Siyintoni isidima? Isidima and vice

Njengoko hero ikhathuni odumileyo: "Ukuba okulungileyo - yinto emnandi, aze xa ngokuchasene - kubi," Ngenxa ukuzalwa umntu ngamnye ophilayo kuluntu enze izenzo ezithile, yaye ufumana ukuba uqikelelo ahambelanayo. Ugxininiso kulo nqaku liza kuba izenzo becala elungileyo, elilungisa yomntu, wenza okulungileyo okanye abanqwenela ukuya kuyo. Yintoni na isidima, iyintoni kwaye nendlela enokusinceda bona ekufumaneni iimpawu ezinjalo? Makhe uphando.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Sidima kunye nosekela - kuba ezininzi yezi nkcazelo akucacanga ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba ezisetyenziswa eziqhelekileyo imihla yalo magama zinqabile. Kakade ke, wonke umntwana azi okulungileyo nokubi. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa kwiinqobo ezisemgangathweni, wavuma eluntwini, yokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha, isidima - yinto sangaphakathi ukwenza okulungileyo, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba "njengoko kuyimfuneko", kodwa ngenxa yokuba nje kungenjalo awukwazi. Unako ukuqonda ukuba isidima kunye nezinye iimpawu zobuqu kumnceda afumane indawo yakhe eluntwini. Ezinjalo, umzekelo, ingaba:

• engahlawulelwayo;
• ubuhlobo;
• ukukwazi ukuba uyavelana yaye ayabavela;
• uxanduva;
• ukuthembeka;
• ukusebenza njalo njalo.

Izithembiso Eastern - icala Flip zobuhle, okanye mandithi malungana yayo. Nasiphi na isenzo okukhokelela kakubi ngokwakho okanye kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo, abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo eqhubekayo. Ngako oko, le sifo kuqatshelwe kwaye imikhwa embi:

• sobuvila;
• ukubawa;
• ekuzaziseni;
• mendacity;
• nomona nabanye.

Uhlahlelo kunye nophando imikhuba emibi yabantu nobuhle zisoloko unomdla iingqondo zabantu abafundileyo, yamandulo mihla ngakumbi. kunamanye Own zokuhlela kwakukho iimfundiso ezahlukeneyo zefilosofi nezenkolo.

Kumaxesha amandulo

AmaGrike amandulo waphawula ukuba umendo ngokobulungisa yinto enzima. Isidima alinikwa ekuzalweni, indlela eya kunzima yaye kufuna umgudu omkhulu. Ngokusekelwe bulumko yamandulo yesiGrike bahlule nezo eziphilayo yayo;

• longame;
• ubulumko;
• isibindi;
• ubulungisa.

indima ephambili kule Sokrat Velikiy wamnika ubulumko, yaye nomthombo zonke iingcamango ingqondo. Kodwa umfundi wakhe, ubuncinane sobulumko omkhulu uPlato wayekholelwa ukuba ngamnye iimpawu ezisekelwe impahla yakhe komphefumlo: ubulumko iphuma engqondweni, kwaye unesibindi kwintando. Noko ke, wathi kulo, ukuba ilifa ngamnye uphawu ngakumbi ezinye isidima ethile - ngoko musa ukuba nesibindi okanye ubulumko zomkroli, nokumodareyithwa - evela okulwa okanye abalawuli.

Ukuxambulisana ukuba iimpawu awukhumbuli uAristotle wahlula komuntu ukuya ngenxa intando (ethical) kunye nengqondo (dianoeticheskuyu). Wayekholelwa ukuba yenyama, inxalenye ngqiqweni nawuphi na umntu othobela yengqondo (olwamkelweyo) inxalenye yakhe. Isidima yoko kuchazwa ukukwazi ukufumana emhlabeni "emhlabeni phakathi", ecaleni kwicala elinye okanye esinye isiphene ezaziwayo. Leyo umlinganiselo olu hlobo phakathi yokungabikho okanye ezingaphezu nantoni na.

Oh ekuvuselelweni enkulu

KumaXesha Aphakathi, ngexesha Renaissance nobuntu, isidima - uVirtus - njengento udidi enkulu egqiba ubuntu efanelekileyo. Uomo virtuoso - yaba igama lomntu bako. Le nto ibandakanya lonke uluhlu imigaqo yokuziphatha, ukufumana ezona imibala ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Kwelinye icala, ingcamango yokuba iimpawu ezo zisekelwe phezu kwemigaqo yokuziphatha bamandulo baphathwa kusengqiqweni ukuzeyisa iimfuno ngokomoya nangokwenyama. Kwelinye icala, umfanekiso umntu ofezekileyo - uomo virtuoso - kancinci emva kokuba enziwe izimvo ezintsha malunga inseparability omzimba kunye nomphefumlo, emhlabeni kunye neemfuno zokomoya. Ngoko ke, lo umnqweno yayigqalwa umntu kuphela nengqiqo, kodwa esebenzayo, ngokuba umsebenzi wokuqala umntu - a self-yophuhliso lwarhoqo, ukusukela ulwazi kunye nomsebenzi luncedo.

