Ubume beBaikal. Baikal - ummangaliso wendalo

Umdwebi omkhulu kunye nomklami kwixesha lonke liyimvelo. Iifom ezenziwe nguye ziyingqayizivele kwaye ziyingqayizivele, kwaye isiqhamo sabo sihlala sikhumbuza ubuntu bobukhulu, ubuhle kunye namandla. Intsimi yaseRashiya inkulu kakhulu, ke kutheni kunezinto ezininzi ezidaliweyo zokudalwa kwemvelo kwizityalo zayo. Imbali yoko kwenzekayo idla ngokudibanisa neengcali kunye neengcamango ezithandekayo kumawaka abantu abavela kwihlabathi lonke. Ummangaliso waseRashiya wendalo - uLwandle lwaseBaikal - ukhangela inani elikhulu labakhenkethi kunye nabaphandi ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa.

Isiganeko

Kuze kube namhlanje, imvelaphi yelibi kunye neminyaka yayo ingcali zenzululwazi. I-Baikal yindawo enkulu yamandulo kwiMhlaba, ukubunjwa kwayo kwenzeka ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-30 edlulileyo kwiminyaka, ngelixa iifana nolunye uhlobo lokusekwa kwechibi le-glacial "live" kungekho ngaphezu kwe-10-15 leminyaka. Ngeli xesha kukho iinkqubo ezingenakunqunyulwa zokuthungula okanye ukuthutha. Ngaloo ngqiqo, iBaikal ngummangaliso wendalo, amanzi ayo avulekileyo, abe nezinga eliphantsi kakhulu lokungcola ngendalo kunye ne-mineral compounds, kwaye unxweme luya kutshintsha ngokuthe ngqo kwindlela ekunyuka ngayo. Isitya sesitye, apho kukho umthamo omkhulu wamanzi aphelileyo kwiplanethi, ijikelezwe phantse kuwo onke macala ngeentaba zeentaba. Le ndawo engenamanzi, ehlala kumhlaba, ngokweengcali ezininzi zenzululwazi, ishiya ihlabathi eliqhekekileyo ukuya kwiindawo eziphezulu zengubo. Ngoko ke, kukholelwa ukuba iinkqubo ze-tectonic zenze ukuba kusetyenziswe indawo. Ngakanani kwaye ulwandle lwangaphambili lwaluvela nini, luhlala lubonakala, kodwa uhlobo lweBaikal lubangela imibuzo eninzi ebuntwini.

Geography

Kwizinto ezivela kwiMpuma yeSiberia ukusuka kumntla-mpuma ukuya ngasentshona-ntshona kwandula i-crescent ngendlela ye-crescent. Ichibi iBaikal livela e-Asia ephakathi kwimida yeRiphabhliki yaseBuryatia kunye ne-Irkutsk. Ubude bayo buyi-630 km, ububanzi buhluka ukusuka kuma-25 ukuya kuma-80 km. Indawo yendawo yamanzi ifaniswa nommandla wamanye amazwe aseYurophu (Holland, Belgium), malunga neekhilomitha ezili-32,000. Km. Unxweme luhlala luguquka, ubude balo bude bubekwe kwii-2200 km. Ukukhululeka kwezantsi kuyahlukeneyo, kukho iithala zamanxweme kunye namanqatha angaphantsi kwamanzi, kodwa namhlanje iLake iBhaikal yindawo echibi elona nzulu kwihlabathi. Ucwaningo lwe-Hydrographic kunye nokuvakala kwe-acoustic yezantsi kuqhutywa rhoqo. Ngokutsho kwedatha yakutshanje, ubungqina obunzulu bobunzima beemitha ezili-1642, kunye nexabiso elilinganiselwa kwiimitha ezili-700. Indawo yesibini phakathi kwamachibi aphantsi kwamanzi ahlala eTanganyika kunye neCaspian (uLwandle lwaseCaspian).

Uphando

Ubume beBaikal ngamaxesha onke bamangalisa abantu ngokubaluleka kwayo, ukuhlukahluka kunye nezikhumbuzo. Ulwazi lokuqala malunga nelibi libuyela kwikhondo le-16, ngelo xesha iSiberia lithatha abaphandi njengemithombo engapheliyo yefurs, i-ores yamatye anqabileyo kunye namatye. Ama-ambassade aseRussia athunyelwa eChina, ngokokuqala ngqa, abeka "uLwandle olwandle" olukhulu kwimaphu. Ngethuba elifanayo uN. Spafaria waqala ukuchaza indawo yamanzi njengeLake Baikal, isilwanyana kunye nesityalo sehlabathi. Ukususela ekubunjweni kwe-Academy of Sciences yaseRussia (1723) ngesigqibo sikaPetros Omkhulu , isifundo esinjongo secebo, imithombo yamanzi, imvelaphi, izityalo kunye nezilwane eziqalayo. Abaphengululi be-Archaeologists, iimbali-mlando, iidyklorists, i-geologists, i-ecologists iqhuba uphando oluphambili lweBaikal, olude luze luzalise imfihlelo namhlanje.

