Phagocytosis - ntoni na? Yintoni na le nto phagocytosis? izigaba phagocytosis

Ngoko ke, phagocytosis - ntoni na? Makhe zama ukuqonda inkcazelo kule kota. Igama elithi "phagocytosis" nesuka morpheme Greek amabini - phagos (liqwenga) kunye kytos (iseli). phagokytosis elide Medical International, ngokungafaniyo russified uye ekupheleni osis, bona bubonakala evela Greek njenge "inkqubo" okanye "ngumkhuba". Ngenxa yoko, le nkcazelo ngokoqobo lithetha inkqubo ingqalelo iiseli ezithile arhente zasemzini, intshukumo nenjongo kuyo, bamba kunye nokufunxwa kunye cleavage elandelayo. Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha undoqo phagocytosis. sincokola kwakhona ngoko ke ziiphagocytes, cinga amanyathelo kwaye ufumane umahluko phakathi phagocytosis epheleleyo kwaye zingagqibeki.

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa iiseli ezikhethekileyo motile

-Nzulu ebalaseleyo Russian - II Mechnikov ngo-1882 - iminyaka 1883. imifuniselo lwenzelwa ukwetyisa intracellular, ukufunda kwindawo eselubala leenkwenkwezi yolwandle. Scientist wayezibuza ukuba bahlale eziphilayo multicellular ukukwazi ukuba zifake iiseli ezahlukahlukeneyo ukutya. Kwaye sikwetyise kakuhle, njengoko kwenza elibangela ezifana amoeba. I. I. Mechnikov wachitha amava: ukungena kulo mzimba ezidla powder carmine kunye babukela ngeenxa zonke ezi igazi-abomvu neenkozwana bakhula iseli eludongeni. Bambambile ke kuginywe ngepeyinti. Emva koko ke sisazinzulu Cingela ukuba naziphi na izinambuzane kufuneka abe iiseli ezikhethekileyo ukuziphendulela, leyo ukubamba sikwetyise amanye amasuntswana yingozi emzimbeni. Ukuqinisekisa hypothesis zabo, izazinzulu basebenzisa spikes pink, apho kuqaliswa kulo mzimba imibungu le ezizinkwenkwezi. Emva kwexesha elithile, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba iiseli singqongwe enameva, ndizama ukulwa "maphela" bayiqhube kubo. Ezi amasuntswana ethile sokuzikhusela afumaneka umzimba imibungu, isazinzulu ebizwa ngokuba ziiphagocytes. Ngale amava kutyhilwa I. I. Mechnikov phagocytosis. Ngowe-1883, yena ingxelo zophando lwakhe ukuze wesixhenxe Congress of zemvelo Russian. Kwixesha elizayo, ISAZINZULU waqhubeka ukusebenza kweli cala, wadala kwizifo lokuthelekisa nangokurhala, kwakunye ingcamango phagocytic sifo. Ngowe-1908, kunye ne-Isazinzulu uPawulos Ehrlich, wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel ngenxa yophando lwabo ezibalulekileyo eziphilayo.

Le mba we phagocytosis - ntoni na?

I. I. Mechnikov hlalele bafunda indima phagocytosis kwi reactions ukukhusela abantu kunye nezilwanyana eziphezulu. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba le nkqubo lidlala indima ebalulekileyo zokunyanga amanxeba ezahlukeneyo. ZeBhayoloji Encyclopedic Dictionary inika le nkcazo ilandelayo. Phagocytosis eli bali, kunye nokufunxwa izinto zangaphandle ezifana neentsholongwane, kwaye iseli amaqhekeza microfungi, kwiseli enye okanye iiseli ezithile (ziiphagocytes), efumaneka naziphi multicellular. Yintoni na le nto phagocytosis? Kukholelwa ukuba likwimo mdala wokhuseleko ephilayo multicellular. Amajoni omzimba ukusebenza phagocytosis yabantu kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Nguye indlela kuqala ukusungulwa ezahlukeneyo iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane kunye nezinye izinto kwamanye amazwe. Ziiphagocytes ngokuqhubekayo lijikeleze wonke umzimba, efuna "maphela". Xa kuchongwa-arhente zasemzini, yokubopha kwayo kunye receptor. Esiwela phagocyte izinambuzane afunxa latyhaphaka.

