Ububanzi gauge kaloliwe eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe

Rail zokuhamba - enye yezi ntlobo phambili ukuthutha abakhweli imithwalo. Bambalwa abantu bacinga ububanzi umkhondo, ehleli uloliwe. abantu abambalwa bazi ntoni na abhale ezi parameters. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, kwingoma sikaloliwe eyenziwe umahluko ebalulekileyo kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

A incinane

Science umbhali fiction ukusuka eNgilani Gerbert Dzhordzh Uells uthi nengoma kufuneka kwakhona ngokusekelwe kumgama phakathi kweevili ye neenqwelo zamahashe eqhelekileyo. Inkcazelo ifumaneka emsebenzini wakhe "Ukuqonda".

Uphuhliso izithuthi kaloliwe na phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Emva koko ke Iinkampani ezinkulu kweli candelo kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukwandisa impembelelo yayo ngezangqa zoshishino. Kakade ke, kwangaxeshanye ezibhalwe ukukhula okubonakalayo shishino.

I zikaloliwe zokuqala waqonda njengenye indlela enjini. iparameters yazo, iyangqinelana ngokupheleleyo kunye nobungakanani amabutho. Yiloo nto ibinyanzeliswa ubungakanani kaloliwe yokuqala kunye ulandelele ububanzi (1,435 mm).

Asizizo zonke indlela okuqala ngokusekelwe kwezithethe eyamkelekileyo. Umzekelo, ububanzi kwimizila kaloliwe kwindlela ukusuka Dublin ukuya Drogheda (Ireland) kwaba 1600 mm.

Umzabalazo ubukhulu gauge

Izambart injineli Brunel, eyayiphila kwiminyaka 1806-1859, ebesoloko wakhuthaza ukwandiswa kwingoma. Ngowe-1835 kwagqitywa yagqitywa ukwakhiwa Enkulu Western Road. Umgama phakathi yimiqolo kwaba 2135 mm.

Linye ngomba ukuba yintoni na ububanzi mzila iya kuthathwa njengento umgamgatho, kwaqhubeka de 1845. Ngexesha ingxabano siye safunda ngenyameko yokusebenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendlela. Kuba kokwenza isigqibo kuphela esichanekileyo eNgilani wadala uthumo ekhethekileyo zepalamente, nto leyo ukuseka ubungakanani efanayo kwingoma kaloliwe. Ngoko ke, ngo-1845 kwakukho umthetho phezu ulwakhiwo kaloliwe kunye igeyiji umkhondo 1.435 mm. Kodwa ke zikhona iindlela ezingezizo lungqamene neli data, kwafuneka ukuba ngokutsha. Violators bajongene isohlwayo sama £ 10 kugqatso ngamnye ngosuku 1 kubukho iindlela ezingekho mthethweni.

iimeko ezizodwa for Ireland

Great Western Road kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukwakha enye, umzila wesithathu. Kuba Ireland, urhulumente waseBritani wenza umnyinyiva (umkhondo ububanzi apha kwaye kude kube ngoku 1600 mm). Kweli lizwe kwi-40 kwinkulungwane ye-19 Bahlala ngempumelelo gauge kwemigangatho ezintandathu. Kule ngxaki sele kusonjululwe ngokufanelekileyo, urhulumente uchonge umgangatho enye, ukubala avareji.

Iron endleleni USA

Kwi-US, uthi baye bafuna ukuba bazinxweme kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Kakade ke, oku kufuneka ziboniswe kwezothutho. Indlela lokuqala umgama ezahlukeneyo kakhulu phakathi naLindiili. Ngomthetho City New York kwaqinisekiswa ukuba aluvumelekanga amanye amasebe enxulumene neendlela (igeyiji kwawo 1524 mm).

Ukususela 1865 ukuya 1886 kukho kunxulumano koohola yaseMelika. States niqalise ukufumana iindlela ukuze basebenzisane, IsiNgesi standard liya abaxhasi ngakumbi nangakumbi.