Amanzi kunye neqhwa

Amanzi aseBaikal agcwele i-oksijeni, iqulethe ipesenti encinci ye-organic and mineral compounds kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengamanzi adibeneyo. Ngentwasahlobo inokubonakala ngokucacileyo kunokwenzeka, ivumela imitha yelanga ukuba idlule, ine-blue hue, izinto ezisezantsi zingabonwa kwi-40 mitha. Iqondo lokushisa lamanzi ahlukahluka ngokuxhomekeke kububungakanani: iindawo ezisezantsi zifudumele ukuya ku-+4 ⁰ C ehlobo, i-layer layers ukuya ku-9 ⁰ C, kwaye kwiindawo ezingenanto ixabiso eliphezulu li-+15 ⁰ C. Ngenxa yokubunjwa kwe-bioplankton emanzini, amanzi athola i-tinge eluhlaza, Ukucaca kwayo kuyancitshiswa ukuya kumitha engama-8. Iqhwa kwiLake Baikal yimbandela yophando lweengcali ezininzi. Ubungakanani bayo bufikelela kumqondiso weemitha eziyi-1-1.5, ngelixa libala. Kwiindawo ezikumanxweme, amanzi angatye avelise iiprafu kunye neeprottoes, kumaqondo aphantsi aphezulu amaqhwa e-ice kunye nesandi esichaphazelayo esifana nesibheno okanye iindudumo. Iinqaba ze-Baikal "zeenduli" eziyingqayizivele ziyi-cone ezibunjwa ngeziko elingenalutho, ukuphakama kwabo kungafikelela kwiimitha ezili-6. IiHolesi ezintabeni zikude ukusuka elunxwemeni. Izigulana zingenza iindawo eziqhelekileyo zeentaba okanye zifumaneke enye.

Umsebenzi wesisimo

Ukuzamazama komhlaba (i-1-2 points) kubonwa rhoqo kwiLake Baikal rhoqo. Iinkqubo ze-Tectonic zitshintsha ukukhutshwa kwezantsi kunye nommandla wonxweme. Iinyikima ezinamandla ziqhubeka rhoqo, imiphumo yazo ixhomekeke kumandla okudanduluka. Ngomnyaka we-1862, ngenxa yenye yazo, enezakhono zamanqaku a-10, i-delenga yaselwandle yaguqulwa, kwaye indawo enkulu yomhlaba yahamba phantsi kwamanzi. Ingxelo yokugqibela yokuloba kwenqaku lama-6 yabhalwa ngo-2010. Kunokwenzeka ukuba ukukhula kwechibi kudibene neenkqubo ze-tectonic. Ngoko ke, kunyaka kunyuka ngo-2 cm.

Ukungena kunye nokuhamba

Umthamo wamanzi avuselelekileyo eBaikal ungama-24 000 km ³ , enye ifunyanwa kuphela kwiLwandle laseCaspian, kodwa ludaka. Ulwandle lwaseSiberia lubondliwa ngumbutho omkhulu wemilambo nemilambo. Inani labo lingama-330-340 kwaye lixhomekeke kwithuba lonyaka. Ngentwasahlobo, ngexesha lokuqhaqha kweqhwa kwiintlambo zeentaba ezungezile, inani leemifula liyakhula kakhulu. Amanzi amaninzi amakhulu eLake Baikal nguMlambo waseSelenga (isiqingatha se-inflow total), uBarzinzin, Upper Angara, iTurka, uSarma, njl. Umthamo uyancipha ngenxa yenkqubo yemvelo yomswakama ebusweni beli libi. I-runoff ephezulu ivela kwi-Angara. Ngendlela, lo mlambo udibene neengcamango ezininzi kunye neengcamango. Kubantu kuthiwa ubuhle, intombi kuphela yeBaikal endala.

