Njani na amayeza loxwebhu: uviwo neendlela zayo

Uviwo ukumisela umda yolu xwebhu lukwafumaneka iimboniselo uphando ezithandwa kakhulu. Inyaniso kukuba loo mhla, iinkundla zinika inani elikhulu kwaphunyezwa izivumelwano, iziqinisekiso, zimvume kunye nezivumelwano. ubuchule uxwebhu ubudala uyakwazi ukuchonga mbumbulu.

Ngelo xesha sithabathela ingqalelo umhla ephepheni, kunye nokudalwa kwisicatshulwa. Kuba lo msebenzi kwaye ithatha uxwebhu zobugcisa nobuchule ubudala xa isindululo umphandi ukhokela ityala. Uxwebhu lwezikhalazo kufika kunye abantu abachaphazelekayo ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo.

Ukuchongwa kweempawu engaguquguqukiyo

Indlela ukufumanisa ngokommiselo xwebhu? Uviwo oku usebenzisa iindlela ezimbini. Eyokuqala kukuba ukuchonga iimpawu kuhlala zingatshintshi kwexesha. Ezi ziquka okubhalwe kolu xwebhu kunye neziseko zayo ngenxa yokuqeshwa isixhobo yokubhala esetyenziswa, imigca uphawu, amaziko kunye nezinto.

Uphando olwenziwe ijonge ukumisela ukuthobela anike iimpawu kwi ixesha lokuphumla elithile. Ntoni kulo mzekelo utsalela ingqalelo ukuya kuxwebhu iimviwo ubudala? Ingcaphephe uhlola umhla ukungangqinelani ichaziweyo iinkcukacha itekisi, kwaye ixesha lekhefu. Le ndlela isebenza kakhulu xa kuthe kwenzeka kwixesha elimiselwe iinguqulelo ezinkulu kwindlela kuluhlu izixhobo zokubhala kunye nezinto, kananjalo ngolwimi.

Ngoko ke, lo iimviwo amaxwebhu ukutyhila ukulinganiselwa:

- ukubonelela itekisi, isigama musa ukuhlangabezana umhla kwayo yamalungiselelo (umzekelo, amagama-arhente, imibutho, etc ...);
- kwiletahedi kunye ngophawu abazakhela data ziyafumaneka kwi umbutho, ezadalwa kamva, lichithwe okanye kude kube kukho ixesha elithile;
- kokuqulathwe kuxwebhu unalo kubhekiswa zeziganeko ezenzeka ngexesha elahlukileyo.

Kwakhona, Ukuhlolisisa ukusekwa uxwebhu amayeza uphonononga morphology imivimbo. Ngokusekelwe kwezi data singakwazi ecaleni ngokupheleleyo ithuba uphumezo iinkcukacha ngesandla de novalo kunye nentloko yosiba lokubhala, kude yoma - ngejeli. Kodwa nokudalwa wokubhaliweyo ukusebenzisa oomatshini bokuchwetheza elektroniki kwenzeka kuphela emva kokuba 70s. Uvumela kwakhona zeemviwo ngokwenziwa yoxwebhu imithi.

Uphando kungafihlwa yaye nokwakhiwa izinto ezisetyenziselwa ntetho kwisicatshulwa. Oku, ingakumbi, idayi kunye bleaches ngoonobumba ephepheni. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba ngamahlanu hayi isicelo paste ngenxa iintlanti yosiba osekwe nedayi phthalocyanine. Ukongeza, njengoko njengenxalenye imveliso yasekhaya iphepha phezulu ukuya sharing-60 bekungekho brighteners ezamehlo.

Ukufundwa iimpawu utshintsho temporal

Njengoko kodwa sizimisele uxwebhu imithi? ingasetyenziswa iimviwo, kunye indlela eyahlukileyo kwizifundo zabo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ezo mpawu ngenxa yeenguqu zokusebenza iimpawu zokubhala esetyenziselwa nokusebenzisa iinkcukacha ezivelayo. Ngaphezu koko, le ndlela ivumela ukuba ngoobani kunye neempawu izinto kwephepha. Kulo mzekelo, esebenzisa ulwazi lwemithetho elawula utshintsho iimpawu zokubhala izixhobo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwazo.

Kwakhona, iimviwo xa ethatha ingqalelo iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke kweli phepha ngexesha logcino zayo zexesha elide.

