Secularization kwenkcubeko kwinkulungwane XVII. Ukwandiswa kwamaqhina kwezenkcubeko Europe

ngekhulu XVII - kwinkulungwane yembali lenguqu zesizwe nenkcubeko. Eli xesha kuthathwa ixesha. Loko ilizwe lethu ukwenza ongasemva ukwenzela ohlaziya odumileyo uPetros. Eyona Icandelo le nkqubo - ukuba secularization inkcubeko.

era Overview

Ixesha echaphazelekayo umdla nqanaba, nto leyo ebonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iinguqulelo kaPetros andizange kuvuka aphume ndawo. Aba isiphumo sendalo lonke uphuhliso esandulela eli lizwe. Kulo mba, kwinkulungwane wafundela kubalulekile kuba ngeli xesha xesha kukho utshintsho oluphawulekayo phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi yoluntu. Iinguqu abachaphazelekayo kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, uluntu. Ukongeza, iRashiya ukuba adlale indima ephambili yaye ebonakalayo ubudlelwane ngezizwe eNtshona Yurophu. Ngoko ke, secularization inkcubeko kufuneka kuqwalaselwa ngokwemeko ezi ezintsha zikhankanywe apha ngasentla.

Eyona ndlela yophuhliso

Ngenkulungwane elidlulileyo, inkolo ithatha indawo kwimbali kunye nobugcisa Russia. Urhulumente, uluntu, imfundo buchazwa kuyo, nto leyo washiya uphawu oluqaphelekayo ubomi kunye neengcamango zabantu. Noko ke, kwinkulungwane XVII, umkhwa entsha yophuhliso: eyandisiweyo amatyathanga eNtshona Yurophu, ngoko kweli lizwe lethu, avuza impumelelo amazwe. izangqa abafundileyo oluntu waqala ukubonisa umdla ulwazi yehlabathi, inzululwazi, inkcubeko kunye, ekugqibeleni, ukuya yaseYurophu indlela yobomi.

Konke oku nempembelelo oqaphelekayo kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla yabantu Russian. Enye kwicala lophuhliso, uchongwe ngexesha efanelekileyo - oku nokuyinto ukuboleka impumelelo eziphambili kunye ezintsha ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Ekuqaleni oku kwenziwa ngakufika kwakhe ke kuphela abalawuli close Muscovite kunye basebukhosini abadumileyo ubani imali yokuthenga iimpahla kumazwe angaphandle eninzi. Inani labantu ezinjalo kancinci kodwa ikhula. Lo maleko amancinci kamva waba inkxaso Peter I ngexesha uhlaziyo zakhe.

imiqathango loguquko

Secularization isiko sele kwenzekile ngenxa lonke elandulelayo uphuhliso kwimbali Russian. Inyaniso kukuba nkqu bamaXesha Aphakathi, iinkosana eMoscow bamema abasemzini enkundleni yakhe kwisakhiwo, kwakunye oogqirha, neengcibi, amachule kunye namagcisa. Umzekelo okuphawuleka simemo Ivan III odumileyo Italian umyili Aristotle Fioravanti kwizakhiwo ezikufutshane kwingcinga Cathedral eMoscow yesicelo. Omnye umzekelo - umsebenzi opeyintayo abanetalente Greek Feofana Greka eRashiya.

Kwiimeko ezinjalo i-unyango ngexesha elifanelekileyo iinkosi amazwe ayembalwa. Kunjalo, baba eziveza. Okokuqala, sithetha malunga nendlela uluntu IsiRashiya ukuya ukuboleka amava Western eYurophu. Okwesibini, iye yaba yimfuneko ukulungiselela ngezenzeko efana secularization inkcubeko.

amabali Household

Uncwadi kwenkulungwane ye-17 kubonakala ngokucacileyo kakhulu eli isiqhelo ukungena kolwazi wempangelo kunye nempumelelo kwezobugcisa. Into yokuba ngelo xesha eziphathekayo kwakukho iintlobo ezintsha, injongo Esimoya unganyanisanga nje ukufundisa, kodwa ukonwabisa umfundi. Kulo mzekelo, kwi ndawo iphambili kukho lomntu, kumnqweno wakhe umnqweno ukufumana phambili ebomini, ukuphumeza umbono othile. Ezi ntlobo ziquka ilivo ekuthiwa-zasekhaya. Imizekelo yakhe imisebenzi, "The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn", "A Tale of Yeha namashwa" kunye nabanye. osemqoka wabo ukuba ingqalelo kumfanekiso ayaba abalinganiswa abalinganiswa, isabelo sawo ezinzima iingxaki zobomi. Kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ababhali abebesoloko ingqalelo enkulu ngeempawu abadlali.

