Ubukho ezahlukeneyo beentlobo - oko kukuthi zizivelela

Ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela njengoko uphuhliso oluqhubekayo zonke izinto eziphilayo zemvelo, ukuntsonkotha zezinto eziphilayo kunye ukubonakala ngeendlela ezintsha namhlanje lisetyenziswa kwi uncwadi ezithandwayo kunye kumajelo eendaba. Ngokufunisela malunga zazivelela zizivelela, ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi ngeendlela populist dilutes ixabiso layo, ukuzisa ingqalelo inkqubo ubunjalo. Yintoni micro-ngendaleko eziphilayo, imilo kunye nokuphela kwako - ezi imibuzo zigutyungelwe kweli nqaku.

Evolution njengenkqubo yemvelo

kwemvelo chonga iintlobo ezimbini ezinemiqathango - yokuzivelela kunye zizivelela - neendlela zophuhliso ubomi emhlabeni. Ngokwahlula ngoku isekelwe kwi ubungakanani units taxonomic, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba intshukumo yokuzivelela. Kwemvelo kuthetha ukuyilwa zohlaza enkulu (uhlobo, usapho, iklasi, njalo njalo) ixesha elide. Isiphumo zizivelela - ukuyilwa iintlobo ezintsha, iyunithi lisezantsi taxonomic. Ngoko zizivelela ebizwa speciation, ukuyilwa iintlobo ezintsha embindini wokuqala ngokuzuza bodwa ekuzaleni yaye ukwahlukana kwi taxon eyahlukileyo.

indlela yophuhliso

Yonke imithetho kwemvelo speciation kwi macrotaxa kugqitha le meko efanayo kunye nemithetho ngokufanayo kwiyunithi ezisisiseko izinto zazivelela - abemi. Yintoni zizivelela, ngokulula kuboniswa umzekelo yemfundo ezinxulumene, phylogenetically iintlobo olusondeleyo ngaphakathi sodidi efanayo. Umzekelo, kwi-Arctic, ikhaya iintlobo ezintathu ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo kwezimvu - Witt, ingwe kunye Ross amatywina bumba. Ngaphandle iyantlukwano engephi yangaphandle, lixhoba labo zityalwa ezahlukeneyo, ziye zakhokelela ukuyilwa lweentlobo enxulumene kakhulu kodwa eyahlukileyo.

iintlobo zizivelela

Speciation, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba Reproductive neskreschivaemosti njengoko nqanaba yokugqibela iqela bodwa yendaleko oluthile lwento, uye iindlela eziliqela. Ngokutsho uhlobo mechanism yokwambathisa ichonge iifom. Ngu zizivelela ziquka:

• speciation Geographic.
• Speciation yokuzahlula eziphilayo kwamanani.
• Speciation kude olufanelekileyo lokuzala (dokopulyatsionnoy kunye poslekopulyatsionnoy).

Yintoni zizivelela kwendawo eziphilayo?

Kulo mzekelo, ucinga indlela wedwa panmictic (ukuzala ngokwesini) amaqela eziphilayo, xa kukho imbono sitsha senziwa phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko ngokwezelizwe okanye zokusingqongileyo. bodwa Geographical kwamanani kuthathwa ngumba yomhlaba utshintsho ezikhokelela Ukuqhela nabantu zohlobo olufanayo okwethutyana okanye ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo imifanekiso - ukuyilwa kweentlobo siqithi. Yaye uninzi, mhlawumbi, eyaziwa kule meko - it zeGalapagos bindweed, inkcazo kunye nesifundo ezikhokelele Charles Darwin ukuba imfundiso yakhe imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo oko zizivelela njengoko speciation eziphilayo sele unikwe - amatywina Arctic. Kwimeko amatywina factor engqongileyo bodwa kobonelelo ukutya. Kodwa into yokusingqongileyo kukwakhona nomnye umahluko phakathi namaxesha nokuzalela, iintlanga eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi lwento, njalo njalo.

Dokopulyatsionnaya uhlobo ngabodwa uhlobo zizivelela

Kwimeko yokuba ukungakwazi yokuwela simahla abantu ngenxa yokuba wedwa, uhamba kunye nokungabikho zezemfundo elilodwa (bungu) apha emzimbeni, bathi dokopulyativnoy yodwa. ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• Zokuvala, evela ngenxa yohlobo ukuziphatha ngokwesondo (ethological). Umzekelo - ngokusondeleyo isele yimvula, kwaye ubume ezahlukeneyo ingakumbi iintlobo zikwazi ukukhwela lomculo.
• Le wedwa okubangelwa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo amalungu copulative nenzala. Umzekelo - iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentyatyambo abe isakhiwo esithile wentyatyambo, nto leyo evumela ukuba umungu kuphela uhlobo oluthile Ingcungcu.

Le wedwa okubangwa ukungafani gametes. Imizekelo amalinge kuphela indalo umkhondo, esi sixhobo kunzima.

Poslekopulyatsionnaya ilothe njengendlela of speciation

Kule meko kuthetha ukuba elilodwa yenziwe. Yintoni micro-ngendaleko, kulo mzekelo, bonisa fom zilandelayo ukuphumeza bohlukaniswe ngokupheleleyo okuzala kwamanani oluthile lwento:

• Non-nokufaneleka elilodwa kwi nisaqala ontogeny.
• Ukufa usana olungekazalwa okanye abantu abaselula ukuba bafikelele kwiminyaka okuzala.
• Le inzalo ka hybrids.

Indlela begazi yale fomu bohlukaniswe unzima kwaye unxulunyaniswa cytological, kwemichiza kunye neempawu humoral.

Micro-kwemvelo inkqubo ukuphumeza bodwa lokuzala ezele amaqela ngaphakathi zohlobo olufanayo ekhokelela kuseko iintlobo ezintsha eziphilayo ngaphandle fom umzali. Kodwa ke kulo mbono. Ayizizo zonke Ukuqhela yabemi kuya kukhokelela ngabodwa ekuzaleni yaye hayi zonke bodwa ekuzaleni kuya kukhokelela ukuyilwa ngeendlela ezintsha. Yintoni iimfundiso kwindaleko - kukuba zizivelela iqala ubushushu kwaye kuyaphela.