I 'omtsha' amaxesha

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ingcamango yokuba iimpawu wazuza iintlobo ezintsha. Enye ngabameli aphambili-bulumko ixesha "omtsha" - Spinoza - njengento iingenelo isidima ukuba umntu uyakwazi ukuzisa ihlabathi ngaphandle. Kodwa ngokutsho Kant, isidima - ube ubulukhuni ngengqondo onamandla ukulandela umsebenzi wakhe, kuze ke, hayi isiba ngumkhwa, kodwa ngalo lonke ixesha ufuna isigqibo.

-Waziwa kakuhle kwezopolitiko lomzabalazo, umbhali kunye namazwe uBenjamin Franklin ngo ngobomi bakhe wachaza umgaqo "ezilishumi okulungileyo 'ukuba kufuneka ezendeleyo indoda ngempumelelo:

• umoya;
• beneentloni;
• ubulungisa;
• longame;
• zemibutho ulondolozo;
• umsebenzi onzima;
• umyalelo;
• cwaka;
• ukuzimisela;
• qotho;
• abophe;
• ubunono;
• ubumsulwa.

Ubukhulu becala, olu luhlu ungadluliselwa izihlandlo ezininzi, umzekelo, amaJamani pedantic ukuchaza inani elikhulu lamanqaku.

kunamanye Prussia

Olu luluhlu lwe the best iimpawu zomntu evela kwixesha yiEnlightenment nawo. Le ngcamango okulungileyo German ebudeni bolawulo uKumkani Fridriha Vilgelma I, Prussia wazomeleza imeko lwangaphakathi kwinkulungwane XVIII. Kusenjalo imfihlelo kutheni sele yabelwe iseti, nangona kunjalo, ubunzima ilandelayo isifake iinzuzo ezibambekayo kunye yashiya impela ubukho obalulekileyo kwimbali Prussia. Nazi ezintle bokwenene ebantwini, ngokutsho Fridriha Vilgelma I:

• zemibutho ulondolozo;
• uthando ukuze;
• qotho;
• ingqibelelo;
• ukumlalela;
• engokokuhlonela uThixo;
• ukuzibamba;
• inkuthalo;
• beneentloni;
• ukuthembeka;
• ngokunyaniseka;
• kobulembu;
• lobuqotho;
• ingqiqo yobulungisa;
• isiyalo;
• mncane;
• ukuthembeka;
• kunikezelwa;
• isibindi;
• isibindi;
• ukugcina;
• sigcina icala.

umbono christian

Ukuncokola izimvo ezahlukileyo iimpawu ezintle abadalwe abuna- ukuba angamchukumisi umntu into efana iimpawu zamaKristu. Oku ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ingqiqo jikelele lungohlulwa lube iinxalenye ezimbini ezinkulu:

• iimpawu - ezibandakanya amagama 4, kwanawezayo kuthi, evela bulumko bamandulo;
• yenkolo - nemfundiso kuzise ebomini bethu, ubuKristu;

Ngenxa yoko, sinalo uluhlu lwe ezinjalo:

• isibindi;
• longame;
• nokuqonda;
• ubulungisa;
• ithemba;
• uthando;
• ukholo.

Kungekudala emva koko, eli luhlu unenzondelelo iinguqu ezibalulekileyo waseka entsha, emele ezintle ezisixhenxe ngokuchasene Western ubuKristu ezisixhenxe yezono ezibulalayo :

• unyamezelo;
• ukuthobeka;
• mfakeni endleleni;
• ubumsulwa;
• inkuthalo;
• longame;
• uthando.

eliphikisayo yangaphakathi

Kakade ke, wonk 'uyazi uhlobo yokusebenza iza kuba yintoni kuba okulungileyo nokubi oye, kunjalo isidima kunye nosekela zezona ungquzulwano lwangaphakathi kuninzi kuthi. Ubunzima yokuzikhethela yokuziphatha Wayesoloko sizalwa mntu. "Ndiyazi ilungisa, kodwa khetha mnandi" - umgaqo yobomi esasebenza namhlanje. Ngapha koko, uyabona, ukuqonda isidima elithi, intsingiselo yalo aluthethi ukuziphatha ahambelanayo.

