Ukuhlelwa kumaziko umlilo, ugqabhuko neengozi: sibhedlela. Iindidi indawo umlilo kunye dubulo ingozi: imizekelo

Kwimveliso hlanje ri na wasebenzisa imali eninzi izinto ezinokutsha kwaye eziqhumayo. imigca imveliso ekhoyo utsaleleka ngesantya esiphezulu yokusebenza. imveliso Ukwanda kubangela ukwanda imida kwi parameters ezibalulekileyo ezifana lobushushu, uxinzelelo, umlinganiselo ohlukileyo oxidant kunye nepetroli. Kulo mba, ukwandisa ubungozi ungadubula kunye nemililo, amandla etshabalalisayo ebangela umonakalo izinto enkulu, onokonzakalisa kakhulu okanye ukufa kwabasebenzi kwamashishini. Njengoko uhlalutyo iingozi ezinkulu kwaye neziphumo zabo zivalelwe nolwakhiwo ngokwawo amashishini ngokwabo, kodwa kwiindawo zokuhlala esingqongileyo. Uvavanyo kudaleka nezibangelwa zobugcisa ikuvumela ukuba uthathe amanyathelo ayimfuneko zothintelo, hayi nje kuphela kweli ukusebenza indlela zemveliso, kodwa kuphuhliso projekthi bobugcisa ukuze uyilo, ukulungiswa kwezikim kunye nezicwangciso, kwakunye ngexesha lokwakha. Kule sikhokelo sisetyenziselwa ngokweendidi kweendawo uqhushumbo ingozi yomlilo. Khawucinge oluhlobo ngokweenkcukacha.

Overview

Ukubalwa udidi uqhushumbo indawo umngcipheko umlilo ivumela i ukuzimisela injongo kwinqanaba yoxhomekeko isisongelo ntlekele zobugcisa. Ngokusekelwe kwezi parameters luphuhliso kunye substantiation sezisombululo zeziko kunye nobugcisa. Nabo ke, ukuqinisekisa iindawo ukusebenza kangangoko kwimida komngcipheko eyamkelekileyo.

base olumisiweyo

Ukuze asindise ubomi, impilo, impahla amaqumrhu asemthethweni, umasipala kunye umlilo karhulumente evunywe yi-Federal Umthetho inombolo 123. Its Indawo emiselwe imiyalelo ezingundoqo yommiselo yobugcisa kule nkalo. Umthetho olumisiweyo ibeka iimfuno zokhuseleko ezingundoqo ukuba izibonelelo, ezibandakanya - yokwakha, izakhiwo, amagumbi, izakhiwo, imveliso lomlilo-technical kunye jikelele. Ikhankanya amagatya Code uMthetho wathi Practice. Ngokuhambelana kunye nale ngokweendidi kwenziwa kuloo ndawo uqhushumbo ingozi yomlilo. SP 12. 13130. 2009 ngokuqulunqa kucalulo kwindawo indlela. Kuxhomekeke kwinani izixhobo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa okanye phakathi kwabo. Iingcali nazo uthathe ingqalelo inkqubo lobuchwepheshe. Ngokutsho iseti imithetho emiselwe kudidi uqhushumbo nomlilo iingozi ze yokugcina kunye nemveliso. Le ndawo ezinye iinjongo abangenakwahlulelana.

ngokwemiqathango yolwahlulo

Iindidi kwizakhiwo ukuze uqhushumbo umlilo iingozi azimisele ngokungqinelana uhlobo izinto ezinokutsha kunye izinto eziqulathwe kubo, ubuninzi babo kunye neepropati. Ukongeza, ithathelwe indawo-ucwangciso izisombululo indawo ingqalelo kwaye iimpawu iinkqubo yenziwa ngaphakathi kubo. Iimpawu zeemathiriyeli kunye nezinto ezibekwe ngokusekelwe lweziphumo ezifunyenwe xa ukuvavanya okanye iindlela umgangatho ukubalwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo izikhombisi ubume (ubushushu, uxinzelelo kunye nabanye). Imvume nikunikiwe ukusebenzisa yezalathiso, inkcazelo epapashwe ngokusesikweni ngomhla izinto neempawu kwezinto. kuvunyelwa kwakhona ukuba isicelo amanyathelo kwimixube zeemathiriyeli kunye nezinto eli candelo linzima.

izimiso ngokwahlukana

Udidi Ukuphuculwa uqhushumbo nomlilo ingozi esekwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimeko ingozi, kwaye iimpawu yokugqibela umbandela ukuqala, izixhobo iimpawu, njalo njalo Xa ndlela yokuzahlula ezikhoyo isekelwe phezu kwale mithetho-siseko ilandelayo .:

1. Ukunakanwa yethuba zokulawula (ezithile) kumke umbane.
2. Le akhawunti uluhlu lwezixhobo kunye nezinto ezikhuthaza ukuba ukuyilwa uthuli okanye imixube umphunga befaka.
3. Thathela ingqalelo kwiimpawu zemathiriyeli ekrwada ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso.