Ngenxa yoko, uviwo ubudala uxwebhu ukubulawa ngomshini, liphonononga idata inkqubo, abonisa ixesha wokwenziwa wokuchwetheza banikwa uhlobo kunye nohlobo, ibhanti kukuwohloka njalo .. Ukongeza, ithathele ingqalelo zonke iinguqu ezithi zenzeke ngexesha ukusebenza sixhobo. Umqukumbelo xesha kulungiselelwa typescript isiseko lonke uluhlu lweempawu impiriyali nesekelwe zithelekiswa kunye iisampuli free. Ukuchaneka ukuyohlala ixesha kule imeko inokuba njalo kuluhlu ukususela kusuku olunye ukuya kunyaka omnye.

Ngenxa yeemviwo uthabathe amaxwebhu wabulawelwa umshicileli edityaniswe kwi computer siqu. Bona kuthelekiswa ne iisampuli ezamahala, ziprintwe ubuchwepheshe efanayo. Uhlalutyo mkhuba uphando lubonisa ukuba amaphepha eemviwo enokwenziwa kunye nokuchaneka mkhulu, wenza umshicileli inkjet. Ngenxa yezi zifundonzulu iCartridge, imiqondiso leyo kuvela ephepheni njenge "ziinaliti."

ubuchule bophando

Zokubhala iimviwo imithi isixhobo kusebenziswa:

- mibhalo, njengoko ulungisiwe ngesandla;
- iitekisi, kushicilelwa kusetyenziswe inkjet abashicileli;
- amanqaku ngesandla;
- yamanyala izitampu, seals kunye izitampu.

Iindlela zokufunda

Ukuze ubone umda xwebhu kusetyenziswa:

1. Iindlela organoleptic. Ngoncedo lwabo, lacazulula baza kuhlolwa umgangatho yezinto ezisekelwe kwi-indices ifunyenwe xa kufakwa mvo (ukuva, umbono, incasa, ivumba). Ezi zifundo zinika uhlolo olubonakalayo yoxwebhu ekuthethwa. Kuyinto ngobuhle bayo, umbala, imvakalo kwezinto, njalo njalo. D.
2. Iindlela abancinane gqitha. Ngenxa umthetho, ukuba asetyenziswe ukucacisa ukulandelelana zitampu ibhokisi yamanyala nokwenza imibhalo.
3. ubuchule lokushicilela. ukusebenzisa kwabo uye wenza umbulelo ukuba kuphuhliso ubuchwepheshe bale mihla. iindlela zokufota zisetyenziswa phantse zonke iinkalo forensics, kuquka xa kujongwa ummiselo ekudaleni uxwebhu.
4. Iindlela Chemical. ukusebenzisa kwabo ivumela imibala uhlalutyo nokubhala izinto ukuqikelela iimpawu zazo zingatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha.
5. Iindlela chromatography. Ezi ndlela kusenza sikwazi ukubona ukuba Dynamics le komphunga le izinyibilikisi ze-oganikhi, zona yinxalenye nezinto zokubhala.
6. Iindlela Spectrographic. Ezi uviwo imisebenzi yokuqingqa ukwakhiwa inks kunye nezinto zokubhala. Esebenzisa le ndlela kokuba imisiwe phambi izinto ubumdaka umbala, nto leyo isiseko ukuze ukwenza enye okanye enye imveliso.

Ngaphezu koko, iimviwo lokumiselwa mihla loxwebhu kwenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu iinkcukacha mihla technology. Oku, ingakumbi, uphuhliso computer uhlalutyo maxwebhu.

Iinkcukacha Priority prostanovki

Njengoko kokuba emiselwe ngokommiselo xwebhu? Ubungcali kwinkqubo yophando lwabo itsalela ingqalelo umyalelo imigca ngasentla kwaye ishicilela isicatshulwa. Ngoko ke, izitampu, seals kunye neesiginitsha ukwenza uxwebhu lwenkohliso ngexeshana eyahlukileyo. Ngelishwa, ixesha sizimisele streaking superposed akwenzeki. Noko ke, Ukuhlolisisa umda uxwebhu angasoloko imisele ukuba yeyiphi iinkcukacha liye wabeka phantsi kwindawo yokuqala - uphawu okanye utyikityo.

Uthelekiso iisampuli

Indlela enye umiselwa ngokommiselo xwebhu? kwiingcali zophando kaninzi usebenzisa indlela iisampuli uthelekiso. Loo ndlela linokusetyenziswa ezinkulu zala maxwebhu ziya kufumaneka. Kuba umsebenzi ukuthatha iisampulu yamaphepha yentlangano olusemthethweni, zeziphi ezo zinto zabuya ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo.

