Ukhawulela izinto fluidity. Indlela ukufumanisa uxinzelelo hoxa

Sesivuno point kuthiwa ombane ehambisana ixabiso zobude engephi emva kususwa umthwalo. Ukuzimisela yale ubungakanani kuyimfuneko ukuba ukhethe iintsimbi ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso. Ukuba akukho kuthathelwa ingqalelo parameter ngazo, oku kukhokelela kuphuhliso kakhulu kwinkqubo deformation lwe izinto ekhethiweyo ngokufanelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo indawo isivuno ekwakheni izakhiwo ngentsimbi ezahlukeneyo.

incazelo ngokomzimba

Imida isivuno zizalathisi amandla. Zi- deformation macroplastic kunye lukhuni iphantsi kakhulu. Ezibonakalayo, eli parameter angamelwa njenge uphawu umbandela, oko kukuthi, amandla ombane ayi okuhambelana ixabiso esezantsi lehewu hoxa kwi itshati (umzobo) izinto elula. Kunjalo elabekwa Ifomula: σ _T = P _T / F _0, apho u P _T nomthwalo indawo hoxa, kwaye F _{0 ummandla} sokuqala umnqamlezo-wecandelo na isampuli ngayo. PT icwangcisa ekuthiwa umda phakathi kwemimandla deformation elastic-zeplastiki kunye nezinto ilastiki. Nokuba ukwanda okungephi ombane (ngasentla FET) iya kubangela deformation ebalulekileyo. flow Unyinyo wentsimbi ngokuqhelekileyo kulinganiswa kwi kg / mm ² okanye N / m ^2. Yimbi yale parameter iphenjelelwa yimiba eyahlukeneyo efana unyango thermal, ububanzi isampuli, ubukho lweziqalelo alloying kunye ubumdaka, uhlobo emincinci kunye crystal iziphene emkhusaneni kunye nezinye. Sesivuno yohluka ngokubalulekileyo lobushushu. Cinga nje ngomzekelo lwamaxabiso eyenziwayo kule parameter.

imibhobho Xana

Eyona obonakalayo impembelelo ubukhulu enikwe kulwakhiwo iinkqubo eziyi- koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Kwezoyilo ezinjalo, intsimbi ezizodwa kufuneka ingasetyenziswa, nto leyo eye a xi isivuno esikhulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye umsantsa ubuncinane phakathi kwe data izikhombisi parameter kunye uqine. Umda eliphezulu ngentsimbi, ngoko ngokwemvelo, oluphezulu kufuneka kwisalathiso ixabiso avumelekile ombane yokusebenza. Oku kunefuthe elingqalileyo ixabiso lamandla ensimbi, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, isakhiwo ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo amaxabiso parameter ubalwe ntshikilelo avumelekile kunefuthe elingqalileyo ixabiso olifunayo Ebubanzini bodonga lisetyenziswa imibhobho, kubalulekile ukubala ukuba namandla esiphezulu uphawu ngentsimbi ezakusetyenziswa ekwenziweni imibhobho. Enye inkcazelo kakhulu ezizizo eeparamitha zezi ndlela kukuba ukwenza uphando kwi ndlovu eqine. Kuzo zonke iimeko kuyimfuneko ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo umahluko amaxabiso isibonisi, kwelinye icala, kunye amaxabiso uxinezeleko avumelekile - kwelinye icala.

Ngaphezu koko, umntu kufuneka azi ukuba ngongoma metal hoxa usoloko elibekwe ngenxa eneenkcukacha yokulinganisa esebenza. Kodwa inkqubo ntshikilelo avumelekile asisininzi enkulu uthathe ngokusekelwe imigaqo okanye njengoko ngenxa iinkcukacha, kwakunye ukuthembela kumava umenzi. Iinkqubo yombhobho ephambili, yonke yakhe evelele umgangatho ochazwe SNP II-45-75. Ngoko ke, lo ufakelo ukhuseleko factor - kunokuba kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ingxaki practical. Inkcazelo echanileyo le parameter uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ukuchaneka amaxabiso ombane ibalwa lomthwalo, kwakunye amandla isivuno eziphathekayo.