Iiflora kunye nezilwanyana

Ubume beBaikal buhluke kwaye buhlukile. Amathambeka amatye ahlanganiswe ngamanqatha amahlathi, ahlala kuyo inani elikhulu lezilwanyana: iibhere, iindumbu, izimpungushe, iinyawu, njl. Ingqungquthela yesininzi inani malunga neentlobo ezingama-2650 zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo, ezingama-65-70% zazo azifumaneki kwiimeko zendalo, oko kukuthi . Ngaba zikhona. Ubunyani belizwe lezilwanyana lezilwandle ngokwalo luchazwa ngomoya walo ogciniweyo kunye nokukwazi ukuzihlambulula. I-Crustacea epishura (i-zooplankton), uphawu lwe-Baikal, intlanzi ye-fish golomyanka, i-omul, i-sturgeon, i-gray, i-gray-sponges, i-sponges ezantsi yenza ingcamango yezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo zelibi. Ubunzima belifa lentlambo luqulethe i-algae ehlala kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo (i-diatomaceous, golden, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Iingqimba eziphantsi nakwiindawo eziphantsi kakhulu zinabantu abaninzi, umcimbi wendalo usebenza njengomthombo wesondlo kubemi basekuhlaleni amanzi. Kwiinkalo ezininzi (ubudala, ubunjani bamanzi, ubunzulu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezizodwa), i-echibi yindawo eyingqayizivele kwilizwe lonke, oko kutheni ukukhuselwa kwendalo yaseLake Baikal yenye yezinto eziphambili kwilizwe lethu.

Ecology

Ukungqubana kwempucuko ekhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nemvelo ebonakalayo, njengommiselo, iphetha ngokusinqoba kwehlabathi le technogen. Kwiminyaka engama-150 eyadlulayo, iibhanki zamanzi zazinamahlathi, apho abahamba khona babesaba ukuhamba ngenxa yenani elikhulu leebhere. Namhlanje, ukungqothulwa kwamahlathi amakhulu , ukungcola kwemifula kunye nomoya, kunye nokuzingela kubangele ukuba kubekho isityalo esingumntu oyingqayizivele njengeBaikal. Umonakalo omkhulu kubangelwa amafektri akwiindawo eziselunxwemeni kunye nezixeko ezinkulu kunye nezixeko. Isinyathelo esikhulu sokulondoloza i-echibi lalivaliwe ukuvalwa kwepilita kunye nephepha lokuhambisa kunye nokudluliselwa kwebhodi kumgama okhuselekileyo ukusuka kwindawo yamanzi. Inqanaba lokungcola kwamanzi ngamacandelo e-organic and inorganic aphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokungena koMlambo waseSelenga. Imveliso yamanzi kunye noomasipala, iimveliso zeoli zikhutshwe kunye nelo xesha kwaye zifake eLachin Baikal. Ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokukhuselwa kwenkqubo yendalo ngoku okwenziwa ngokomthetho wesigqeba owamkelwa ngo-1999. Ilawula iintlobo zemisebenzi evunyelwe ukuba iqhutywe echwebeni. Enyanisweni, yonke imimandla yonxweme kunye neBaikal ngokwayo kufuneka ibe yindawo enkulu yokugcina indawo, apho izimo eziphuculweyo zokuzonwabisa, ezokukhenketho kunye nophando lwezinto eziphilayo ziya kulungiswa. Ngo-1996, i-echibi lalifakwe kwiLifa leMveli le-UNESCO leNgcaciso yehlabathi, oko kukuthi, lafumana isimo sesikhumbuzo esilondolozwe uluntu.

ZoKhenketho

Ubume obuhle beLake Baikal ludonsa inani elikhulu labantu ngonyaka. Indawo ekhethwa kakhulu yindawo yokuhlala ecotourism, ukuhamba kunye nokugibela ihashe kwiindawo ezigcinwe kuzo zifunwa ngokubanzi phakathi kwamanye amazwe. Iintlobo ezisebenzayo zokuzonwabisa nazo ziyimfuneko (ukuphuphuma kweentaba, ukuhamba ngeenqanawa kunye ne-catamaran ukuhamba ngeLake Baikal, njl.). Kodwa ke uninzi lwabatyeleli beza apha ukubona lo mmangaliso wendalo. I-Baikal isoloko ihluke: indawo ebomvu yelibi ityunjelwa yimvungu, iimozulu ekhethekileyo kunye nobuhle behlathi lonxweme zingabonwa kwiiyure. Inani lezinto ezikhangayo zendalo kunye nendoda zikhulu, izakhiwo zezinto zakudala, ezenkcubeko kunye nezembali zifumaneka kwindlela yeendlela zokutyelela.