Kuphela ku February 1886 yamkela i "Convention", nto leyo liqulathwe ukusungulwa track single eUnited States. 21.000 ubude km mgwaqo zaye pereshito ngeentsuku nje ezimbini. A amalungiselelo lwathabatha iintsuku 79. Ububanzi kwengoma United States Railway liye lancipha ukuya 1.435 mm. Ubukhulu enye bakwaloliwe eKhanada.

kololiwe European

gauge IsiNgesi (1,435 mm) uye wanatyiselwa kwilizwekazi yaseYurophu. Ngokusemthethweni lo ubukhulu yamkelwa kumazwe awahlukeneyo ngokushiyana amaxesha: eBavaria ngowe-1836, Prussia ngo-1837, i-TC yonke waseJamani - 1850.

Ekubeni gauge kaloliwe eYurophu, yamkelwa eNgilani, ithathwa njengesiseko kwaye common kakhulu.

Noko ke, imvelaphi zezi i parameters zinokubazezi kucelwa eRoma yamandulo. Ngaloo mihla, ukwenzela ukuthintela zokulwa umonakalo osisigxina, kwagqitywa ukwenza inqwelo kunye umgama ofanayo phakathi kweevili (kwaye ilingana no 1.435 mm).

gauge ebanzi

Ngaphandle Ireland, kwingoma ububanzi (1600 mm) lendlele ikwasetyenziswa kumazwe afana Australia (ngokungaphelelanga ukususela 1854) kunye Brazil. I ebanzi (1676 mm) yaye yaqaliswa eSpeyin ngo-1848, e-Portugal - ngo-1854, e-Argentina - ngo-1857-m, yaye kamva - e-India, eChile, Ceylon.

Kuzo zonke ezi mazwe ngoko igeyiji kusekho lubalaseleyo.

Yintoni in Russian

gauge kaloliwe eRussia ngaphezu IsiNgesi. Ukususela amanani kwi mm 1829 ebekelwa indlela Tsarskoye Selo, eli lizwe enambuzelayo kubungakanani 1524 mm. Yaba uphawu emendweni eMoscow - eSt Petersburg. Kwixesha elizayo olu khetho kwaye sele kuba yinto eqhelekileyo. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ezo njineli Russian Siboleke inani eUnited States. Ngelo xesha kwabacebisi American ziye ubesoloko ethatha inxaxcheba ephambili ekunikeni iindlela ezintsha.

Ububanzi 1524 mm iye abangqine izibalo kwezoqoqosho. Xa uyila urhulumente track wazala iindleko lingaphantsi kwe ngamampunge. Mhlawumbi Kwakhona isigqibo ngobuchule. Njengoko kumazwe angabamelwane akayi kuba nako ukuba ahlasele ilizwe ngokusebenzisa iindlela zothutho ngololiwe.

Ngasekupheleni-imi- 60 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, wanciphiswa umkhondo 1520 mm. Oku kwenziwa ukuze kube lula ukubala. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, indlela yezithuthi kunye kumkhondo 1520 mm kunye 1524 ibekwe yesibini kwihlabathi ngobude lweendlela (ixesha total).

Ububanzi kaloliwe gauge eRashiya naseYurophu wasiwa njengoko umgangatho ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Kuba yintoni yezizathu imimandla musa ukuza inani eqhelekileyo, akwaziwa ukuba ezithile.

ezigcwele Russian

Ububanzi gauge kaloliwe eRashiya kuyo bonke omasipala iyafana kuninzi zikaloliwe lizwe. Oku kusebenza kuzo zonke amazwe ico. imigca tram Russian ezifanayo umgama phakathi yimiqolo - 1520 mm. Kukho ezinye izixeko ezingafaniyo kule nkalo. E Rostov-on-Don, umzekelo, yaseYurophu wabeka umkhondo. ububanzi bayo 1435 mm. Kwezinye amaqumrhu Russian kunye imizi ico kokususwa tram wasebenzisa track ububanzi nemxinwa 1000 mm. Le mizi ezifana eKaliningrad (Russia), Pyatigorsk (saseRashiya), eLviv (Ukraine), Zhitomir (Ukraine), Vinnitsa (Ukraine) kunye nabanye.