Xa kukhethwa iinkqubo umbhobho yokwambathisa nayo isekelwe kule salathisi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezi zinto eze ngqo wadibana ne metal tube, yaye, ngokunjalo, inokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo electrochemical, echaphazela ngokungalunganga imeko yalo mbhobho.

izinto eqine

Uqine umisela ixabiso apho ombane iya kuhlala injalo okanye ukwehla, nangona zobude. Oko kukuthi, lo parameter ufikelela ingongoma ebalulekileyo xa shift ukusuka elastic ukuya kummandla zeplastiki le deformation eziphathekayo. Kubonakala ukuba le ngongoma hoxa nga imiselwe kokuvavanywa ngentonga.

yokubala PT

Lokumelana wesivuno eziphathekayo amandla na ntshikilelo apho uqala ukuphuhlisa deformation zeplastiki. Makhe sijonge indlela eli xabiso mboleko. Ekuhloleni lwenziwa iisampuli zezindlu, amisele ixabiso ntshikilelo eqhelekileyo kwindawo bawele ngexesha deformation vuhlayiseki. Indlela inye amalinge kunye torsion iisampulu tubular bathela ekumiseleni amandla isivuno shear. Ngokuba izinto ezininzi umlinganiselo kumiselwa _T σ ifomula = τ _s √3. Kwezinye iziganeko ukwandiswa ngokuqhubekayo kwisampula zezindlu kule grafu kuxhomekeke ntshikilelo eqhelekileyo zobude kukhokelela kwafunyanwa ekuthiwa-isivuno ntshikilelo wa izinyo, ngamanye a ombane ukuhla elibukhali phambi lokusekwa deformation zeplastiki.

Ngaphezu koko, ukwanda yale ubugqwetha kwixabiso ethile kusenzeka ombane rhoqo, nto leyo kuthiwa imidlalo emzimbeni. Ukuba indawo flow (graphics icandelo tye) linobude enkulu, kukho izinto ezinjalo kuthiwa udalelwe-zeplastiki. Ukuba itshathi ayinayo pad, zeesampulu ebizwa lukhuni. Kulo mzekelo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukukhankanya ixabiso ngqo apho deformation iplastiki kwenzeka.

Yintoni na amandla isivuno?

Makhe sibone ukuba uhlobo ukhetho. Kwiimeko apho mzobo xi lo iziza kubonakaliswa kuyimfuneko ukugqiba imidlalo enemiqathango. Ngoko ke, eli xabiso na ombane apho deformation isalamane ntsalela ilingana no 0.2 ekhulwini. Ukubala umzobo ngokumisela umgca ombane ε kuyimfuneko ukuba angalibali ixabiso ngokulinganayo 0.2. Ukusuka kule ndawo, ithwalelwe onxusene ngqo kwicandelo lokuqala. Ngenxa yoko, indawo kuhlangana umgca othe ngqo kunye itshathi ichaza ixabiso ntshikilelo ubungqina ukuze umbandela othile. Kwakhona, olu khetho kuthiwa technical Fri. Ngaphezu koko, ngokwahlukileyo zodwa amandla isivuno phantsi torsion kunye ukugoba.

Baphele Izinga flow

Le parameter umisela amandla etyhidiweyo ukuba ugcwalise imilo yomgama. Le zinyibilikile Izinga kwemali aluminiyamu zentsimbi kunye nentsimbi na ixesha layo kumashishini metallurgical - castability. Enyanisweni, lo njengamacala le viscosity olutshintshayo. I-International System of Units (SI) siveza flow fluid e Pa ^-1 * s ^-1.

