Ukukhanya - oku kukhanya ... Nature. imithetho ukukhanya

Ukukhanya ithathwa naluphi na uhlobo radiation optical. Ngamanye amazwi, le igagasi magnetic, ubude leyo uluhlu a neenanometer ezimbalwa.

Iinkcazelo ngokubanzi

Ngokwezi yokukhanya, ukukhanya - na radiation magnetic, nto leyo ibonwa esweni kwabantu. Iyunithi yeenguqu ezenziwa ukuthatha inxaxheba vacuo isahlulo 750 THz. Lo mda elifutshane nokulatyuza zazo. Ubude bayo 400 NM. Ngokubhekisele amaza umda ebanzi, iyunithi yomlinganiselo sidlalwa kumhlaba sebali 760 NM, ngamanye 390 THz.

Nokwakheka ukukhanya ithathwa njengokuba iseti ejoliswe amasuntswana ekuthiwa ziluhlaza. nokwabiwa Velocity kwamaza njalo kwi vacuo. Ziluhlaza ukuba ethile amandla, amandla, zero ubunzima. Nenye intsingiselo, ukukhanya - obubonakalayo yelanga. Kwakhona, amaza na lefoni. Ukususela ngokombono ontology, ukukhanya - esi sisiqalo sobomi. Oku esiluqilima zefilosofi, zezenkolo izifundo. Le Ukuma kwale kota kuthiwa kwiindawo ngamnye kulo mhlaba. Ngokwawo, ukukhanya - oko yingcamango lwentlalo. Nakuba kunjalo, inzululwazi ukuba uneempawu ezithile, iimpawu kunye nemithetho.

Ubume kunye nemithombo yokukhanya

radiation magnetic evela intsebenziswano kwamasuntswana icala. Imeko eliphezulu le ubushushu ukuba unalo spectrum oluqhubekayo. umthombo radiation obukhulu kuxhomekeke lobushushu. Umzekelo obalaseleyo le nkqubo ilanga. imitha yayo kufutshane naleyo blackbody. Nature ukukhanya kwelanga kungenxa lobushushu zokufudumeza ka-6000 K. Kule meko malunga-40% ye-radiation ephambi. spectrum amandla obukhulu ibekwe kufuphi 550 NM.

imithombo ukukhanya nako:

1. istili Electronic-athom kunye iimolekyuli ngethuba lenguqu ukusuka komnye umgangatho ukuya komnye. iinkqubo zenza ukuba ukufikelela kuluhlu yomgama. Imizekelo ke LED kunye nezibane obhobhozayo.
2. radiation Cherenkov oluthi luqokelelane yi isindululo kwamasuntswana wabekwa kwisigaba Velocity ukukhanya.
3. ziluhlaza inkqubo unyathela. Ngenxa yoko synchrotron okanye cyclotron radiation.

Nature ukukhanya esinxulunyaniswa ne chweba. Oku kukwasebenza kwimithombo elibe lenziwe, organic. Umzekelo: chemiluminescence, scintillation, phosphorescence kunye nabanye.

Ngenxa yoko, imithombo ukukhanya bohlulwa babe ngamaqela ngokumalunga ngeempawu ubushushu: A, B, C, D65. Le spectrum kakhulu entsonkothileyo kuvandlakanywa blackbody.

iimpawu yokukhanya

Iliso lomntu uyasibona radiation subjectively kagesi nombala. Umzekelo, ukukhanya ukunika otyheli, obomvu, nobomvu emhlophe, eluhlaza. Oku kuphela imvakalelo olubonakalayo ephathelene ne amaza kwimitha, nokuba ukwakhiwa ecacicleyo okanye monochromatic. Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba photons Inokuinikezwa noba cleaner. Xa ukungabikho ukwimo kwemali izinga ilingana 300,000 km / s. Le kwafunyanwa kwenziwa ebutsheni boo-1970.

Xa esibonakalayo umlambo ukukhanya abazifumana ngumfanekiso okanye refraction. Nangona nokuyidlulisela azifuduse wonke umbandela. Omunye ongathi eliphakathi woqondo luphawulwa indices zokunganyangeki uyazixabisa sesiqhelo olulinganayo isalamane kunye nokufunxwa in vacuo. Nezinto isotropic distribution flow komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni indlela. Apha, isalathiso zokunganyangeki imelwe ubungakanani scalar egqiba uququzelelo kunye nexesha. Xa i ziluhlaza eliphakathi anisotropic esizibonakalisa ngokohlobo le tensor.

Ukongeza, ukuba ngamaza yaye apho ukukhanya. Kwimeko yokuqala inani engundoqo iya kuqinisekisa kumda wesangqa otshangatshangiswayo. Ukuba umlambo ayenziwanga ngamaza, kuba iqulathe iseti amasuntswana waqondisa kumacala random.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukukhanya ngegalelo lako. Ixhomekeka amaxabiso photometric ezifana igunya namandla.