Kangangexesha elide le meko kwathathwa njenge nto imangalisayo. Kwaye ngenene - zenza ukuqonda ukuba ukuphila ngendlela ubomi bulungisa, esazi ukuba iphosakele, kunzima. Kungenxa yoko le nto ulwazi yamandulo, ayisetyenziswanga ku umkhuba, hayi ziyaqwalaselwa. Ngokutsho Aristotle uSocrates, ukuba umntu uyayazi indlela, nokwenza nxamnye, oko kuthetha ukuba izenzo zayo azisekelwanga ulwazi lokwenyaniso, kodwa uluvo lobuqu. Kulo mzekelo, umntu onelungelo ukufikelela olu lwazi, kuqinisekiswa practice.

Ngokwesiseko imfundiso lamaKristu, iingcinga ezimbi nezenzo umntu ukuthetha malunga nesono umzimba wakhe, yaye ngoko ke kufuneka ukulahla ngokupheleleyo ukuba nokusebenziseka umhlaba kunye nengqiqo, nqaba inyama enesono, nto leyo ethintela ukuba kakuhle kanjani lokwenyaniso ngokomoya.

Enoba lwalunjani, kodwa akukhathaliseki nokuba kukulunga okanye nobulungisa onengqondo waqonda, oko ezifunyenwe yi indoda inkqubo ukuqonda mbini yobuntu bakhe kunye nokukwazi ukusombulula ingxabano lwangaphakathi.

Yintoni ube okhutheleyo

Ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya ekufeni, umntu uhlala umphakathi ngohlobo lwazo. Ukuqwalasela indlela yabanye abantu, ukufunda imithetho Agqitha aya eluntwini, ikhulela eyabangumzekelo yokuziphatha. Ukwamkela ukuvunywa okanye akahambisani izenzo zabo phezu inxalenye abanye abantu, indoda yakha azihlambululele uhlobo isikali lwamaxabiso, ukunamathela leyo ingqalelo kakhulu efanelekileyo.

siqwalasela ukubaluleka kunye nexabiso nabanye abantu kuthathelwa ingqalelo linyathelo elikhulu kwindlela eya kulwazi isidima. Ukuhlala ekuhlaleni, akunakwenzeka ukuba zithembele kuphela izinto zobuqu kunye neenkolelo. Kuphela ukuqatshelwa ixabiso abantu abahlala kufutshane, sijongisise ngengqondo ephaphileyo ngesimilo yabo yokuziphatha, ukufunda rhoqo kwenza umntu onokubaxelisa.

Xa sijonga ngokwesiko iimpawu ezisixhenxe

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abakroli kunye ngabapeyinti bazise umbono wakhe imikhuba nobuhle ezahlukeneyo zemifanekiso. Amaninzi, kwaba umfanekiso iintombi ezintle ngeengubo ezinde, zinazo ezahlukeneyo iimpawu.
iimpawu christian, umzekelo, khangela ngolu hlobo:

• UVera - intombazana kwi ilokhwe emhlophe ephethe umnqamlezo, ephawula kokufa kukaKristu, okanye ngembonakalo yikristale isitya. Kananjalo angamelwa nomkhonto okanye isibane esandleni sakhe.
• Enye isidima - Love - ekuqaleni eyayingathi imvana njengedini okanye nengcwangube, kwi painting eziphefumlelweyo ikhangeleka ngathi ngumfazi nabantwana abaninzi okanye ukubetha ngentliziyo uvutha ngesandla. Kwakhona zithandwa omnye umfanekiso - intombazana kunye imbewu ohlwayela ngesandla enye, wamanga.
• Ithemba - intombazana izambatho oluhlaza, waqubuda ngomthandazo, ngamanye amaxesha kunye amaphiko okanye ankile. Kwenye version, lufikelela waya ilanga ngomthandazo, yaye uhleli ecaleni Phoenix wakhe ovuthayo.
• Isibindi, ubulumko, nokuzeyisa, nobulungisa nayo kuboniswe imbonakalo lomfazi.

Kukuphi na okulunge ngakumbi, apho balangazelela?

Okumangalisayo kukuba, echaza umba isidima kunye kokunikela indlela eya kukufumana yayo, okanye elinye zobulumko ezinkulu lidala futhi modernity kwaye ngokuthembekileyo ukugqiba yintoni na amandla aphezulu. USocrates, uPlato Ngokomzekelo, wayekholelwa ukuba ubulumko (ulwazi), uAristotle - ukumodareyithwa, Confucius - ukuthembeka nentlonipho abadala. Imfundiso lamaKristu isidima liphezulu ngokuba uthando (ubukhulu becala ngenxa oothixo). Mhlawumbi, wonke banokuzigqibela ngokwabo hlobo ukuba ukujonga oko ngakumbi kunabanye, ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukugqibelela kuwo onke amacala.