Amazwe gauge Russian

ububanzi umkhondo zalathisi ka 1520 no 1524 mm kwenzeka ngakumbi kwezinye States. Oku ikakhulu awayesakuba yiSoviet Union kunye ezimelene Finland, Mongolia, Afghanistan. Kakade ke, oku akuthethi ukuba ezinye kwingoma apho azisebenzi.

Kukho ezinye iindlela apho canvases kaloliwe ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo, ububanzi yazo yahlukile umgangatho yamkelwe. Umzekelo, Bulgaria licandelo encinane sendlela Varna kwi phenyane. In Germany - ethekwini Sassnitz. Ububanzi kaloliwe gauge e-China kwindawo zokunqumla nomda Russia kwaye ubukhulu echanekileyo. North Korea ngo-2011, wayibuyisela ilizwe kwi Hasan umda yokuwela - Tumen. Romania unalo umgca lebhokisi Metallurgical Plant kunye Moldova. Kwakhona, ezi ezimfutshane ziyafumaneka eSlovakia, eSweden, Iran.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kaloliwe gauge eYurophu yahlukile parameters zethu, iindawo kunye gauge Russian konga imali ukuthutha rhoqo kwempahla evela kwimizi, izityalo kunye ezinkulu izinzile umkhweli kwezithuthi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe gauge emxinwa

Xa uqala nje ukubeka yimiqolo eNgilani wabonakala endleleni kunye umkhondo 590 mm. Emva koko tshe track kaloliwe eFransi, Belgium kunye yaseScandinavia. ERashiya, kakhulu emxinwa-gauge kaloliwe (ngo-1871) yaye yaqaliswa.

Kwamanye amazwe, iindlela zilolo hlobo kuseyinto kusetyenziswa. Umzekelo, kwi-Cape Colony ubude yabo inkulu kangaka (112,000 km), baye kuhlala ingaguqukanga. Indlela ibizwa - "gauge Cape", ububanzi - 1067mm.

Kumazwe yoMzantsi Afrika kunye Central Afrika, kwiiPhilippines, New Zealand, iinxalenye Japan kunye Australia nazo emxinwa ezifana w / w yendlela. Ububanzi kwengoma kaloliwe kwi Sakhalin naye waba ubukhulu 1067 mm. Ukususela ngo-2004 JSC "Iziporo Russian" ngokutsha ukwandisa imithamo yezithuthi.

EJapan, ngokuba ngesantya esiphezulu iqeqesha umgca wesakhiwo ukuya umgama phakathi naLindiili 1435 mm.

Ububanzi gauge kaloliwe eRashiya kumda kunye Poland kunye eKaliningrad ukuya efanayo. Ke kaloku South Station lwesixeko amalungiselelo ezininzi kwezi iindlela.

Kwi-USSR, iye yasetyenziswa ulandelele 750 mm ububanzi. Ezi iindlela aba yesibini ethandwa kakhulu futhi isetyenziswe de 1980. Okwangoku, baye etshintshiweyo mhlawumbi phantsi ezikumgangatho oqhelekileyo, okanye ivaliwe nje.

Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu usebenzisa kwingoma 1000 mm.

ezingeloncedo ezitshala-gauge kaloliwe

gauge Nciphisa wayesoloko wakhethwa ngenxa yezizathu uqoqosho. kuphela Ukuqamba ukukhanya baba ukuhambahamba ngeenxa zonke kuye. Yanceda ukunciphisa iindleko zokwakha r / Imizobo w. Ubalo wabonisa ukuba indlela eya Festinoge kubiza kathathu kangangoko ukuba waba eqhelekileyo.

Ngelishwa, le ububanzi akwanelanga ukwanelisa zonke iimfuno. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, eli lizwe waqalisa ukuba ngenkuthalo bafudukele ngobukhulu ezinkulu.

Nangona ukuzithemba abaxhasi kaloliwe gauge icuthene umnqweno ukungqina ukusebenziseka ukubaluleka kwezi canvases, ezi iimbono zazo zingazange kwamkelwa sisininzi. Kwaye 1435 mm-ndlela ziqatywe ngesantya omkhulu kwiindlela amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo.