Le ndlela iza kwenza ingcali ukufumanisa sixa-mali kunye neqondo utshintsho eye yenzeka, banokuyamkela ngokusekelwe kwezi data, ekupheleni kwexesha kulungiselelwa umbhalo impikiswano.

Iisampuli uxwebhu ezo zithathwa sothelekiso kufuneka lwenziwe kusetyenziswa iintsimbi efanayo (copiers, abashicileli kunye ezifana. D.), Kwaye kwakubhaliwe phindwe izibambo (gel okanye ibhola). Emayithelekiswe, bexhentsa inki, esebenzayo ezakushicilelwa. Xa kuthe zonke ezi ngongoma zingentla kwi zonke iisampulu kungekho nto yakwenza xwebhu impikiswano, ingcali isebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kulo mzekelo, banikwe kwisigqibo malunga nakwenzeka msebenzi.

Indlela uthelekiso iphepha impikiswano

Kutsha nje, iimviwo amaxwebhu ezingummiselo iintsilelo rhoqo usebenzisa indlela uthelekisa ukufumana ikopi zombhalo izinto ezikhethekileyo abayiqokeleleyo xesha, equlethe iipatheni kushicilelwa, imibhalo kunye nezinye iinkcukacha.

Ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela yenza kube lula ukufumanisa ngokuchanileyo umhla kwendalo okanye ukuguqulwa ephepheni esemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela iye kuneengxaki zako. Bagqiba ukuba ukwakha ingxelo eqokelweyo kuya kufuna utyalo-ebalulekileyo ixesha kwezoshishino kwanababoneleli bemfundo. Oku, kuphakamisa ixabiso koviwo.

Materials (izifundo) ukufunda

Ukumisela ubudala ye uxwebhu na kwicala elinye ngaphezulu. Oku kuquka uphando ekufundweni utshintsho ezichaphazela ubume kunye neempawu izinto zokubhala, kwakunye neenkcukacha zamaphepha ezisemthethweni. imifuniselo Uphando lubonise ukuba data umsebenzi ngobuciko obukhulu inokwenziwa ngokujonga ixesha kwendalo yamaxwebhu apho inki ayikho ngaphantsi kwamashumi amabini ekhulwini izinyibilikisi eziphakamileyo-abilayo organic. Uluhlu izinto ezinjalo - inks inkjet kunye intlama for neentlanti eseleni iintonga. Kuye sisincoko efanayo kunye inki bexhentsa. Ithuba umda koxwebhu ogqitywe umxholo kuphela ntsalela phakathi kwamalungu omzimba. Esi salathisi bunikwa yi ulwelo igesi chromatography spectrum ezifunyenwe yi ukufakwa luthathe intlama yamaphepha lwaseburhulumenteni dimethylformamide.

Examination usayino endala kwi xwebhu lisebenza indlela esekelwe kulwazi imivumbo ezidala iipateni wenza udaka ngenxa iintlanti yosiba lokubhala, apho kukho utywala benzyl, fenilglikol kunye glycol propylene ethers aliphatic. Age zesifundo yophando kule meko ugqibe ngokuthelekisa. Ukuze wenze oku, uthabathe ngeempawu nangemivumbo xwebhu ngawo kunye isampuli wenza ukuya ngonyaka, ngenyanga kunye imini ngokuzithelekisa esiku- ekuphumeni.

uvavanyo step

Kukho jikelele umzobo uviwo lwemethodoloji lilinganiselwa kwi isiqulatho zokunxulumene uxwebhu kwi kwidayi imivumbo volatiles. Oku kuquka la manyathelo alandelayo:

1. Uphando lokuqala. It elisombulula ingxaki yokufumanisa indlela wokuphunyezwa kwe imivumbo, kwakunye uvavanyo ukufaneleka kwabo ukuba aqhube isifundo ebanzi.
2. Uhlalutyo isinyibilikisi. Olu phando ijolise ukujonga ukufaneleka imivimbo ukuqikelela ngexesha lokubulawa kwabo.
3. Uphando izinto ezingezizo eguqukayo eziqulethwe kwi bar (nentlaka kunye nedayi). Loo Uhlalutyo yenzelwa ukujonga uhlobo izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo ukuseka iimeko ezithile zovavanyo yayo.
4. Ukumiselwa ipesenteji izinto aziphethe ngayo kwamalungu omzimba.
5. bokumodela ezidala iinkcukacha kwinkqubo.
6. Direct ukulinganisa uphumezo imivimbo xesha.