amaqela amabini ezingundoqo iiseli motile - "abavikeli"

Ziiphagocytes zisoloko iyasebenza yaye ukulungele nangaliphi na ixesha ukujongana kumthombo usulelo. Zinelungelo ukuzimela ethile, kuba bayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yabo, ngaphakathi nje kuphela kodwa ngaphandle umzimba: phezu komhlaba inwebu yangaphakathi kunye kwiindawo yokuvelisa amalungu. ziiphagocytes Human zokusebenza ngempumelelo yabo, oosonzululwazi bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini - i "oqeqeshiweyo" kunye "mgaqweni". Eyokuqala monocytes, neutrophils, macrophage, iiseli lwemasti, iiseli dendritic kunye kwithishyu. Iiseli mobile enkulu phagocytic ziiseli zegazi ezimhlophe - iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi. Baya thutha kwingqwalaselo yokukrala nokuzalisekisa imisebenzi zokuzikhusela. Phagocytosis kubandakanya ekufumanekeni leukocytes, nokufunxwa kunye nokonakaliswa izinto ezingaqhelekanga, kwakunye zaso abafileyo okanye yonakele. Emva kokwenza imisebenzi yabo iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi angashenxela egazini, kwaye gqolo ukuhamba egazini, enye - ukuba bangenele apoptosis okanye utshintsho dystrophic. "Engekho mgaqweni" iqela iqulathe fibroblasts kunye neeseli reticular endothelial, okuye umsebenzi phagocytic ephantsi.

Inkqubo phagocytosis: Inqanaba lokuqala

Cinga indlela inkqubo yokulawula yingozi. Izazinzulu bachonga izigaba ezine phagocytosis. Eyokuqala kukuhlangana: phagocyte abasondela ukuba into angaphandle. Oku mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba yokungqubana ngengozi okanye ngenxa lwentshukumo esebenzayo zemiyalelo - chemotaxis. Kukho iindidi ezimbini chemotaxis - HIV (malunga ziiphagocytes) nekhabayo (ukuhamba ziiphagocytes). Ngokuqhelekileyo, chemotaxis ezintle kusiwa kwindawo umonakalo izihlunu, kwakunye okubangelwa amagciwane ukutya kwabo.

Ukunamathela ziiphagocytes ku arhente zangaphandle

Emva convergence kletki "umkhuseli" kunye isuntswana eyingozi sesibini isigaba iqala. Yena ke enamathele. Phagocyte zifike isifundo iphathelele kuyo apha. Ngokomzekelo, iiseli ezimhlophe, owafika ngo kumbindi nokudumba kunyango eludongeni inqanawa, musa bahlukane kude kuyo, nkqu nangona Velocity flow enkulu. mechanism adhesion lwenziwa yi kwentlawulo umphezulu phagocyte. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko negative, kwaye umphezulu izinto phagocyte sele kakuhle ityala. Kulo mzekelo, kukho adhesion ilungileyo. amasuntswana kakubi icala, umzekelo, ithumba, azifakwa ziiphagocytes kubi kakhulu. Noko ke, ngaba kukho sinamathele amasuntswana ezinjalo. Oku kufezwa isenzo mucopolysaccharides, ekhoyo phezu komhlaba ziiphagocytes imifinya kwakunye ngokunciphisa viscosity le icytoplasm kunye inwenwa arhente Live Hotmail amazwe.