Ngoku gauge emxinwa zisetyenziselwa ukuthutha kwimizi-mveliso ezinkulu amatye okusila, iindlela zokhenketho, kwimigodi, phezu kwezinye imigca kweli lizwe ngenxa ukuthutha abakhweli.

Ezinye izibalo yokufuna ulwazi

Road kunye track of 1.435 mm zezona common kakhulu. inxalenye yabo 75% of w phecana / d. uluhlu olubanzi phakathi kwe-11% ne NGR - 14%.

Ubude le w / e iindlela ehlabathini - izigidi ezi-1,2 km. kwiindlela ezininzi babekwa US (phantse 240 ophosa). Kwindawo yesibini Canada (90,000 km). indawo yesithathu fanele ku Russia (86,000 km).

Le track Ububanzi kwaza (0 mm) uqhosha inxalenye w / w kwendlela eJamani apho kusetyenziswa ethile kaloliwe. Le indlela zigugile zovavanyo.

Indlela track kaloliwe ebanzi (3000 mm) Ucela Jikelele Abasebenzi Hitler ukuba aphume Ukraine kuhlala kunye namanye amazwe aseYurophu izinto ekrwada. Uloyiso phezu amaNazi wenza esi sicwangciso engenakwenzeka. Imitha ezintathu-ububanzi gauge kaloliwe Ukraine uye wahlala kuphela ephepheni.

Lesikali kakhulu

Track Ububanzi (mm)	Ubude (km)	igama lendlela	Amazwe apho kusetyenziswa khona
1676	42300	Indian	India, Chile, Pakistan, Argentina
1668	14300	Iberia	Spain, Portugal
1600	9800	Irish	Ireland, Brazil kunye Australia (anga)
1524	7000	Russian	Estonia and Finland
1520	220000	Russian	kumazwe ico, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Mongolia (ngokomkhethe)
1435	720000	European	EYurophu, Canada, eUnited States, China, Australia, Korea, North Afrika, kuMbindi Mpuma, Cuba, Panama, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay
1067	112000	Cape	EMzantsi Afrika, Central Africa, eJapan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, eOstreliya, Sakhalin (Russia)
1000	95000	imitha	Asia (mpumalanga), India, Bolivia, Brazil, Uganda, Chile, Kenya

Ubunzima kunye nokusetyenziswa nobubanzi lweengoma ezahlukeneyo

Ukusetyenziswa amalaphu yokulinganisa ezahlukileyo kumazwe awahlukeneyo kudala ezahlukeneyo bajonga iingxaki kunye ekuthutheni iimpahla nabantu. Endaweni "intlanganiso" ezi iindlela kufuneka zilinywe abantu (impahla ehamba). Kwakhona kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe exchange bogie kwezinye iilori.

Ububanzi gauge kaloliwe eRashiya naseYurophu luphawulwa 85 mm. Ngoko ke, zonke zokunqumla umda ezinxulumene nobunzima ezongezelelweyo. Imigangatho ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu - ngu igeyiji yaseYurophu Russian.

Inani elikhulu lamanqaku kokuxhuma (iziqwenga 15) bebekelwa kwimimandla nomda Ukraine. It zinginginya ePoland, Slovakia, Hungary kunye Romania. Ububanzi gauge kaloliwe eRashiya Ukraine enye. Kunjalo, zonke iimoto kufuneka ndilungise. Lo msebenzi kuthatha iiyure ezimbini ukuze izithuthi zikawonkewonke. Nemizila kaloliwe inokuba iiveki efolisiweyo ukwenza lobeko.

Enye bugcisa ukutshintsha gauge oluzenzekelayo yasungulwa ngo-1968. Oku kwenzeka ngesantya esisezantsi ngaphandle kwenxaxheba yabaqeshwa noololiwe.

Kakade ke, ingqalelo zonke ezi zinto, abantu abaninzi bakhetha ukuthumela impahla yabo elwandle. amazibuko lweBaltic abasindwa ngokupheleleyo. Abameli kwiinkampani kaloliwe yaseYurophu kunye nolawulo Railways Russian axoxa rhoqo ithuba yokuphucula iindlela unxibelelwano kwimo oluzenzekelayo.