Ultimate uqine

Makhe sijonge indlela oku kuxhomekeka iimpawu lepropati mechanical. Amandla zibhekiselela kukukwazi umbandela phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwaye kwisithuba neziphumo ezahlukeneyo waqonda ngaphandle nefracturing. Iipropati Mechanical ngokuqhelekileyo kumiselwa ngokusebenzisa iitshati eziqhelekileyo komsipha. Iimvavanyo ukusebenzisa iisampuli eqhelekileyo. izixhobo zovavanyo zinama isixhobo esirekhodisha mzobo. Ukwandisa layisha ngaphezu oonobangela zeplastiki kakhulu deformation kwimveliso. Amandla isivuno kunye namandla eqine ngexesha lekhefu bahambelana umthwalo liphezulu, elandulela ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo isampuli. Xa deformation zeplastiki zemathiriyeli lujolise kwindawo enye apho kukho exineneyo asekuhlaleni kweli candelo emnqamlezweni. Kwakhona ngokuba entanyeni. Uphuhliso izilayidi ezininzi kule zokufunda kwasekwa ezixineneyo ze dislocations kwaye kukho-ebizwa ngokuba discontinuity germinal. Ngenxa enlargements zabo kwisampulu ukuba pores. Ukuhlanganisa ndawonye, zakha iintanda leyo yandisa transversely ukuya ezimanyeneyo ndisolulela. Kwaye mzuzu ebalulekileyo sampuli zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo.

Yintoni na le DC ukuba ivelufa?

Ezi mveliso lukwa yinxalenye yale ufakelo lwesamente, umiselwe zithande ukuba sixhathise imikhosi eqine. Ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa imivalo yesinyithi, kodwa kukho ukuxolelwa. Ezi mveliso kufuneka basebenze kunye ubunzima eziphathekayo kuzo zonke izigaba kulayishwa ngaphandle kokukhetha le yokwakha, somelele kwaye iipropati ductile. Kananjalo ukuba zonke iimeko ngezoshishino ezi ntlobo zemisebenzi. Iimpawu mechanical yenziwe ngentsimbi ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso semigudu, efakiweyo ehambelanayo GOST kunye neemeko zobugcisa. GOST 5781-61 inika iindidi ezine ezi mveliso. I ezintathu zokuqala zenzelwe kuyilo eqhelekileyo, kwakunye Free of imivalo ukugogeka kweenkqubo prestressed. Eqine isivuno amandla unyanzeliso kuxhomekeka kwiklasi kwimveliso ye uyakwazi ukufikelela 6000 kg / ^cm2. Ngenxa yoko, kweli parameter kwiklasi yokuqala nama-500 kg / cm ^2, okwesibini - 3000 kg / cm ^2, owesithathu 4000 kg / cm ^2, kunye neyesine - 6000 kg / cm ^2.

Ivelise amandla kwensimbi

Kuba lehlelwa ezisisiseko GOST uqwalaselo 1050-88 PT inika amanani alandelayo: Isitampu 20 - 25 kgf / mm ^2, uphawu 30 - 30 kgf / mm ^2, uphawu 45 - 36 kgf / mm ^2. Noko ke, ngokuba intsimbi enye, iveliswayo kwemvume yangaphambili nkonzo kwaye nomenzi, uxinezeleko hoxa inokuba amaxabiso awahlukeneyo (i GOST efanayo). Ngoko ke, lo bakala sentsimbi 30 uya Fr ubukhulu ukusuka 30 ukuya 41 kgf / mm ² uze uphawule 45 - kuluhlu 38-50 kgf / mm ^2.

isiphelo

Xa eyila ezahlukeneyo izakhiwo yentsimbi (izakhiwo, iibhulorho, njalo njalo) ivelise amandla kusetyenziswa sisalathisi umgangatho amandla ekwenzeni izibalo amaxabiso umthwalo kuvumelekile ngokulandelelanayo elikhankanyiweyo ukhuseleko factor. Kodwa aba phantsi koxinzelelo, ubukhulu umthwalo kuvumelekile libalwa ngokusekelwe kwi UT, kwakunye uqine, kunye neemeko zokusebenza incazelo.