uvuthondaba

Uncwadi kwenkulungwane ye-17 umdla ngenxa yokuba lenzeka kule uvuthondaba. Ababhali ngendlela kunokuba isigqebelo bamhleka iintsilelo sama lwanamhlanje. Njengoko umthetho, isihloko uburharha baba amagosa, abagwebi, ukunyoba kabi. Phakathi imisebenzi edume olu hlobo ukuze kuthiwe "I Tale of the Shemyakin wenkundla", "A Tale of nguyá Ershoviche" kunye nabanye. Inkangeleko imisebenzi yalo hlobo kubonisa ukuba inkcubeko Russian singene kwisigaba entsha yophuhliso. Uhlobo wezwe uncwadi kwabonakala. Ke kaloku wathetha malunga utshintsho kakhulu ezingqondweni yoluntu.

imisebenzi zembali

Ukuqala kwinkulungwane yabalasela yabanjwa inkwantyisayo eli lizwe. Smoot, kuphazamiseka dynastic, izisongelo izibonda bamba karhulumente kwezithandani ubukhosi - zonke wothuka, baphenjelelwa ngamandla izimvo zoluntu. Abantu baqala ngenkuthalo ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo. chroniclers abaninzi kunye nababhali kwiincwadi zabo bazama ukufumana unobangela wale ntlekele elikhulu-abasakhasayo ukuba kothusa urhulumente eMoscow. Ezi izama ukuqonda baqonde oko kwenzekayo kwaye ubonise iishifti kakhulu izimvo izangqa abafundileyo. Nongqondongqondo baqala ukuhlalutya iinguqu eziye zenzeke kweli lizwe. Ngoko ke, uhlobo olutsha ngxelo, ngokuqhelekileyo azinikele Ixesha Iingxaki ( "A Tale of 1606").

Ukutshintsha umhlaba

Abantu nenkcubeko ngenkulungwane XVII - yenye yeengxaki esingundoqo ingqondo umbuzo into umfutho utshintsho ubuchule lizwe lethu kwixesha phantsi sifundo. Isibakala sokuba izangqa izifundiswa yoluntu abanomdla kakhulu ulwazi yehlabathi. nookumkani abaninzi wasondela uMichael Alekseya Romanovichey wathabatha phezu impumelelo of Western Europe. Kodwa kwakhona kwindawo zasezidolophini kunye noluntu ukufunda waba nomdla uncwadi yehlabathi, nayo leyo umqondiso ocacileyo tshintsho luza kwenzeka.

Abantu inkcubeko banamhlanje ithambe ngakumbi neentlobo wempangelo nokuzonwabisa. Baba nomdla yeqonga, amabali, uvuthondaba. Ipesenti abantu ukufunda liye lanyuka xa lithelekiswa ngexesha elidlulileyo. Inani leencwadi landa, waqalisa ukusasaza ushicilelo. Enkundleni kwango kweemveliso kumabala emidlalo. Konke oku kubonisa ukuba kukho utshintsho kakhulu kwimbonakalo ngexesha, nto leyo isiseko yembono ukuba iinguqu Petrine kwinkulungwane elandelayo.

Kakhulu utshintsho Uphawu

Inkcubeko kwenkulungwane ye-17 iye yaba nqanaba ukulungiselela uphuhliso lobugcisa yeengcungcu nolungileyo phantsi uPetros I. Kuyo kukho iintlobo ezintsha kuzo zonke iinkalo indalo ngobuciko. Umzekelo, parsuna ngokubanzi - eni yookumkani kunye nabanye abantu abaziwayo abangazange abangalupasanga ukufana, Noko ke, kukho uhlobo akuboni wempangelo. Enye inguqu ebalulekileyo kukuba abaninzi amalungu yezikhulu ahambe impahla basentshona yaseYurophu obutofotofo, ekube apho ngaphambili. Ngoko ke, lo omalunga Sophia - Vasily Golitsyn - ezicwangciswe nandawo into yakhe ingqokelela iimpahla zexabiso kwamanye amazwe. Abaninzi ngaphandle ngokwabo kunye neencwadi kunye namathala. Ezi nguqu kwavula indlela nokwenziwa woluntu izifundiswa art Koloni.