Esebenzisa ngokweendidi kumaziko ukuze uqhushumbo umlilo iingozi, iingcali kufuneka uthabathe uhlobo ezingaginyisi intlekele okanye ngexesha eqhelekileyo yokusebenza kwiinkqubo zobugcisa izinto ezenza up. Le migaqo obenza isiseko iimfuno ekufuneka ilandelwe ngethuba yokuhlela.

Ukuhlelwa kumaziko umlilo, ugqabhuko ingozi: SP

Ukuze ukuvavanya nokuthelekisa inqanaba kogrogriso kwaye neqondo lokhuselo ichazwe amaqela ezintlanu iiklasi ezintathu. Le theyibhile ilandelayo ibonisa iimpawu zazo.

Ngokutsho kula maqela yenziwa ngokweendidi apho ngaphakathi kwizakhiwo kungenwe uqhushumbo ingozi yomlilo. Tablets, kuboniswe kwinqaku point ukuba iklasi le nto. Bona imfuneko ebalulekileyo amaxwebhu emisiweyo.

liphawule

Izenzo overpressure, nto leyo 5 kPa njengenyathelo oluninzi ukuba uthuli kunye nomphunga imixube. Eli nani abasebenzi esisongela ubomi bakho. Iindidi kumaziko uqhushumbo ingozi yomlilo B1-B4 azimisele usebenzisa amandla ye parameter. Oku kuchazwe umthwalo ezithile (MJ / m2).

Ukuhlelwa kumaziko uqhushumbo nomlilo ingozi (GOST)

In ulwahlulohlulo kufuneka athathe ingqalelo kwiimpawu ngokwasemzimbeni lwemichiza izixhobo kunye nezinto kunye parameters zabo:

1. iqela Ukungabinakutsha.
2. uxinzelelo aphezulu kule uqhushumbo ekujikelezeni kwayo yongeniselo.
3. iimeko autoignition (ubushushu).
4. Amanqanaba abasuka ukwanda komlilo.
5. ovuthayo isantya.
6. lobushushu Autoignition.
7. index Oxygen.
8. flashpoint.
9. amandla ucinezelo (ezantsi).
10. Umda lobushushu ukuze nelangatye andise.
11. Ukukwazi yokutshisa kwaye elanda phezu ukunxibelelana nabanye iikhompawundi, ioksijini, amanzi.
12. lobushushu ilangatye.
13. batshaya isizukulwana ingumlingani.
14. Parameters yeemveliso zinetyhefu lasekwa ngo ukutshiswa iikhompawundi polymeric nezinto.
15. rate emisiweyo ze sisasazeke umlilo.
16. Ubuncinane yoxinaniso Explosible kwe-oksijini.
17. index ukwanda komlilo.
18. lobushushu ucinezelo.
19. Phlegmatizing ubuncinane phlegmatizer ingqalelo.

Inani iparameters eziyimfuneko kunye ezaneleyo ukuze iimpawu uqhushumbo nomngcipheko umlilo izixhobo kunye nezinto ngokwemiqathango yokujongwa zabo, imveliso, ukugcinwa kunye nokuthuthwa, umphuhlisi kucwangcisa i TU kunye GOST. Lo msebenzi ukwenza ukuyila inkqubo yokhuseleko kwisibonelelo.

nokwahlulwa kwezinto

Ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo yi uqhushumbo nomngcipheko umlilo uya kusekelwa division ilandelayo:

1. Mimoya izinto apho ngokupheleleyo uxinzelelo umphunga ikwiqondo lobushushu. 25 degrees. ilingana no okanye inkulu kuna 101.3 kPa.
2. izinto eziqinileyo lobushushu filament (point yokunyibilika) mkhulu degrees 50. nokungabi nto konke konke.
3. Ulwelo ezi izinto apho uxinzelelo engumphunga befumile ikwiqondo lobushushu. 25 degrees. kunye noxinzelelo engaphantsi kwe 101.3 kPa 101.3 kPa.
4. Dusts basasazekileyo okuqinileyo, ubukhulu bamagaqa apho - ngaphantsi kwe 850 microns.

