Rock: iintlobo zeengxondorha. Rocks imvelaphi. Types of zeengxondorha

Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, izinto eziphambili isakhiwo a emaweni. Iintlobo zeengxondorha abantu mazikhethe ngokwezi iimpawu zabo, iimpawu zomzimba, amandla, ukuxinana, lokuyimfihlo njalo njalo. D. Ekubeni kusingathwe ngesandla ilitye ayikho simple, kumaxesha amandulo kulo zakhiwe kuphela izinto ezibalulekileyo, ezifana ezingxandeni, Uyalwa izakhiwo, ezikhumbuzo zenkcubeko. It is la izinto zendalo, wakha iiphiramidi baseYiputa cishe, i- Great Wall of China, iphiramidi Aztec, i Taj Mahal kunye nezinye izakhiwo edumileyo, ezo ebalulekileyo yehlabathi.

feature

amatye ezahlukeneyo azikho olwenzeka random yezimbiwa, kunye nonxulumano zabo. Ukumiselwa rocks ingashwankathelwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo: kuba ioli ngokwendalo lokubolekwa nezimbiwa kunye nesakhiwo rhoqo kunye nokwakheka. Kuba ixesha lokuqala eli gama lisetyenziswa yi semichiza Russian kunye mineralogist V. M. Severginym ngo-1798. Kuxhomekeka amandla, zokuhombisa, ukuxinana, porosity, ukumelana ebandayo kunye nezinye iimpawu, ukusetyenziswa kwezimbiwa ezahlukileyo. Ngokomthetho amatshe ezisetyenziswa kumsebenzi wokwakha.

Ukwahlukanisa zeengxondorha

Kuxhomekeka kwindlela wesiseko yabo, zonke izimbiwa zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amathathu. Izazinzulu ukwahlula sedimentary, igneous nemetamorphic rocks, kwiklasi uhlobo sophawu yokwaleka. Lo umbutho osemthethweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neetyuwa ezenza inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye noqweqwe.

Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, mlilo ukuba abe kwaye ezingasetyenziswanga, le Udaka lwentaba- kunye Ukuguqulwa kolwelo. Ngoko igneous overlying le nomphezulu wementile kunye noqweqwe kubunzulu obahlukeneyo.

Iingceba imvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ukwenza uhlobo yodaka. Iingcali ngohlalutyo, amisele uhlobo yokusingqongileyo apho ezi izinto ayegcinwe kuyo, ingakumbi abo imvelaphi, uhlobo lwe -arhente, ohambisa kuzo, njalo-njalo. D.

nemetamorphic kuvela xa ukutshintsha iintlobo igneous ngentlenga Ebubanzini noqweqwe. La matye abe ikhemikali kuqamba ekhethekileyo, kodwa isekelwe izimbiwa umzali ukuba avele kuwo. Zonke iinkqubo nentlenga ubukhulu becala kuthi, ndineemfesane kolu qweqwe lomhlaba.

Kukho uvalwe ingubo ukuba ekuqaleni imvelaphi ukubona, kodwa emva koko benze utshintsho okubonakalayo ingubo.

rocks Igneous

Abaphandi ukwahlukanisa iindlela ezimbini eziphambili magmatism effusive kunye ebandakanya wonke. Ahluke kwindawo Ukuqinisa iziqina, kwakunye nohlobo kwayo. Ngaphandle kwezi zimbini, kukho apho iphuma kunye hypabyssal ukubona nasemaweni, ezo iintlobo aphakathi. Babanike lodaka ngemithambo, ukwakha emfanteni matye wambi ngexesha Ukuqinisa iziqina.

rocks ebandakanya okanye plutonic bangenele inkqubo elide yemfundo, elinokuthatha ngaphezu eliwaka. Zingaqulatha ziikristale of ubukhulu, njengoko Udaka lwentaba- kancinci kakhulu kwamanzi enzonzobila. Nangona rocks ekuqaleni plutonic sele kanye ezinzulwini kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, kunye yemozulu yayo wathatha badla akuguquki ezintabeni. Umzekelo okuphawuleka eMount Shpitskoppe eNamibia. Eyona izimbiwa iphambili kolu hlobo zezi lenyengane, labradorite, syenite, gabbro.

