Reactor Nuclear: imigaqo esebenzayo, kwaye iyunithi yesekethe

Uyilo kunye nokusebenza reactor yenyukliya esekelwe Ukuqalisa nokulawula self-kubomeleza ngeeatom. Oku kusetyenziswa njengesixhobo yophando ukwenzela ukuvelisa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive yaye njengomthombo wamandla izityalo amandla enyukliya.

reactor Nuclear: umgaqo yokusebenza (short)

Used apha inkqubo ngokucandeka apho nucleus enzima iqhekeka zibe ngamaqhekeza ezimbini ezincinane. Ezi ineminyaka zikwimeko Wavuya kakhulu kwaye ayikhuphi neutron, kunye nezinye amasuntswana eathom kunye ziluhlaza. Neutron ingabangela iyantlukwano ezintsha ngenxa apho asebenza ngakumbi, njalo-njalo. Le nombolo self-ukugcinakala eliqhubekekayo disintegrations ekuthiwa chain reaction. Ngelo xesha, isixa esikhulu amandla, imveliso ye yona Injongo ukusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliya.

Umgaqo ekusebenzeni reactor yenyukliya kwaye isityalo samandla senyukliya enjalo ukuba i-85% ye-eneji amathanga kukwahlukana usebenze ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu emva kokuqalisa basabela njani. Inxalenye eseleyo yenziweyo ukubola radioactive iimveliso ngokucandeka, emva enokuba bawacekisayo neutron. ukubola Radioactive yinkqubo apho atom ufikelela imeko ngokuthe ngcembe. Uqhubile ke emva kolwahlulo.

I atomic sazo chain reaction kwandisa ngamandla, de yonke into iya kwahluka. Oku kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, aveze udubulo enamandla kakhulu uphawu iziqhushumbisi ezinjalo. Indlela kunye nokusebenza reactor yenyukliya zisekelwe kumgaqo nokugcina indlela chain kumgangatho phantse rhoqo kulawulwa. It yenzelwe ukuze ezinokuqhushumba ibhombu njengokuba atomic akakwazi.

Chain Reaction nokugxekwa

Physics ngokucandeka reactor ugqibe ukuba amathuba chain reaction emva ngokucandeka yenyukliya neutron engcolisayo. Ukuba abantu yakutshanje kunciphisa, izinga yokwahlukana isiphelo siya kuwela zero. Kulo mzekelo reactor iya kuba ukwimeko subcritical. Ukuba abantu neutron kugcinwa kwinqanaba rhoqo, izinga ngokucandeka kuzakuhlala kuzinzile. Eli ziko liya kuba kubonwa. Ke ekugqibeleni, ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha ikhula yabantu neutron, ngokwahlula isantya namandla ziya kwanda. karhulumente engundoqo uba supercritical.

Umgaqo ekusebenzeni reactor yenyukliya elandelayo. Phambi kokuqala yabantu neutron lisondele ku zero. Emva koko, abasebenzi ukususa iintonga yolawulo evela undoqo, ukwandisa umphakathi kwisahlulo esiguqula okwethutyana reactor ukwimeko supercritical. Emva kokuba abaqhubi amandla rated inxenye babuyela iintonga ulawulo, ngokulungelanisa imeko-mali neutron. Kamva ke reactor zigcinwa zikwimeko kakhulu. Xa kuyimfuneko ukuba ayeke, umqhubi ufaka iintonga ngokupheleleyo. Oku ofihla ukwahlulwa kwaye libeka ezingundoqo zikarhulumente subcritical.

iintlobo zamandla

Uninzi lwe-eneji ekhoyo okuvelisa ubushushu eziyimfuneko ukuqhuba turbines, leyo ukuqhuba ezivelisa lombane Ufakelo zenyukliya ehlabathini. Kwakhona, kukho ezininzi zamandla uphando, yaye amanye amazwe lweenqanawa ezintywilayo okanye iinqanawa umphezulu, eziqhutywa yi-eneji ye-atom.

ephehla

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kule hlobo reactor, kodwa ngokubanzi kwamkelwa uyilo amanzi ukukhanya. Ngenxa yoko, oku kusetyenziswa emanzini xinzelelo okanye amanzi abilayo. Kwimeko yokuqala ulwelo ukunyuka koxinzelelo afudunyezwe ubushushu engundoqo kwaye engena wokuphehla zomphunga. Apho, ubushushu ukusuka lokuqala ukuya wesekethe zasesekondari Busisiwe, ngakumbi eziquka amanzi. Le umphunga eyakhiwe ekugqibeleni ukhonza kulwelo ukusebenza kumjikelo samanzi zomphunga.

I-reactor na uhlobo abilayo isebenza kumgaqo Umjikelo we-eneji ngqo. Amanzi edlula undoqo, bazisa ithumba kwinqanaba xi medium phezu. umphunga ifumile edlula uthotho sahluli kunye notsala akalahlwa sityeni reactor le, nto leyo urhulumente wayo sverhperegretoe. Esibaselwe umphunga ke lize lisetyenziswe njenge kulwelo ukusebenza, samanzi olujikelezayo.

gas-luthando High-lobushushu

High-lobushushu gas-zipholile reactor (HTGR) - a reactor yenyukliya, umgaqo osebenza isekelwe ukusetyenziswa grafayithi njenge umxube amafutha kwamafutha kunye microspheres. Kukho yoyilo ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo:

• German system "ezikhululekileyo-fill", esebenzisa izinto yezibaso ungqukuva-60 mm ubukhulu, equka umxube amafutha kunye grafayithi kwiqokobhe grafayithi;
• inguqulelo American i prisms grafayithi ezinamacala ukuba mayiqhagamshelane ukwenza i core.

Kuzo zombini ezi meko, kulwelo okupholisa iquka helium phantsi koxinzelelo of umoya ezimalunga ne-100. Le helium Inkqubo German udlula izithuba kule nwebu ye ungqukuva izinto amafutha, yaye US - ngokusebenzisa iindawo ezivulekayo prisms grafayithi amalungiselelo ecaleni axis usembindini core reactor. Zombini zeenketho ukusebenza kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu, kuba loo mifanekiso eye i iqondo lobushushu sublimation omkhulu kakhulu, kwaye helium afana egalelwe. helium Hot zingasetyenziswa ngqo ulwelo esebenza yegesi kwiqondo eliphezulu okanye ubushushu angazisebenzisa odala amanzi umjikelo umphunga.

Ulwelo-metal reactor yenyukliya: yesekethe nangemigaqo ukusebenza

zamandla Fast ne sodium njengesipholisi lifumene ingqwalasela elininzi 1960-1970 kaThixo. Kwaza kwabonakala ukuba ubuchule babo ekuveliseni amafutha enyukliya kwixa elizayo kufuneka ukuvelisa amafutha ukuba ushishino lwenyukliya kusenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Xa kwacaca ukuba oku kulindelekileyo ngqiqweni, ihlombe lwehla ngo-1980. Noko ke, eUnited States, eRashiya, France, iBritani, Japan kunye iJamani wakha uthotho zamandla yale hlobo. Abaninzi kubo umsebenzi uranium dioxide okanye umxube neplutoniyam dioxide. EUnited States, Noko ke, impumelelo enkulu kwaphunyelelwa kunye amafutha metal.

iCandu

Canada iye yajolisa iinzame zayo le zamandla, ezisebenzisa uranium yendalo. Oku kushenxisa imfuneko yokuphuhlisa yayo ukusebenzisa iinkonzo kwamanye amazwe. Isiphumo sale nkqubo yaba reactor deuterium-uranium (cilambu). Lawula nokupholisa yavelisa amanzi enzima. Uyilo kunye nokusebenza reactor yenyukliya kukusebenzisa i itanki D abandayo ₂ O kwi womoya. indawo Active ezele zohlobo lwe ingxubevange kwamafutha zirconium lwe uranium zendalo, apho ujikeleza ngamanzi okupholisa zayo. Umbane iveliswa ngokwahlula-hlula transfer ubushushu njengesipholisi enzima emanzini, nto leyo ujikeleziswe ngokusebenzisa generator zomphunga. Le umphunga kwi loop eziziisekondari ngoko idlula komjikelo turbine oluqhelekileyo.

ubuchule bophando

Kuba uphando reactor yenyukliya amaninzi kusetyenziswa lo mgaqo enala kusetyenziso izinto Ukupholisa amanzi ipleyiti kunye amafutha uranium ngawo amabandla fomu. Ekwaziyo ezisebenza uluhlu olubanzi kumanqanaba umbane kilowatts ezilikhulu abambalwa megawatts. Ekubeni Isizukulwana amandla eyona njongo iphambili zamandla zophando, ukuba luphawulwa amandla thermal eyenziwe, kwaye lexinene i neutron amandla ababezibiza core. Kuyinto ezi parameters kuya kunceda ubungakanani isakhono a reactor yophando ukwenza izifundo ezithile. Iinkqubo elisezantsi amandla-zithande ukuba usebenze kwiiyunivesithi kwaye zisetyenziswa uqeqesho, yaye amandla aphezulu iyafuneka kumaziko ophando yokuvavanywa izixhobo kunye neempawu, kwakunye nophando jikelele.

Uphando reactor zixhaphakileyo zenyukliya, isakhiwo umgaqo osebenza ngayo, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. indawo yayo esebenzayo ise emazantsi big ichibi anzongonzongo amanzi. Oku kube lula ulwabiwo lokuqaphela kunye siteshi apho ingabhekiswa imiqadi neutron. Kumanqanaba amandla eliphantsi akukho mfuneko ukumpompa le njengesipholisi, njengoko ukugcina imeko ekhuselekileyo yokusebenza ye පිළිතුරු iimpendulo bendalo njengesipholisi iqinisekisa ukuzibhubhisa ezaneleyo ubushushu. Le sokufudumeza lidla ibekwe phezu komhlaba okanye kwinxalenye engentla echibini apho amanzi ashushu okongezeleke.

ufakelo umkhumbi

ukusetyenziswa Original naseziprayimari kubenzi Inyukliya ukusetyenziswa kwazo ii nkwili. inzuzo zazo eziphambili kukuba, xa kuthelekiswa kwiinkqubo yokutsha amafutha eziphili zamandulo ezaba lilitye lokuvelisa ombane musa ukuba umoya. Ngenxa yoko, inkwili zenyukliya kwamanzi ixesha elide, kwaye nedizili-zombane eziqhelekileyo inkwili kufuneka athile ivuke kumphezulu, ukubaleka Motors zazo emoyeni. amandla enyukliya inika neluncedo kwisicwangciso lwaphela iinqanawa. Ngenxa yakhe, akukho mfuneko yokuba imane kumazibuko angaphandle okanye zidlula lula abasemngciphekweni.

Umgaqo ekusebenzeni reactor enyukliya ngwenya eMelika. Noko ke, kwakusazeka ukuba i-USA isebenzisa uranium aphuculweyo kakhulu, kwaye deceleration kunye okupholisa amanzi ukukhanya. Uyilo reactor yokuqala inkwili yenyukliya USS Nautilus nolwaluphenjelelwe ngamandla ukufaka uphando enamandla. osemqoka yawo eyodwa i reactivity imajini eziphakamileyo kakhulu, ukunika ixesha elide ngaphandle nokuchitha ukukwazi iqale emva kokumisa. isikhululo samandla e lweenqanawa ezintywilayo kufuneka cwaka kakhulu, ukuba angabonwa. Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo lweenqanawa ezintywilayo imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo izityalo amandla ziye zasekwa.

US Navy on abathwali moya kusetyenziswa reactor zenyukliya, lo mgaqo apho kukholeleka ukuba loans le ngwenya inkulu. Iinkcukacha yokwakha balo yaye ishicilelwe.

Ngaphandle eUnited States, lweenqanawa ezintywilayo enyukliya e-UK, France, eRashiya, China ne India. Kwimeko nganye, uyilo lo olusana, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba zonke ziyafana kakhulu - oku ngenxa kwaneemfuno ezifanayo iimpawu zabo zobugcisa. Kwakhona Russia wayenomkhosi encinane of icebreakers zenyukliya, leyo kusungulwa reactor efanayo ngwenya Soviet.

ufakelo industrial

Ngeenjongo zemveliso izixhobo grade neplutoniyam-239 isebenzisa reactor yenyukliya, umgaqo apho sikuko kwemveliso aphakamileyo amandla kwinqanaba elisezantsi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ixesha elide isixhaso neplutoniyam kwi core kukhokelela beqokelela okungafunekiyo ²⁴⁰ Pu.

imveliso eziFihliweyo

Okwangoku, izinto eziphambili efumaneka ziinkqubo enjalo eziFihliweyo ⁽³ H okanye T) - intlawuliso iziqhushumbisi hydrogen. Neplutoniyam-239 kade nesiqingatha-ubomi iminyaka 24.100, ngoko ilizwe kunye izixhobo zenyukliya ezisebenzisa lwesi sakhi, njengoko umthetho, nabo ke kunokuba kuyimfuneko. Mu kuya kwa nshita ²³⁹ Pu, nakwisiqingatha ubomi eziFihliweyo imalunga neminyaka eli-12. Ngenxa yoko, ukugcina uluhlu kuyimfuneko, eli Isotope radioactive hydrogen kufuneka wenziwe rhoqo. Kwi-US, i-Savannah River (South Carolina), umzekelo, iye zamandla amanzi enzima eziliqela, ekuthi kwezo nto kuphume eziFihliweyo.

amandla lencopho

Yenziwe ngu reactor zenyukliya, esikwaziyo ukunikeza umbane kunye umphunga ubushushu deleted kwimimandla ekwanti. ERashiya, umzekelo, safumanisa ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo lamandla amancinane, ngokukodwa ukuba zanelise zokuhlala Arctic. Ngo-China, i-izinto megawathi-10 izityalo HTR-10 bubushushu kunye nokuqalisa uphando amandla yombane, apho emi kuyo. Development kubenzi ezincinane ezilawulwa ngokuzenzekelayo nge zenzeko ezifanayo kwenziwa Sweden naseKhanada. Phakathi 1960 no 1972, i-Army US wasebenzisa zamandla amanzi compact ukunika iziseko ezikude e Greenland kunye Antarctica. Baye indawo izityalo ngamandla amafutha-oyile.

ukuhlolwa

Ukongeza, ezi zamandla zazenzelwe amandla kunye nentshukumo esithubeni. Kweli thuba ukususela ngowe-1967 ukuya 1988, eSoviet Union laseka ufakelo ezincinane enyukliya "kosmos" Hewana ukuba unikeze izixhobo kunye telemetry, kodwa lo mgaqo-nkqubo sele lixhoba nokugxekwa. Ubuncinane enye yezi Hewana wangena koMhlaba, ebangela radioactive ukungcoliswa kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni Canada. I-United States yasungula satellite enye kuphela reactor yenyukliya ngo-1965. Nangona kunjalo, amaphulo ekusetyenzisweni kwabo kwimisebenzi isithuba enzulu, uphando swi ezinye iiplanethi okanye kwisiseko esisigxina kwenyanga ziyaqhubeka kuphuhliswa. Oku Qinisekisa ukuba reactor gas-zipholile okanye lulwelo-metal enyukliya, imigaqo ebonakalayo olunikezela lobushushu kunokwenzeka liphezulu kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa ubungakanani radiator. Kwakhona, isithuba reactor izixhobo ukuba babe compact kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze kuncitshiswe izinto ezisetyenziselwa uvikele, nokunciphisa ubunzima ngethuba ukusungulwa kunye nendawo moya. umthamo kwamafutha iza kuqinisekisa ukusebenza reactor ngethuba le vaakelani va.