izinto key

Ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo yi uqhushumbo nomngcipheko umlilo kwenziwa kwale miqathango ilandelayo:

1. Thathela ingqalelo iziphumo ezingaginyisi yokumka device.
2. Zonke iziqulatho kofakelo egumbini.
3. Ngeli xesha efunekayo ukuvalwa kwenzeka ngaxeshanye ukuvuza zingangeni yoxinzelelo sokufunxa imibhobho.
4. Uqikelelo Ixesha eyeka xa yindlela yokuphumelela kwenkqubo oluzenzekelayo ayikho ngaphezulu kwe 10-6 ngonyaka ngamnye okanye ibonelela iziqalelo komsebenzi. Ngeqondo eliphezulu ngexesha cut oluzenzekelayo - imizuzwana 120, i Sihlaziyiwe isikhokelo -. 300 umzuzwana.
5. • Ukuvela komphunga luhlobo kwenzeka ukusuka kumphezulu iphalale iimoto ezinokutsha kunye namatanki kunye isipili evulekileyo kunye imiphezulu esandula vali. indawo yayo umiselwa izinga ngelitha 1 nganye 1 macala onke. indawo m. Xa engekho data reference kwimixube ezinokutsha yesalkathisi ibalwa kwingcinga yokuba 1 ilitha ulwelo equlethe-70% okanye ngaphantsi sijike into echithwa 0.5 macala onke. m.
6. Ubude ngumphunga kuye kucingeleke ukuba ixesha ngumphunga ngokupheleleyo, kodwa hayi imizuzwana ngaphezulu kwe 3600.
7. Ukuba ifowuni ayiphumeleli ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo amasuntswana yayo ubunzima uthuli langoku kwisityalo. Ngoko pylenakoplenie yamkelwa ngokungqinelana nemiqathango nokusebenza eziqhelekileyo.
8. Umqulu simahla kwi gumbi isiwe elingana-80% yamanqaku ewonke.

iindlela ngenxa yokuzimisela

Indlela kanye le ngokweendidi izithuba yi dubulo nomlilo ingozi? TKP 474-2013 - Code of practice, iqulunqe indlela yokuhlela. Ukwahlula kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela deterministic kunye probabilistic. Xa kunjalo ithatha ingqalelo uhlobo random likaxakeka. Indlela probabilistic ikuvumela ukuba ukuqikelela eyona umgangatho ingozi ngokubanzi kwaye kwiimeko ezithile. Indlela deterministic isekelwe phezu Uhlalutyo ukukhululwa amandla enokubakho kubuyiswa iingozi zobugcisa. Kufuneka umsebenzi osemqoka iindlela ezisetyenziswa ekumiseleni kudidi ngaphakathi kwizakhiwo kungenwe uqhushumbo ingozi yomlilo sibonile. izifundo Case zibonisa ukuba indlela esetyenziswayo luphawulwa ngenene ingenzeka yengozi, ngaphandle umthombo ucinezelo nemiphumo isikwere.

Code technical

Ngokuhambelana nezibonelelo zalo ziqhuba ngokweendidi jikelele apho ngaphakathi kwizakhiwo kungenwe uqhushumbo ingozi yomlilo. TAP awusebenzi izinto, yokuhlela kwenziwa ngokungqinelana nemigaqo ezizodwa kunye nemimiselo. Nobungcwele, lwenziwe ngokungqinelana ikhowudi kufuneka isetyenziswe ukuqulunqa iimfuno ukhuseleko xa uhlela, kujongwa inani imigangatho, ECW ubukhulu. lamagumbi, baphume abantu, ukufakelwa kwezixhobo zobunjineli, ukwamkeleka izisombululo ezakhayo kwaye njalo njalo. Iimfuno kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa iiprojekthi zokwakha, yotshintsho, ukwakha, technical re-izixhobo, kwakunye hlengiso iinkqubo zemveliso ekusebenziseni izinto.

scope

Kwezinye iimeko, ichaza iindidi zezakhiwo yi dubulo nomlilo ingozi? Imizekelo yemisebenzi apho oko kuyimfuneko ukuze enze ngezigaba ekuthethwa, zibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

1. Operation.
2. Design.
3. Ukufakwa kwezixhobo.
4. Ukutshintsha technologies.
5. Reconstruction.
6. Ukufakwa amandla emveliso.