Iimpawu ezisisiseko ukukhanya

Ziluhlaza abakwazi ukusebenzisana kuphela enye kwenye, kodwa ube indlela. Ngenxa yoko uqhagamshelwano kunye nokusingqongileyo ukuhamba ngaphandle ivavanywa reflection kanye refraction. Ezi iimpawu ezimbini ezibalulekileyo lokukhanya. Ekubeni reflection ngaphezulu okanye ecacileyo ngaphantsi: kuxhomekeke lexinene mba kunye engile lweziganeko. Nangona kunjalo, uqhekeke imeko inzima kakhulu.

Kuba Okokuqala, uyakwazi ukuqwalasela umzekelo olula: xa imeko engqonge isikolo eso iindiza emanzini, ngoko uya kubonakala ukusuka egosogoso kunye iyanqanyulwa. Le refraction okwenzeka lojongano ye eliphakathi elulwelo kunye nomoya. Le nkqubo emiselwe ulwalathiso lonikezelo reyi xa ndicandayo mba umda. Xa wobhobhozayo ukukhanya ochukumisa umda phakathi kumajelo eendaba, utshintsho yayo kwamaza kakhulu. Noko ke, umlinganiselo twa uhlala okufanayo. Ukuba umqadi akukho orthogonal ukuya kumda, kwaye iya inguqu kwamaza kunye nolwalathiso.

Artificial refraction ukukhanya isoloko isetyenziswa ngeenjongo zophando (iimikroskopu, lenses, magnifiers). Kwakhona kwabo imithombo iimpawu otshangatshangiswayo utshintshe ziquka iindondo.

ngezigaba ukukhanya

Okwangoku ukwahlula ukukhanya iisoyi kunye zendalo. Nganye kwezi ntlobo ugqitywa uphawu umthombo radiation.

ukukhanya kwendalo yingqokelela amasuntswana ukusukela kwicala umbhodamo natshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Loo ntsimi magnetic siqhutywe ukuhla ombane variable. Imithombo yendalo ziquka umzimba zigqengezelayo, ilanga, iigesi ngamaza.

kukhanya okwenziwe yi ntlobo zilandelayo:

1. Local. Lusetyenziswa emsebenzini, kuloo ndawo ekhitshini, iindonga, njalo njalo Izibane enjalo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo design.
2. Lilonke. Le ukhanyiso efanayo kwindawo yonke. Imithombo ziquka neendawo, izibane floor.
3. Luhlangene. Lo mxube kweentlobo yokuqala neyesibini ukuphumeza igumbi ukhanyiso ogqibeleleyo.
4. Emergency. Iluncedo kakhulu ugesi. Power iveliswa ikakhulu ukusuka amabhetri.

ukukhanya kwelanga

Namhlanje lo mthombo uphambili wamandla on Earth. Asikokubaxa izinto ukuthi ilanga ichaphazela mba ubalulekileyo. Le ukusoloko ubuninzi, nto leyo ebonisa amandla.

Lo maleko aphezulu ojikeleze umhlaba iqulethe malunga ne-50% ye infrared 10% UV. Ngako oko, icandelo ubungakanani ukukhanya okubonakalaliswayo%-40 kuphela.

amandla elanga kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezithambileyo nezendalo. Oku nangefotosinthesisi, kwaye ukuguqulwa iifomu imichiza, ubushushu, kwaye ngaphezulu. Ngenxa uluntu ilanga angasebenzisa umbane. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ingamelana nomthamo ukukhanya kunokuba ngqo kwaye lusali xa kucanda phakathi kwamafu.

komthetho ezintathu ezinkulu

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, izazinzulu sele ukufundisisa yokukhanya yemigca. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ezi zilandelayo imithetho ezisisiseko yokukhanya:

1. umthetho Distribution. Uthi ukuba i yohlobo olunye enombala medium ukukhanya isasazwa kumgca othe ngqo.
2. Umthetho refraction. A ray okwenzeke ukukhanya umda phakathi eendaba ezimbini, kwelivi yayo iingongoma ekudibaneni kulala-moya enye. Isebenza kwakhona le nkqo lehla laya kutsho kwinqanaba qha. Umlinganiselo sines-engile lweziganeko refraction njalo.
3. Umthetho kisa. Zisihla kwi ray kumda wokukhanya kwelivi ubuxoki yayo-moya enye. Ngaloo ndlela angles lweziganeko reflection bayalingana.

umbono ukukhanya

Ihlabathi emhlabeni umntu ibonwa amehlo ukukwazi layo ukusebenzisana radiation electromagnetic. Ukukhanya ndakala receptors retina, leyo makafake uphendule uluhlu ecacicleyo ye amasuntswana ityala.

Xa abantu, kukho 2 iintlobo zeeseli amehlo ethe: iintonga neziqina. Unobangela yokuqala indlela ngexesha lasemini kunye inqanaba eliphezulu sokukhanyisa. Oloba kwakhona ecingela ukuba kwimitha. Ukuvumela umntu abone ebusuku.

shades zokubona ukukhanya zibangelwa kwamaza kunye nolwalathiso.