Party - iqela lezopolitiko ...: inkcazelo, ingqiqo, iintlobo kunye neempawu

Party - le ngcamango liguqulelwe isuka kwisiLatini lithetha "yinxalenye". Leyo yinxalenye ezinye kuluntu enkulu. Party - igama elide phambi kokuba ukuvela yonxulumano kwimo yazo yangoku imele iqela labantu. Ke ayefuna kunye namanye okanye kurhulumente ngokwayo, okanye echaphazela oku.

Imbali ukuvela kwamaqela

Nkqu yawona yamandulo yamaGrike, sifumanisa kukhankanywa la imibutho. Aristotle, umzekelo, wabhala ukuba zaseAttica kwi BC ngenkulungwane yesi-6. e. kwabakho umzabalazo phakathi kwamaqela abemi zeentaba, ezinkqantoshini kunye nonxweme. Ngenxa yoko, ngelo xesha ziquka nokudaleka (phezulu wayo). Party kumaXesha Aphakathi aba amaqela ukuba kakhulu ezikumila okwethutyana. Yaziwa, umzekelo, ukuba kukho imfazwe phakathi "amaqela" ezimbini, ezizezi Roses ephakathi eNgilani. Nangona kunjalo, lo ukuvela AMAGQABAZA ▸ zabo ngengqiqo mihla ilizwi uyakwazi ukuthetha kuphela ukususela kwixesha yeenguqu yoohlohlesakhe. Ngako oko, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, malunga revolution eNgilani ngenkulungwane ye-17. Party - umanyano evelayo ngenxa yokuba ukuba imisebenzi karhulumente absolutist ziye imingcele. Bekukho ubuntu elizimeleyo ababefuna inxaxheba kuluntu, ukuphembelela urhulumente. Kwabonakala ukuba ubukho iindidi umdla eluntwini esemthethweni. Emva koko kukho iqela lezopolitiko. Le eyodwa sisixhobo esenzelwe ukuba amele yonke imidla yabantu kwinkqubo yamandla.

Iimpawu eziphambili zamaqela

Kukho partologiya yezenzululwazi ekhethekileyo inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yabo yokufunda. izazinzulu ezopolitiko abakakwazi kufikelelwe kwisivumelwano malunga nokuba yintoni na eyenza iqela lezopolitiko. Sinako uqaphele ukuba kuphela ngalo mzuzu kwenkcazelo yayo eyamkelekileyo ayikho. Noko ke, sinako ukuphawula iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ezisahlula ngayo kwezinye imibutho yezopolitiko. Ezi ziquka oku kulandelayo:

- umbutho minimum olusesikweni;

- inkqubo zemisebenzi joint;

- ubukho iwonga elithile entlalweni, kuquka umnqweno nefuthe ngqo ubomi kwezopolitiko, kwakunye indima ebalulekileyo unyulo, ekulungiseleleni lokhankaso lolonyulo;

- isikhundla okhethekileyo karhulumente, kuquka ulwalamano kunye amasuntswana mechanism lakhe iqela inxaxheba ukusekwa kunye nokusebenza oomatshini karhulumente;

- base kwezentlalo;

- umbuso kwezomthetho, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ummiselo olumisiweyo imisebenzi beqela nobume bayo ethile siseko kunye nomthetho.

Le nkcazelo jikelele iqela

Ngokusekelwe iimpawu kwedatha ukunika inkcazelo jikelele. Itheko - umbutho wezopolitiko ngokuzithandela, nto leyo equka abantu abaye siseko kunye nomdla ezifanayo, kwaye ufuna ukuba bafumane ulawulo lwezopolitiko okanye inxaxheba ekufezekisweni kwayo. Le bevumelana iphambili evelela phakathi kwezinye kwiiklabhu, iintshukumo kunye nemibutho, oko ebandakanyekileyo indlela amandla, ibango kuyo. Nangona lo msebenzi yeyona ibalulekileyo, lo ubandakanyekayo mababe kwizikhundla ezahlukeneyo ngokunxulumene kurhulumente okhoyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze babe kwaphikisayo, ukuze enze ukuba ukubhukuqwa ukuhleleka. Eliphikisayo ingabhekiswa kuphela ngokuchasene ukungaphumeleli karhulumente xa iyonke, kodwa nxamnye umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yangoku. Itheko nako inxaxheba kulawulo, urhulumente, isenzo nje iqabane namanye amaqela. Ukongeza, iyakwazi ukwenza urhulumente yedwa. Party, ukufeza lo, kwezinye iimeko, efuna ukomeleza bodwa layo ngamandla, lo gama ngokuphathelele ulawulo lomthetho, oko kukuthi, ekuyekisweni inkcaso. Intetho kule meko ngumbuzo yokubonakalisa iqela kunye norhulumente.