Isigaba sesithathu of phagocytosis

Emva uncamathiselo kwi into phagocyte langaphandle iqala edalwayo wayo, nto leyo kwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini. Kwindawo zoqhagamshelwano into iqokobhe langaphandle, kwaye ngoko ke into shi iseli. Ngoko ke into zivaliwe kungqameko sesisa inwebu, kunye vacuole ekugqibeleni yaxobuka kwasekwa, oquka ngaphakathi yamasuntswana okungafunwa. Kukufakwa Indlela yesibini - lubandakanywe nezenzo pseudopodia, kwamasuntswana angaphandle kunye inwenwa ezinxityelelanisiweyo phezu kwabo. Ngenxa yoko, abhijelwe vacuoles phakathi kwiiseli. Njengoko umthetho, ngoncedo ziiphagocytes pseudopodia ukufunxa microfungi. Isimangalo okanye into inwenwa ngolunya kwenzeka kuba iqokobhe sinikezwe iipropati phagocyte contractile.

cleavage Intracellular of "izinambuzane"

Isigaba sesine ibandakanya phagocytosis of ukugaywa intracellular. Oku kwenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Le vacuole equlathe amasuntswana amazwe ziquka lysosomes ukuba oluntsonkothileyo enzyme luyasebenza kwaye wathulula. Oku kudala imeko apho cleavage kwenzeka macromolecules ngokulula zebhayoloji ribonuclease, amylase, protease kunye lipase. Ngenxa isebenze enzyme yokwetyiswa kwenzeka entshabalalweni, yaye ngoko ke nokukhululwa iimveliso vacuole nokuthotywa. Ke kaloku, ukuba uyazi ukuba yintoni na izigaba ezine phagocytosis. Ukukhuselwa emzimbeni luqhutywa ngokwamabakala: kuqala kukho ukuhlangabezana phagocyte andimangalele, ngoko umdla, ngamanye lungiselelo kwamasuntswana ezingafunekiyo phezu komhlaba "abaswelayo", yaye emva koko - ukufunxeka kunye ukwetyisa le izinambuzane.

phagocytosis ezingaphelelanga kunye epheleleyo. Yintoni umahluko zabo?

Kuxhomekeka uya kuba yintoni umphumo ukwetyisa intracellular amasuntswana amazwe, iintlobo ezimbini ibuyiselwe - phagocytosis epheleleyo kwaye zingagqibeki. Into yokuqala iyazaliswa intshabalalo epheleleyo kunye nokupheliswa lweemveliso ukuthotywa kokusingqongileyo. phagocytosis ezingaphelelanga - ntoni na? Eli gama lithetha ukuba iiseli ezingaqhelekanga ukuba zifunxwe ziiphagocytes, ihlale iphila. Banakho kutshabalalisa vacuole, okanye sebenzisa njenge "umhlaba" ukuze zizalele. Umzekelo phagocytosis ayiphelelanga kukho ukufunxeka gonococcal emzimbeni, apho kungekho omzimba kubo. Xa Iintsholongwane engaphelelanga yi phagocytosis of ziiphagocytes igcinwe ngaphakathi, kwaye wonke umzimba. Ngoko ke, endaweni womatshini zikhusela phagocytosis iba umbhexeshi sifo, ukunceda izitshabalalisi ukuba ukusasaza nande.

Oonobangela yenqubo ukugaywa intracellular

Phagocytosis Ukophulwa kwenzeka ngenxa yeziphene kukwenziwa ziiphagocytes kwakunye kwezithandani yomsebenzi of mobile "ngabakhuseli" kletok-. Ukongeza, kukho utshintsho ezibi kwi ukugaywa intracellular ngenxa mhlawumbi kwizifo ilifa, ezifana izifo kunye Alder Chedyaka-Higashi. Ukophulwa ukuyilwa ziiphagocytes, kuquka nokuhlaziya ngokutsa leukocytes, kaninzi kwenzeka ukuba sesichengeni sosasazeko lwemitha xa okanye ngenxa neutropenia amafa. umsebenzi nokupheliswa ziiphagocytes kunokwenzeka ngenxa ukuswela hormone athile, electrolytes kunye neevithamini. Kwakhona ubuthi glycolytic nobumdaka ngeentsholongwane kuchaphazela ngokungalunganga nokusebenza ziiphagocytes. Sinethemba, ngalo eli nqaku, ungakwazi ngokulula uphendule lo mbuzo: "? Phagocytosis - yintoni". ithamsanqa!