izigaba

Okokuqala kufuneka athi elowo isebe ukuphumeza ngokweendidi izithuba yi uqhushumbo ingozi yomlilo. License - uxwebhu olusisiseko negunyazisa imveliso imisebenzi enjalo. Lo msebenzi iqulathe izigaba ezibini. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala eqokelela ulwazi oluyimfuneko:

1. Ubukhulu kunye neempawu zezinto.
2. Ukuqhuba indawo izixhobo (imizobo zokusebenza).
3. Itheyibhile yeengcombolo ezivelileyo.
4. kwimimiselo yobuchwepheshe.
5. Ipharamitha nesigqibo seengcinga inkqubo yokungena.
6. Ubume kolawulo oluzenzekelayo yenkqubo parameters.
7. Scheme inkqubo zokuchela.
8. Nenye ingcaciso echaphazelekayo.

Ukuba umsebenzi wenziwa kwinqanaba yoyilo lo, ulwazi oluyimfuneko buyasuswa amaxwebhu zobugcisa. Yesibini kwisigaba, enyanisweni, ukubalwa ndidi.

imithetho iimpawu

imimiselo ezavela emva ukuhlola kunye nokuseka iindidi kwizakhiwo. Ukukhusela izinto ibonelelwe ngokungqinelana ne-Standard State. Ngoko ke, ngokukodwa, kufuna ubukho lweenkqubo zothintelo lomlilo (SBS) kunye nokhuseleko emlilweni (SDR). Ukongeza, amalungiselelo amanyathelo zeziko kunye nobugcisa (OTM). IKomiti yokubekwa mgangathweni mnye kweelwimi State kwakhona neyayo iimfuno iindlela zokukhusela iinkqubo MTP kunye SDR, okubonisa ngokweendidi kumaziko ukuze uqhushumbo ingozi yomlilo. NPB 105.03 (imithetho ngumthetho) ukumisela iimfuno nokhuseleko kunye neyunithi ingcinezelo aop (iinkqubo Ubhaqo oluzenzekelayo kunye ucinezelo nokucima). Ezi mfuneko kusisinyanzelo ukuba imibutho kunye namashishini, nokuba baxhasa eliphi na yesebe kunye nohlobo lwe ubunini, kwakunye nabantu emzimbeni. uhlobo ingcinezelo unit, uhlobo icima kuthetha, indlela yokunciphisa umngcipheko womlilo, uhlobo na isixhobo esifakelwe ngokungqinelana iimpawu uzobe olwenziwe ngocoselelo into ezikhuselweyo. Oku kuthatha ingqalelo izikimu umlilo projekthi kunye neemfuneko zolawulo. izityalo Space engineering kunye neenkqubo eyomeleleyo kunye nezinye izinto apho izinto ezinokutsha na ziqulethwe, unako mayixhotyiswe AUOP kunye neyunithi ingcinezelo. Kwiindawo apho kukho isilumkisi somlilo, kufuneka ufake inkqubo yokhuseleko. Xa isifundo ndawo ukuba ibe izixhobo AUPT, ukusuka kuma-40% okanye ngaphezulu ubungakanani zizonke imigangatho, kuyimfuneko kukubonelela ukufakelwa kwenkqubo xa iyonke ngeenxa ukwakhiwa. Ukuze izakhiwo ezinxulumene B1 udidi, S kwehle nge-20%. Kule ndawo yokwakha B3 iqela uvumelekile ukuba anyuswe inani elifanayo.

isiphelo

Njengoko ibonisa practice, kaninzi ngokwaneleyo evela kwamagcisa kunye neengcali kufuneka ngokweendidi inkathazo izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo. Ngelo xesha abanobuchule kunye nengcali ukumisela into iqela kubalulekile ngexesha uyilo kunye nolwakhiwo lwezakhiwo. Ukuba umsebenzi wenziwe ngokuzidwelisa yinyani, yonke imiba yobugcisa ezivelayo kamva, kuya kujongwana ngokufanelekileyo. Phantsi kwemigaqo inani Federal Umthetho 69, umphathi ngamnye umsebenzi omiselweyo ukuze uthobele iimfuno BOP. Oku kuthetha ukuba le nkampani kufuneka inikele ngeseti amanyathelo zeziko kunye othintelo ejolise ekunciphiseni amathuba ezisongela ukhuseleko izibonelelo mveliso, ubomi nempilo yabaqeshwa, ukugcinwa izinto kunye nemveliso swinene. Iimposiso ekumiseleni amanyathelo ayimfuneko kungakhokelela komsebenzi wabo okanye intswelo. Oku kuya kukhokelela kwawo weendleko eziphathekayo ukuba amanyathelo okuthintela umlilo.