level party Three

Ukuqwalasela ubume imidlalo mihla, amanqanaba amathathu kufuneka ukuba ihloniphekile:

1. level Highest - ukumelwa kwinkqubo yamandla. It amagosa asebenza kwi izixhobo zikarhulumente, abafumene izithuba zabo ngenxa aliphi iqela: iLungu lePalamente, irhuluneli, umongameli, usekela-party.

2. Inqanaba elilandelayo --avareji. Oku kuquka umbutho esemthethweni party.

3. Inqanaba liphantsi - block lwabavoti. Le isiseko sesininzi, enika inkxaso abaviwa iqela ngexesha lokhankaso lolonyulo. Qaphela ukuba ubulungu kwelo qela lusekelwe phezu ukuzibophelela ebhengeziweyo. ukubandakanyeka esemthethweni lingaphantsi kakhulu - akunyanzelekanga ukuba zifakwe kuluhlu efanelekileyo. Party zigcinwe kwaye asayine amaphepha esemthethweni.

iintlobo imidlalo

Makhe sihlolisise iindidi zamaqela ezopolitiko. Babonakalisa isiseko ebabecinga, ubume bentlalo engundoqo zentlalo kunye nendima umsebenzi iqela lezopolitiko, uhlobo iindlela zalo msebenzi kunye nesakhiwo lwangaphakathi.

party abasebenzi

Bona, ngokutsho Duverger, kwakheka ngenxa nasekusungulweni imibutho yezopolitiko. msebenzi zazo eziphambili - ukudibanisa abantu abanempembelelo kwisithili esithile yonyulo ukwenzela ukunika inkxaso inani elikhulu labavoti emele amacandelo ahlukeneyo labemi kunye nofundiso ngeembono ezahlukeneyo. Abaninzi party mihla yaseYurophu kunye uhlenga endala, ningabaleli hlobo. Bona lubonakala ngokuba ubulungu free, ngoko akukho inkqubo yobhaliso lwamalungu, uluhlu kubo. Ezi amaqela isekwaqaphele ubukho iminikelo rhoqo. Ukongeza, ubume babo iyahlozinga. Active imidlalo yale hlobo kubonakala ubukhulu becala ngexesha lonyulo. imizekelo ngqo: Democratic kunye Republican Party of the US.

amaqela mass

amaqela Ubunzima yavela ngenxa lovoto. Amele umbutho enkulu kunye iqondo eliphezulu ideologization kunye nesakhiwo lwangaphakathi ezintsonkothileyo. Ezi amaqela zenza isiseko entlalweni ikakhulu ukususela Ingxenye yabemi. Ngokomthetho ke yobusoshiyali, wamaKomanisi nezentlalo wedemokhrasi. Zinelungelo ubulungu esisigxina, ingqeqesho iqela. Bona ebonakala iqondo eliphezulu mbutho. Basebenza isigxina, abe nokuchaza izixhobo olubanzi yolawulo kunye ezahlukeneyo nemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Imbonakaliso le mbutho - malunga nokugaywa kwamalungu amatsha. kusonjululwa Ngaloo iingxaki bezopolitiko kunye zemali. A Umzekelo eziphathekayo - yaseRussia Communist Party.

imidlalo endlini nangaphandle

Eli candelo zisekelwe phezu iindlela zamalungu ogayo. Okufakwe party evulelekileyo azilawulwa. In ivalwe ukuthobela ebekumele kunye nemimiselo nemiqathango: profiles, iingcebiso, isigqibo ubunkokheli beqela yasekuhlaleni. ulawulo ongqongqo reception angaphambili okufana Communist Party kunye namanye amaqela yobusoshiyali Communist. Namhlanje kukho ingxaki valiweyo isiseko lwentlalo. Kwindawo engundoqo ye amaqela luye luvuleleka.