Yeemviwo zamaphepha 'ibhuqiwe "

Kudla esilungiselelwe isifundo izinto ziye ngaphambili ekucaca ukuba naziphi iimpembelelo ndlongondlongo. Inyaniso yokuba ukukhanya, zeekhemikali okanye impembelelo thermal kuvumela ukuba ukunika iphepha esemthethweni, jonga abaneminyaka. Oku kwenza kube nzima gqitha ukwenza umsebenzi ingcali. Kodwa kwiimeko ezinjalo, into nje le mpembelelo sele ukuthetha malunga uhlobo lolwaphulo-ndlela yalungiswa.

Ngokomzekelo, xa iziphumo wobushushu ngetekisi wephepha yinto ebalulekileyo 'isipili' ukhanye. Kulo mzekelo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukujonga omzimba grainy. Ngaphezu koko, kule meko kukho amabala ephepheni le izicelo zingaphendula ngokucothayo, kwaye ukubonisa abalinganiswa inkangeleko kufiphale kancinane. Xa efumanise le miqondiso ingcaphephe kunika uluvo lokuba uxwebhu yathotyelwa kwimeko ntshikilelo thermal ngohlobo ubushushu phezu izidanga ezilikhulu.

Ukubekwa ukuba kubekho utshintsho kuxwebhu

Amaxesha amaninzi uxwebhu ukuqhatha esemthethweni wenza indlela podrisovki, erasures, ngamanzi okanye iirekhodi ngasekhohlo. Ngamanye amaxesha ukwenza utshintsho kuxwebhu ngokuthi overprinting amagama, oonobumba neenombolo, kwakunye kumabakala ngamaplanga kunye namakhadi photo. Ukuze ukufumanisa loo izibakala kusetyenziswa indlela ukufunda amaxwebhu eziphathekayo. Isigwebo amanqaku overprint okanye ezongezelelweyo, ungasebenzisa isifundo lokuthelekisa colorant. Umahluko kumafa yayo ibonisa njengentsomi. Ukuze ubone imifanekiso ngamaplanga izifundo enamathelayo. Xa uxwebhu langoku iye enye kuphela ngohlobo lwayo.

Ngamanye amaxesha itshintsha kwisicatshulwa lomnye makabhale kwephepha ezisemthethweni usebenzisa isithwebuli. Olu xwebhu wangena ikhompyutha, ihlelwe ize iprintwe kwiprinta. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, iimviwo zonke iimakhishithi abakhuselekanga, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukumisela ixesha ukungangqinelani kwendalo yazo.

Ukumiselwa kombhalo wokuqala

Iimeko xa forensics -old uxwebhu ityhila nokuhlenga. Ngoko kukho imfuneko ukujonga imarike koqobo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, isifundo iqala uviwo lwe xwebhu kwi yelanga eyingozi yahluzwa. Iziphumo lo msebenzi bangayinika siqonde ukuba sesichengeni kunokwenzeka kwephepha ukuba naziphi na izinto ndlongondlongo. Ukuba umbhalo wokuqala xwebhu lilungiswe erasure, ngoko ke kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa uviwo esasinokubonwa yokususwa. Ukubuyisa isiqulatho wokuqala wesicatshulwa iya kuba kunokwenzeka emva nokufotwa iphepha kwi yelanga eyingozi kubonakala kunye nesicelo iindlela yokujongwa computer umfanekiso onesiphumo.

Ukuba umbhalo kwi iphepha mayihlatywe okanye obuthululwayo, waluqaba okanye duct, ukwenzela ukuba kube nokuqatshelwa uviwo yokuqala ngxelo usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukhetho ndlela iya kuxhomekeka isifundo indibanisela iidayi, ezisetyenziselwa ukuba ubhale umbhalo nokuvala. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo lokurekhoda computer processing esetyenziswa ngoku.

Nakwenzeka koviwo

Nangona ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza bezenzululwazi nethekhinoloji kunye luluhlu olude elide ngeendlela, uphando ukuze kubonwe iintsilelo eli xwebhu kwenziwa njalo.

umsebenzi Ayinakwenzeka xa:
- Ukungeniswa mbilini amaxwebhu;
- kungekho inani elifunekayo leesampuli ze yokuthelekisa;
- karhulumente olunganelanga iphepha esemthethweni (zokuwaguqula ezibalulekileyo).