ngokusetyenziswa odibeneyo kummandla bebangisana kwishishini lokuloba. Nawuphi na umsebenzi yedeskthopi okanye oli-ezivelisa kwezi ndawo ziye zavalwa.

Ngo-2010, umnqophiso yatyikitywa phakathi kwe-Russia, eNorway, phantsi apho imibutho yabasebenzi iza kubuyela amanzi abo kuLwandle Barents kunye Arctic Ocean.

umda namhlanje

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, ubude umda Norwegian-Russian yi 195,8 kumhlaba kunye imilambo 23.3 km yolwandle. Zikhiwa 90 ucingo kwinkulungwane yama-20 phakathi kwamazwe amabini edlulileyo izakugcinwa kwakhona ngo-2016 yi eNorway.

uthango Uyalwa kufuneka ibe ngumqobo yokungena Schengen iimbacu zone.