Ukuhlelwa indawo kwi inkqubo yezopolitiko

Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo indawo kwi inkqubo yezopolitiko ithatha iqela ababini ngohlobo lwazo.

1. sigqibo. Xa befika ngamandla, uqala ukuba waqonda inkqubo iqela kwasekwa urhulumente. Itheko uba sigqibo ngenxa yokhetho kwindlu yowiso karhulumente. Kulo mzekelo, oko akuthethi kuthi omnye - kusenokubakho ezininzi. Kulo mzekelo, amaqela olawulayo ibe womanyano.

2. Le amaqela aphikisayo. Ngabo abo yisiwe kunyulo oludlulileyo okanye na bengamkelwa kuye ulawulo lwangoku. imisebenzi yabo kugxininisa ikhondo ugxekwa, ezibekwe ngurhulumente, kunye nokudalwa iinkqubo ezizezinye ekuphuhliseni uluntu. amaqela aphikisayo lungahlulwa-hlulwa, yena, ukuba abo badlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi boluntu, kunye nabo ukuwudlala. Umzekelo, i-7 Novemba 2001 ukhetho zaye zabanjwa eUnited States. Ngenxa yoko, baba olawulayo Republican Party, inkcaso (leyo lidlala indima ebalulekileyo) - Democrats kunye nama-20 amaqela aphikisayo bengakwazi ukuba badlale indima ebalulekileyo. Kukwakho nenye candelo. Phakathi amaqela aphikisayo bahlule ezisemthethweni, ukuba aqalise ukusebenza komthetho, ubhaliswe; mthethweni; kwaye kuthintelwe, kodwa elingabhaliswanga.

Ukwahlukanisa ngu emibonweni

Ideologically, ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

- eceleni, ezopolitiko, eyakhelwe ngokusekelwe ideology, intlalo yedemokhrasi, wamaKomanisi, zwilakhe, eqhelekileyo, zobunene;

- ngxaki ebomini, nto leyo buzinze malunga nomba othile okanye iqela (iqela ababhinqileyo, iqela "green");

- yonyulo - mezhideologicheskie, kunye nemibutho maxa wambi non-yembono ukuba abe iseti iinjongo kwaye zijolise etsala iindimbane.

Amaqela ezopolitiko zenkulungwane yama-20, oko wayekholose kwiimbono. Noko ke, namhlanje le meko itshintshe. Eluntwini West European namhlanje, kwiimbono ilahlekelwa lixabiso layo, kanti phambi kokuba yaba amaqela isixhobo esinamandla. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, kukho informatization kunye technocratization kubonakala superideologiya inzululwazi, luqiqo kunye nolwazi. Ngoko ke, amaqela mihla kufuneka yanele kwi kwindawo entsha, efuna ingozi enkulu yezopolitiko. Ngenxa yoko le buthathaka ideology, imisebenzi eendaba esebenzayo, ifuthe ubugcisa onyulo unyulo iqela kunye nabanye. Bona siphulukana labavoti izinzile. Ngoko ke, ngokoluvo eziliqela izazinzulu kwezopolitiko, udidi lwabo olutsha yakhiwe eNtshona Yurophu. Imbonakalo iqela lonyulo kunye nobungcali.

party Electoral-professional

iimpawu yawo ezi zilandelayo. Le kunxulumano lwabantu, encinane ngenani, abaye abaqeqeshiweyo nezakhono zomsebenzi yobuchule ivoti ezinokubakho. Kwimisebenzi yayo, baya ngqo labavoti. Kulo mzekelo, ngemali ezi amaqela ngokusebenzisa mali ezithile kunye namaqela anomdla. Bona luphawulwa ubunkokheli wena. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkokheli nganye uyayiqonda indlela ziimfuno zeqela elidityaniswe; ngokuba lowo kunye nabo emsebenzini. Olu hlobo yonxulumano ukhumbuza 'ulwazi kunye eziguqulwe technocratic ", ramming inkqubo yonyulo.

Elokuqukumbela, eli typology kwamaqela ezopolitiko ewonke kunokuba eqhelekileyo. Enyanisweni, ngamnye kubo unokuba iimpawu uphawu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo.