Root: isakhiwo ingcambu. Iintlobo iingcambu (biology)

Enye yezona ndawo ibalulekileyo isityalo ingcambu. Liqinisekisa eqhelekileyo yokusebenza imithi, ingca, amatyholo kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana zasemanzini. Amaxesha amaninzi isahlulo sayo sikhule izityalo - nje isesisiqalo. Uninzi kokuba ibekwe phantsi komhlaba. Akukho kwenzeka ukuba iingcambu imikhulu kangaka nje kungenxa yokuba wabelwe umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Makhe sihlolisise iimpawu ezimangalisayo zehlabathi izityalo.

neengcambu

Iingcambu zezityalo ngamnye enze uluhlu lwemisebenzi, leyo ingahluka iintlobo kutshabalala, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi le misebenzi minye imithi kunye noogxa babo ezincinane. Neengcambu zemithi kunye nezinye izityalo sikhule Bavumele ukuba igcinwe kwindawo tye ukumelana nomoya kunye nezilwanyana. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi imithi ezinkulu ngenxa ubunzima kunye nokuphakama kwawo. Inkqubo Ingcambu izityalo zasemanzini kubanceda ukuba zilandele ngqo ezantsi, kwaye uthintele sokuba abanye babo.

Omnye umsebenzi iingcambu - ukutya. Anciphisa amanzi kunye neeminerali emhlabeni kunye nezithuthi nabo iindawo ekunene. Kwakhona nokulungelelanisa asidi ezithile acid, sezakhi, kunye nezinye izinto ezifunekayo izityalo. Ezinye izilwanyana ngezakhi nenqwaba jikelele ngqo iingcambu (ikakhulu tashi kunye nezinye carbohydrate). Kwakhona musa ukulibala ngezinto ezifana mycorrhiza - ngokuncedisana izityalo kunye zomngundo. Indima ephambili edlala kuyo iingcambu. Indlela esakhiwe ngayo esi ingcambu kukuba ezinye izityalo lokuyivelisa nayo - lana iingcambu.

iintlobo ezingcanjini

Kuxhomekeka isakhiwo kunye umsebenzi, nto leyo wabelwa kubo, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo kweengcambu. Lokuqala - esikhulu. Sikhula ngqo ngaphandle imbewu xa ukuntshula, ukuze ke babe esqwini engundoqo yonke inkqubo ingcambu. Ukongeza ingcambu Isikakhulu kwakhona ilawulwe. Bona wabumba ezahlukeneyo iindawo - phezu neziqu, ngamanye amaxesha ngamagqabi, kwaye kwezinye iimeko nkqu imibala. Enye imbono - iingcambu lateral. Baya kuvela iingcambu eziphambili okanye ezikhaphayo kunye namasebe emacaleni, wakha amahlumelo amatsha namnandi.

Iinkqubo ingcambu

Zonke iingcambu, nto leyo eye yenze isityalo inkqubo ingcambu. Kuxhomekeka iindima kweengcambu ezahlukeneyo kubomi womkhosi babo, kuko udidi lweenkonzo ezimbini iinkqubo - a engundoqo kunye ezinezikhondo. Eyokuqala iimpawu ugxininiso ingcambu main ekhula kakhulu ngokuzimisela. Kule hlobo intonga core iphuhlisa kakhulu ngempumelelo ngaphezu lateral. Nangona kunjalo, lo mahluko inokubonwa ubukhulu becala lokuqala lokukhula. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iingcambu osecaleni kuqalisa ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini yogqithe nogxa yayo ephambili, ngoxa izityalo abadala ngaphezu main kanye. Le nkqubo ongundoqo sizibonakalisa ikakhulu ngenxa izityalo dicotyledonous.

Uhlobo lwesibini lunomahluko ingakumbi malunga intonga ingcambu. Loo nkqubo kuthiwa ezinezikhondo. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba monocots kwaye ukwahlula imihlathi yawo ezininzi kunye namasebe icala, ugcwalise isithuba ngezantsi kwisityalo. Kulo mzekelo, ingcambu iphambili ngokwaneleyo ngokubanzi okanye phantse ezingaphuhliswanga.

Root. Ubume nengcambu

ingcambu nganye zohlulwa zayimimandla eziliqela, ngalinye elinoxanduva iimpawu zayo ezizodwa. Enye yeendawo ibalulekileyo - ke ukulaba ndawo. It sise kwincam kwingcambu ngamnye kwaye linoxanduva ekukhuleni kwayo ubude. Apha rhoqo lokuyivelisa isigidi iiseli ezincinane. Inkqubo ivumela ukuba yinxalenye ingcambu wenze akukho umsebenzi olula. Ke ukulaba ndawo luphunzile ngaphandle ingcambu le chap, nto leyo imi ekupheleni spine nganye. Luyinto maleko intergrown weeseli, ebabela iiseli ezikhusela umonakalo. Ukongeza, ingcambu le chap eyahlula luhlobo ngebhitumene ikhuthaza iingcambu emhlabeni.

iingcambu elilandelayo ingxenye - elula zone. Le iqhele ngaphandle candelo ndawo kwaye Eboniswe ukuba iiseli zawo ikhula rhoqo, nangona inkqubo ngokucandeka phantse engekho ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko kukho ummandla sokufunxa - indawo apho amanzi avela emhlabeni nezimbiwa izinto. Oku kungenxa isigidi ineenwele ezincinane ukuba agubungele le ndawo. Bona kakhulu kwandisa ummandla ukufunxeka iyonke. Kulo mzekelo, iinwele nganye isebenza impompo, owanyayo umhlaba konke oko kuyimfuneko. Ngoko kukho indawo yokugcina; linoxanduva yokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kunye nezithako up. Kwakhona, ukusuka apha kuhla iziqalelo unoxanduva umsebenzi obaluleke gqitha kwinkqubo ingcambu. Le nxalenye unamandla kakhulu kwaye oko kuye iingcambu lateral.

sigaba Cross

Ukuba uthe wagawulwa ingcambu, ungabona esicwangciswe ngayo sakhiwa. Eza kuqala ububanzi Ixolo iseli enye kuphela. Phantsi kwalo ungabona isiseko nengcambu - le parenchyma. Ngawo amanzi izihlunu evakalala kunye neeminerali ezinikwe esqwini njengesilinda. Yenza perikamby - yemfundo esiqwini sesityalo, leyo ngokuqhelekileyo esijikeleze laphu conductive. Ehlabathini lombhobho conductive amalungiselelo iiseli endoderm exineneyo serried. Ba manzi, nto leyo eyenza amanzi anika ubomi izimbiwa ukuya phezulu. Kodwa njani, ngoko, ulwelo ingena ngaphakathi? Oku kungenxa yokuba i nge iiseli ezikhethekileyo ise-endoderm. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iingcambu zengca, imithi, amatyholo kuba nesakhiwo eso, nangona maxa wambi kukho umahluko.

mycorrhizae

Ngokufuthi iingcambu imithi indawo ngokuncedisana zazo kunye nezinye iintlobo zobomi. Amaqabane kakhulu rhoqo ngezityalo fungi.

Le nto ibizwa ngokuba mycorrhiza, emele "gribokoren". Kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa inkoliso imithi ixhomekeke ubuhlobo echumayo ne mycelium. Eqhelekileyo kuthi birches, maples kunye mioki isuswe ezininzi iinzuzo kulo ngokuncedisana.

Xa kunxityelelwana iingcambu mycelium sona kwaneso, apho mycelium unika umthi izimbiwa kubalulekile, carbohydrate imbuyekezo. Le nkqubela kwemvelo iye ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo zihlala eyibeke ngenxa yohlobo lwazo. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye izilwanyana ayizukubakho konke konke ukuba abazange mycorrhiza. Ukongeza ngokuncedisana fungi babe ngentsebenziswano yinzuzo kunye iintsholongwane, esebenzisa ingcambu. isakhiwo iingcambu kule meko yahlukile ukusuka kwesiqhelo. On kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubhaqa maqhuqhuva umiwe iintsholongwane ezikhethekileyo ukuba unikezele umthi nitrogen.

isiphelo

Enye yezona ndawo ibaluleke gqitha kuyo nayiphi sityalo ingcambu. ubume iingcambu udalelwe ukuba imisebenzi lenza. Inkqubo iingcambu - ziyindlela enhle lokondla izityalo. Hayi kwemisinga ezingento ezahlukeneyo eyimfihlakalo bakholelwa ukuba umthi idibanisa imikhosi yezulu nomhlaba. inxalenye yakhe eriyeli efunxa amandla elanga kunye neengcambu ukufumana isondlo ukusuka emhlabeni. Ixabiso le nkqubo iingcambu boni, kuba kujoliswe ebeganga inxalenye kwakufa kwisityalo: amagqabi, isiqu, intyatyambo, isiqu. Root ngexesha elinye lihlale izithunzi, ngokuzithoba sizalisekisauthumo iingangamsha zabo.