imeko yentlalo

Inkcubeko kwenkulungwane ye-17 zaphuhliswa ngokunxulumene ngokusondeleyo utshintsho kwezopolitiko jikelele kweli lizwe. Into yokuba ngelo xesha eziphathekayo, ngokucacileyo kukho umkhwa oqaphelekayo ukuboleka izimvo eziphambili kunye nokuzuza West. Noko ke, le mboleko abangakhange Ndizuze imihlaba ebanzi enjalo, njengoko kwinkulungwane elandelayo. Kodwa iqiniso esiveza. Umzekelo, utshintsho waphawula kwinkalo lomkhosi, njengokuba kunye Romanovs yokuqala Kwamiswa ezishelifini entsha imodeli West yaseYurophu. Ngokutsho kule mbali odumileyo S. M. Solovova, ngeli xesha, "abantu ndawonye esitalatweni", okt. E. Zonke lizwe ilungele nenguquko.

nokubhala

Intsimi kwenkcubeko, apho utshintsho yenzekile, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: iincwadi, ukupeyinta, izakhiwo. Sibe uncwadi sele kuxoxiwe ngawo. Kufuneka kongezwa ukuba eli xesha behlolisisa kwaqhenqetha lokufunda nokubhala kweli lizwe kuphela. Ingakumbi ngenkuthalo ukupapasha iincwadi isiqulatho yoluntu: kwenziwa, iincwadi zegrama. Ukongeza, kuvula isikolo rhoqo. Phakathi kwabo, i Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, elisuke laba lelinye lamaziko edumileyo emfundo eRashiya.

ubugcisa Visual

Womzobo kwakhona kwabakho utshintsho. Inkqubo secularization ngenkcubeko wachukumisa kule ndawo, oko sele kuxoxwe ngasentla. Kufuneka kongezelelwa ukuba ezinye iinguqulelo iconography. Kunye oonobumba emveli eziphefumlelweyo, amagcisa baqala ukusebenzisa impumelelo zobugcisa Koloni. Umzekelo, indlela fryazhskie. imisebenzi ngabapeyinti kwakhokelela Izikrweqe. Kwaye ke umbhali edumileyo, wayengumzobi ke uSimon Ushakov.

zokwakha

Utshintsho kwekhulu kwakhona ochaphazelekayo iindawo zenkcubeko, izakhiwo kunye yeqonga. Ngenkulungwane XVII, Sabuyela waphazamiseka emva kwamaxesha anzima zokwakha ilitye iziganeko. Akuvunyelwe ukwakha amabandla ententeni-isimbo, njengoko yayahlukile baseByzantium. Iitempile ezazakhiwe ngezinto uphahla ezintlanu ngokohlobo anyanisi. Kukho isimbo esitsha: ekuthiwa- Naryshkin sobuciko. phawu awodwa kukusetyenziswa imibala ebomvu namhlophe, kwakunye ukuqhama izihombo. Secularization inkcubeko Russian ngexesha eziphathekayo ukubonisa ukuba ukwanda zokwakha yoluntu. Le zodumo unguye Terem Palace kwi yesicelo, amagumbi zabarhwebi kunye nezinye izakhiwo.

entsha-look

Le tshintsho lubalulekileyo isimbo kwinkangeleko ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa ebukumkanini Peter I. Yena kunokuba ngqwabalala nemilo lukhuni wenza entendelezweni yayo enabanumzana anxibe isinxibo Western eYurophu, achebe iindevu yaye wayalela amanenekazi banxibe iimpahla ezintle ezibe vogue kwi ozinikezele kwamanye amazwe. Noko ke, impahla kwinkulungwane ye-17 unenzondelelo utshintsho. Ngoko ke, xa intendelezo ababengaphambi Yokuqala uMlawuli sasikwazi ukubona ngabafo izinxibo German. Golitsyn kwakhona ngqo kwi ngentla ngendlela Western eYurophu.

inani period

Imbali inkcubeko Russian ngokuqhelekileyo iquka izigaba ezininzi: kwixesha lamandulo, isikhulu, Rus kumaxesha, ixesha elitsha, XIX kwinkulungwane, eSoviet kunye nenqanaba mihla. Xa uluhlu ubudala wafunda ithatha indawo ekhethekileyo, njengoko waba nqanaba ukulungiselela inguqu olukhulu Peter I. Ebudeni beli xesha, iimeko ezikhoyo ukulungiselela ukuvunywa ulwazi wempangelo kwisayensi kunye nenkcubeko. Abanye abaphandi ade uthambekele ekuboneni ukunwenwa izimvo yiEnlightenment kwilizwe lethu. Secularization inkcubeko Russian ngenkulungwane ye-17 sichaphazele zonke iinkalo zobomi. Kwaye loo nto umahluko wayo angundoqo ukusuka zobugcisa ngaphambi lonke ixesha, xa ukuboleka kwempumelelo Western kunye ezintsha ibe lulwazi manqapha kunye nezehlabathi sele iphuhlisiwe kakubi kakhulu.