igneous of effusive (mlilo) uhlobo akhiwa ngexesha kukujaduka mlilo, oko kukuthi xa daka oza phezu komhlaba. Ayenze ziikristale ezinkulu ngenxa lungapholi ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi olu hlobo yeliwa abangelwe zizinto rhyolite. Kubo kumaxesha amandulo zidla wenza imifanekiso ezahlukeneyo ezikhumbuzo.

minerals ludaka

Clastic, organogenic kunye chemogenic - ezi iintlobo eziphambili kumatye awenziwa ludaka. azifani, Bona ngokuxhomekeke indlela imvelaphi kunye akhiwa kumphezulu womhlaba. uhlobo Detrital esakhiwe nokolula kunye caking amaqhekeza ngamnye zeengxondorha ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi izimbiwa ezifana ayanceda sandstones kunye conglomerates. E Barcelona, kukho uluhlu lwe Montserrat, nantsi ke nje yeMetro, kuba iqulathe nezinkulu semali lekalika lwesamente.

Iintlobo rock Chemogenic akhiwa amasuntswana izimbiwa le kwenze ndilibalule emanzini. Oku kusekelwe bezimbiwa Ukwakhiwa yamawa kwenzeka yokuhlela. Avamise kakhulu ummeli we ezindimeni lwelimestone. Umzekelo, Australia uqoqo entlango abunjwe nje ngenxa yale uhlobo. uhlobo Organogenic kakhulu ezifana amalahle, ngokuba yena, naye, amiliswe ngenxa caking zezilwanyana nezityalo ihleli. Zonke neetyuwa luphawulwa ngokwaphulwa, porosity nokuba iyanyibilika emanzini.

minerals nentlenga

Iiklasi zeengxondorha basoloko ngokuthe ngqo. Xa uhlobo kwezimbiwa nentlenga liphethwe zombini imvelaphi sedimentary ukubona. Bona kumanqanaba angafaniyo ukwanda iinkqubo yotshintsho. Ukuba esezantsi, ngoko metamorphism ukufumanisa kwiliwa umzali, kodwa ngezinga eliphezulu ukwenza okunjalo. izimbiwa ezifana ukutshintsha ukwakhiwa kwawo kunye nemvakalo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, zamatye zixelwe ngentla yahlulwe schistose kunye neslantsevatye, yaye ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko wesiseko zahlulwe zibe ngamaqela amathathu: lwengingqi, kolwandle kunye zoqhagamshelwano metamorphism.

Maxa wambi kuyenzeka ukuba nezinkulu kakhulu amatye abakhuselekanga ngaphandle, umzekelo, amaqondo obushushu aphantsi okanye phezulu, uxinzelelo. Umzekelo prime sebenza gneiss. Ezi izimbiwa abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo yengingqi. metamorphism kolwandle kwenzeka kunye yimithombo thermal. Minerals luqhagamshelwano nge ion etyebileyo ulwelo eshushu, emide elishushu ehlola, kunye basabela yemichiza odlulisela nokwakheka zeengxondorha. Ngokomzekelo, quartzite, ngokufuthi ezenziwa lekalika. Kukho kwakhona qha metamorphism. Kulo mzekelo, isenzo iliwa iikhemikhali kunye nobushushu ukunyuka ukubona ebandakanya ubunzima.

iimpawu rock

Kukho iimpawu ezininzi izimbiwa, yaye ibalulekile bonke shiyana. Ukuba zisetyenziswa njenge material ejongene, indawo yokuqala, kucelwa nithathele ingqalelo isibheno lwabo kubuhle. Kwezinye iimeko, ilitye ibaluleke kakhulu zokuhombisa, ebe umzobo wakhe, umbala. Ukuxinana kwezi index kuxhomekeke indlela Umlinganiseli eweni. Iintlobo Won ukukhanya inzima. Ekuqaleni ezixineneyo - 2200 kg / ^m-3, kwaye eyesibini - ngaphezulu kwe-2.200 kg / m ^3. Ukuba ilitye uyonyulwa ukuba ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo, apha kufuneka ucinge ubunzima yintoni na luthe, uyilo iya kuba nzima. Le parameter ixhomekeke ukwakhiwa porosity rock.

Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo iimpawu ilitye (ingakumbi xa siye sithethe malunga nokwakhiwa) ungamandla. Ichaphazela ukuhlala phakade mbandela. Ngokuqina ezimbiwa, ixesha elide iza kugcina ngayo kuqala. Kule meko, onke amatye bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amathathu: phantsi, amandla eliphakathi kunye ixesha elide. konke kuxhomekeke malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku zeengxondorha, ezizezi yobulukhuni kwezimbiwa. Ngu amatye eziluqilima ziquka gabbros, lenyengane, quartzite, ukuba eliphakathi - lekalika, nezemarmore, travertine, ilifa tuffs amandla aphantsi, lekalika evakalala.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeengxondorha kumanqanaba angafaniyo porosity. Ukususela kule uphawu kuxhomekeke acid kunye nokumelana ityuwa, nokufunxwa kwamanzi ngamatye. ingqalelo eyodwa Porosity kufuneka ihlawulwe xa kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho iintlobo ezithile ezikhethiweyo njenge khazi. Eli nani ichaza ayasiqinisekisa umbandela, polishability yayo, uqinile, decorativeness, conductivity thermal, machinability kunye ezifana. D. phezulu porosity, kokukhona ubunzima ilitye, okuphathwa ngcono, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kuncitshiswe umthamo wayo, amandla, polishability kuguga.

Absorption Rate amanzi uhlobo nayo ibalulekile kakhulu. On kuxhomekeke iqabaka, acid kunye netyuwa kweelana mbandela. Amanzi ngaphakathi kwi pores ngexesha amazinyo nokwanda umthamo kudala uxinzelelo, ngenxa apho ekugqibeleni ukuqhekeka. Into efanayo kunye nezisombululo ityuwa leyo ukukhuthaza ukukhula ziikristale kudala uxinzelelo. Ukuba yezimbiwa porosity iphantsi, ngoko iintanda, kwezinye iimeko nokuba ukwahlula. Uxinzelelo ilitye aneentunja isasazwa ngokulinganayo, yaye akukho iintanda aziveli.

Inkqubo yokutshintsha yamatye ubukhulu becala iphenjelelwa besenza asidi. Acid ungakwazi ukuguqula nazo ezinye izimbiwa. Ngoko ke, xa ukhetha litye ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kufuneka athathe ingqalelo loo nto. Umzekelo, zehydrochloric acid kuyingozi enkulu ukuba nezemarmore, dolomite, travertine. Kodwa lekalika negranite luphawulwa nokumelana elihle asidi, ke ngoko, iye yasinda kude kube namhlanje yoyilo ezininzi kangaka lenkundla ezi mathiriyeli.

iinkqubo ukuguqulwa

kwamakhulu Huge, neentaba bacinge eengxilimbela amagorha, apho ixesha akanamandla kunye ezahlukeneyo izinto ngaphandle. Zibonakala ukugcina imbonakalo original ukutyhubela iinkulungwane kunye zeminyaka, kodwa akunjalo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, bangenele naluphi na utshintsho rocks ezibalulekileyo. Ukuhlelwa rocks ukujonga ixesha elide kangakanani na izimbiwa ukugcina inkangeleko yabo yokuqala, ukuba nobungozi le mpembelelo.

ilitye Ukwakhiwa liyatshintsha kwixesha elide. Ukuguqulwa zeengxondorha ibe zendalo okanye ezenziwe ngabantu. Imeko kwamatye lichatshazelwe zizinto ezifana namanzi bunyibilike okanye komhlaba, imvula, umoya, ilanga, aphezulu namaqondo asezantsi. Ukutshatyalaliswa ematyeni ngendlela yemvelo icotha kakhulu, kodwa ayikwazi ukumiswa. Umoya kunye nemvula wahlamba waphuma badlula njengoko nomphezulu kunye nenkangeleko komhlaba. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ziguquka kuphela imilo kodwa ukwakhiwa kwezimbiwa.

iinkqubo Anthropogenic ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yabantu. Ukutshatyalaliswa rocks enokwenziwa usebenzisa buciko. Umzekelo, nabasebenza zokwakha ngaphezu nifudula msulwa nsimu ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo, ukucocwa le ezintabeni. Kakade ke, lo msebenzi utshabalalisa imbonakalo yendalo, iba nefuthe elibi kuwo. rocks ezonakeleyo ukunika sibange, ngenxa yale ukuwa kwenzeka, iwe. Umntu ngokukhawuleza ukutshintsha imbonakalo zezimbiwa, kunokuba izinto zendalo.

Ngenxa yoko, yonke into Highlands ekugqibeleni ukutshintsha inkangeleko yazo. Isantya yotshintsho lwabo luxhomekeke kakhulu iimeko zangaphandle, amatakane ukubunjwa, amandla, iqondo kunye nexesha sesichengeni. Kwinkqubo ukuguqulwa iphembelela kwimimandla lwemozulu, apho zifumaneka khona amatye.

Kumjikelo ka zeengxondorha

Iinkqubo wejoloji igneous, ngentlenga, kunye neeminerali zixelwe unxitywe kwi komjikelo ethile. Iqala nesibakala sokuba lolu daka obuphalazelwe ngokuthe ngcembe ayaphola kunye Ukuguqulwa kolwelo, ngaloo ndlela ukuzazi rock igneous. Iintlobo zeengxondorha iyatshintshatshintsha ngokukhawuleza kuvela kumphezulu womhlaba. Umoya, amanzi, bazifake ubushushu zenza uhlobo ludaka izimbiwa. amatye nakhandiweyo, badlula, zidluliselwe ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwindawo, ukuyeka ezitsheni ludaka. Kwaba khona ukuba amaqhekeza zamatye ukugqiba indlela yabo, ukuba abe waza wajika ibe ludaka uhlobo izimbiwa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iintaba antywiliselwa ukuya kubunzulu enkulu, baboniswa iinkqubo ziitectonic plates. Konke oku kukhokelela ukuyilwa nemetamorphic. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kunye noxinzelelo, anyibilike olomeleleyo izimbiwa, waba daka. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko Ukuguqulwa kolwelo ukwenza igneous, kwaye inkqubo ukuyilwa amatye iqala ngokutsha.

Petrology and petrography

E zombini ngemithamo kunye nezifundo-kumanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu kwezimbiwa. Kwimeko isifundo sokuqala ngamasuntswana amancinci kuphela yamatye ezithile, wabona lwabo ngaphaya kwaye iyakhanya kunqunyulwa. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuseka iimpawu kunye neempawu kwezimbiwa. Kwimeko yesibini, izazinzulu ezicinga onke amatye kunye, ngenxa yokuba into ethile noqweqwe. Abaphandi abakwazi ukubona imbali, iimpawu kunye nomhla okungenzeka nokudaleka.

Imvelaphi yamawa bafunda iinkalo ezimbini: Petrology kunye petrography. Inzululwazi lokuqala ufunda umchiza kunye mineralogical Ukwakhiwa yamawa, iimeko kwazo, ukuguda noburhabaxa kwakunye nesakhiwo. Petrology kwakhona limisela zolwakhiwo mhlaba ezakha isambuku kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Petrography ibandakanyeka ngokuhlelwa kunye nenkcazelo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, oko inzululwazi oluchaza ngakumbi. It ufunda iisampuli ngamnye amatye, ubume babo kunye nokwakheka. Petrographers basebenza izilayi ngaphaya kwaye iyakhanya phantsi neemicroscope sihlolisise iimpawu kumacandelo abo. Kwakhona, izazinzulu bangasebenza iisampuli zeengxondorha zobukhulu umxhelo.

Chonga amanqanaba ezininzi zophando kwezimbiwa. Ekuqaleni, izazinzulu inxaxheba ekuqulunqeni iimephu zejoloji, koko wabamba oluphando endle, petrographic kunye geochemical. Bonke baphelelisane ezinye ze uvumele wena ukufumana umfanekiso opheleleyo. izifundo Field kusenza sikwazi ukubona iimpawu kwesakhiwo, ukuma izimbiwa, ukuseka ixesha isakhelo elisondeleyo kwazo. imisebenzi Petrographic ngawaphi amatye ezikhoyo ekuqaleni, yintoni ipesenti kwezimbiwa apho.

Isayensi petrology enzima kakhulu. Imfuneko ezikhethekileyo ngaphezulu olunzulu uphando ziziphumo zokwanda koovimba ivenkile enkulu yolwazi. Yi ematyeni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo neetyuwa zomzimba, ezihambelana sedimentary, igneous kunye nohlobo nemetamorphic. Yaye ngamnye kubo isifundo bamasebe ethile kwezi zifundo bathi. Ngenxa yoko, inzululwazi kwezimbiwa lentlenga anomdla ukuguda noburhabaxa kwakunye nokwakhiwa wetyuwa, yilimestone, ilitye yeMetro kunye nezinye nasemaweni imvelaphi ludaka. petrology Igneous ngokubhekisele izimbiwa acacisa ukusuka daka otyhidiweyo. izifundo Science marble nemetamorphic, schist, gneiss kunye nezinye ilitye elenziwa ngexesha inguqu.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, le izazinzulu nazo inxaxheba kuphando geochemical. Ukumnika isishwankathelo umchiza ubume yamawa, ubudala bakhe, indawo imvelaphi, izigaba izimbiwa, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo apho lamiswa.

Nasemaweni zixhaphakileyo

On iplanethi yethu, kukho isixa omkhulu iidipozithi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kwezimbiwa. Inkoliso yezi abantu baye bafumanisa ukuba zenziwe ngokuphathekayo. Ezinye iintlobo ezingaphezu kwemfuneko, baza bambi bathatha kancinci. Makhe sithethe amatye, ngokufuthi asetyenziswe ngabantu.

granites

Mhlawumbi lo ilitye ixhaphakileyo ubunjwe zwi, feldspar, linguMika. Igranite iye granular isakhiwo crystal yahlulwe ngokweendidi ezintathu: amancinci, aphakathi, kunye irhabaxa. Itshe ezahlukahlukeneyo imibala, i zazenziwe zithathwa blue-eluhlaza, engwevu ukukhanya iBurgundy. Granite inawo ibengezela ngokugqibeleleyo, ezinye iintlobo ayo ubushushu ngayo. Oku kwenzelwa ukuba ekuyileni iimpembelelo ezongezelelweyo zokuhombisa. iimpawu zokusebenza igranite mechanical izikhombisi eziqikelelwa phezulu kakhulu, ngoko ilitye isetyenziswa olungaphambili khazi lwezakhiwo, mkhumbi, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kumgangatho ongaphantsi. Ilitye esetyenziselwa nokudalwa eqingqiweyo.

yelitye lentlabathi

Enye rock ethandwayo. Iintlobo zeengxondorha kuxhomekeke indlela ukwakhiwa. Sandstones na uhlobo ludaka, kuba iqulathe zesanti esidityanisiweyo. Kwindalo, kukho amatye imibala ezininzi: eluhlaza, etyheli, engwevu, abomvu, nangwevu. Ukulungiselela iinjongo zokuhombisa ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa yelitye lentlabathi ocoliweyo-olungisiweyo omdaka, obomvu noluhlaza. Ngokusisiseko, baya ingaphakathi kwezakhiwo.

nezemarmore

Ulilungu crystalline rock granular, wabonakala ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni dolomite lobushushu eliphezulu lekalika kunye noxinzelelo. Le emarmore emhlophe uye iipropati aphezulu zokuhombisa, kulula ukuba isebenze. Umzekelo, kunciphisa lo ndikho lokusila kunye nokubengezela, ipolishi, phezu koko, kudandalazisa umfanekiso, NOKUCUKUCEZA eqaqambisa imvelaphi. Ilitye anemibala, engwevu namhlophe.

kukaMantashe

Stone wasekwa ngenxa ukugangatheka lunzima ngodongwe, recrystallized phantsi koxinzelelo kakhulu lubangelwe. Batts zingasasazwa zibe imbasa kakhulu, kukho kwayingqombela, umbala, ndiyingwevu brown, izimvi emnyama, iikopi abamnyama. Le izinto zokuhombisa kwaye luhlala engadingi ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo, isetyenziselwa Ipeyinti ingaphakathi ebonakalayo.

amatye semiprecious

rocks ezifana malachite, nebherilo, lesafire, lube yihakinto nejeyidi, lixatyiswa kakhulu kunabanye, kuba akuvamanga zifumaneka kwindalo. La matye ukuba ukwenziwa izacholo, iziqwenga zokuhombisa, izinto ezincinane zala mazwe.