Beka endaweni nophuhliso epanini-European

Ihlabathi inkcubeko ukwahluka yayo yonke kodwa babe utshintsho umgca jikelele. Ekuqaleni le ukwenzeka ukuba zahluke kakhulu zonqulo. Ukholo ugcwele yonke imiba yoluntu kwaye ichaza iimpawu zazo. Kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwezobugcisa nokuphila kwezentlalo Amagqabi ulwazi wempangelo, nto leyo etshintsha kwimbonakalo zabantu. Ngoxa nokugcina iinkosi lubalaseleyo unqulo ziqalisa ukubonisa umdla ngakumbi lomntu, ukukhathazeka yehlabathi.

Kule nkalo, inkcubeko kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla kwenkulungwane ye-17 eRashiya wadlula indlela efanayo zophuhliso, nokuba amazwe West aseYurophu. Noko ke, isimo sethu sezingqondweni zonqulo nangoku kakhulu kumiselwa ubomi kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko. Inyaniso yokuba kumazwe Western aseYurophu waqalisa ukusasaza ulwazi wempangelo sele kwiinkulungwane XII-XIII. Kwaye kwilizwe lethu kuphela kwisithuba esiphantsi kovavanyo. Kulo mba, inkolo kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo ahlala indawo eyaziwayo ekuhlaleni.

Relations ne West

Ngelo xesha eziphathekayo ukwandisa ubuhlobo Russia kunye Europe. iinkosi Foreign baqala ukudlala indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko lwelizwe lethu. Umzekelo, bazalwana amaGrike waseka odumileyo Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. BakaSimon of Polotsk, Belarussian-azalwe, wadlala indima engundoqo ekusasazeni imfundo kwi kwinkundla yakomkhulu. Yena negalelo kuphuhliso loncwadi kunye nemibongo.

Ngeli khulu, ilizwe lethu liye ukuza kudlala indima enkulu kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele, ukuba lilungu manyano ithi Koloni. Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya wathabatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi '. Konke ke oku kuye kwanempembelelo enkulu kubomi kwezopolitiko zeli lizwe, nto leyo waziva ngathi yinxalenye indawo yaseYurophu. Utshintsho kwinkangeleko hayi kuphela kwidispleyi-nkqubo kwezenkcubeko nezemfundo, kodwa kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Yaye ke iingubo kwenkulungwane ye-17 waqononondisa isibakala sokuba izangqa izifundiswa oluntu waziva unomdla abamelwane babo.

inkcubeko yesintu

Nangona ezi mpumelelo, ubuciko Russian wahlala kunokuba endala. Nangona abaninzi baye baba ukuphumeza amazwe Western aseYurophu, inxalenye enkulu yoluntu kunjalo akathandanga kakhulu ezintsha zasekhaya ezahlukeneyo sezipho amazwe. Akumangalisi ke, iinguqu uPetros ezibonwe into angaphandle kunye yayintsha umoya Russian. Ngoko ke, le ndlela, lo secularization inkcubeko kufuneka bathetha ubhukisho kunye ngenyameko.

Utshintsho eziye kwenzekileyo eluntwini, akukho mathandabuzo, nika izizathu ukubiza kweli nqanaba ethile, ixesha ebalulekileyo yophuhliso. Kodwa simele ngoyaba yokuba inkcubeko ezininzi Russian igcinwe yakudala, ekhethekileyo iimpawu zakhe. Owokuqala ngulo, Kakade, esiza ehlabathini yabantu. Ukuthatha phezu ingubo, ifashoni, izangqa amaninzi oluntu kunjalo wahlala ethembekile endala amasiko, izithethe, imikhwa. Oku ngakumbi ngokucacileyo kwabonakala ebudeni bolawulo Peter I. ukumkani kwafuneka kuchaswa izinduna, leyo akathanda ukwamkela ezintsha zakhe. Noko ke, umlawuli wokuqala wafumana zintshula phakathi kwabo ngqo lo mgaqo-nkqubo rapprochement kunye neNtshona yeYurophu.