Non-ithe kunye nesimo mazwi: imizekelo

inxalenye Morphologically invariable yegama ethwele intsingiselo lungelelanisa - lo sesiseko, ngokuxhomekeke kuyo amazwi ezahlukeneyo non-esukela kunye nesimo. isiseko ngalinye ekunene: ngokokwakheka semantically.

umahluko

qho Non-esukela akukho semantically nomdlandla, kuba asikwazi ukuba uyicacise ngoncedo ahlobene amazwi, kwaye morphologically nechlenima. Kubume bayo, oko kulingana kwingcambu yegama. Umzekelo: nemithi -a; th onesibindi; uhlobo kuyoze; imilambo s njalo njalo.

Ezi nezisekelo non-ithe. Kwaye eli gama lisuka ngokwaloo ezi mpawu zingahlukaniswa: semantically zizizathu, uchaza ekukhetheni i-iziseko ezinxulumene. Ubume kulula chlenima zibe elinganayo ngexabiso unit, oko kanye isiseko, ukwenza amagama ethatyathwe, kwaye ancamathisele preformative. Imizekelo kuba efanayo: amaplanga -n-th; -skeleton nesibindi; uhlobo-evela-a;

I ibloko yokuqala - isiseko

mazwi Non-esukela kwaye uvumelane ibhekisela kummandla ukuyilwa ilizwi, apho ingqiqo ephakathi sisiseko - isiseko okanye ukuvelisa. Ukusuka isiseko in ifomu kunye nentsingiselo, oko kukuthi tye, iyavezwa ithe, ngenxa yokuba yena kucingwa ukuba Ukuphenjelelwa ngalo lonke ixesha ukuba yemvelaphi le zeendawana. Ngoko ke, isiseko yegama esukela sisiseko ekukhuthazeni. Umzekelo, kwi-lizwi iinkuni ist- isiseko yokuqala esisiseko - iinkuni, kodwa ke sisiseko isichazi lesist- ekukhuthazeni. Ngaloo ndlela ezahlukeneyo kunye namagama nesimo kunye nezakhi.

I ibloko yokuqala eli lizwi-sakhiwo isakhiwo isiseko ziinkuni, kwaye isiseko, njengoko naliphi na igama elithathwe. Yena, ke, abe non-ithe, kuba yonke into ixhomekeka ukukwazi ukungena amalungu ngamanye. Umzekelo, ilizwi emathafeni -skeleton. Kuzo zonke iimeko, oku konke malunga isigaba ithe. Oko kukuthi, inyathelo lokuqala - yemvelaphi ilizwi, livela ingcambu morpheme, ngaba qho non-esukela, kwaye onke amanyathelo ezilandelayo ukwenza eminye ilizwi.

schemes

Yezabelo kunye engekho phantsi isiqu yegama kubume bayo formative angamelwa izikimu zilandelayo:

1. base Basic (I) + isimamva preformative (II) + inflexion. Imizekelo: -skeleton abanekratshi; -k-and peq; knizh n-th.

2. ILizwi-ukuyilwa isimaphambili (II) + wesakhelo (I) + inflexion. Imizekelo: HA vseg yes; pra- VNU k.

3. ILizwi-ukuyilwa isimaphambili (II) + wesakhelo (I) + isimamva derivational (II) + inflexion. Imizekelo: Ukuncokola co ucebo-k; ulwandle keni rd -rm.

Ngoko ke ukwakhiwa ukusuka kwizikim ngentla iiphatheni ezingundoqo wesiseko ilizwi ngolwimi Russian. Yezabelo kunye namagama non-base kakhulu lula imida.

imithetho esisiseko

Elinomthetho wokuqala: igama isoloko akhiwa sikhokelo undoqo, efumaneka ulwimi uncedo kule nkqubo, affixes derivational. Ngokubanzi, isiseko esisiseko - ingqiqo functional, kuba kusenokuba okufanayo inani lamagama, enyanisweni engcanjini enye, njani olo zimbalwa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amaninzi abanye. Umzekelo, isibizo kwenzeka zonke iintlobo izichazi, ayifani kuphela formative affixes: intloko -a - intloko -n-th - intloko -ast kuqala; - Eye n-th - eye -ast kuqala, njalo-njalo.

Onke amagama impahla avela and non-intsingiselo yeli gama kule ixhomeke. Kodwa sikhokelo esisiseko bonke yezabelo. Ukuba chlenima isiseko, ngoko kukho ubunzima, nkqu zeempazamo affixes esakhula. Umzekelo: sisibizo, njengoko netalente, iphuma isichazi abanetalente, kwaye awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo, njengoko kusoloko kusenzeka. Noun italente yokuqala ukwenza italente -liv kuqala, uze apha kuphela yaye kwakukho sisibizo entsha imise - lomqolo. Kungenjalo, besiya kuba 'italente -skeleton "njengento embi.

affixes

Umthetho yesibini: onke amazwi iziseko ezingundoqo elinye singathi afunyenwe imise enye okanye enye ngohlobo lwayo. Apha lo mgaqo derivability yesemantiki yokukhonza isiseko yonxulumano inkuthazo magama kunye nezakhi zawo. Kakade ke, oku kwandisa ukuntsokotha kwi siseko lo mkhuba amazwi amaninzi. In Russian, uninzi polysemous zabo, yaye oku kuboniswe ekubunjweni ngelizwi.

isakhiwo lwesemantiki yemvelaphi kwaye igama lokuqala multivalued rhoqo ihluke kakhulu enye kwenye. Uvumelane kudla unakho ukwenza enye into, ixabiso eyahlukileyo, kwaye oku kwahlukile ezisisiseko ezisisiseko. Apha indima engundoqo edlalwa yezabelo kunye isiseko non-lizwi. Imizekelo zingafunyanwa yonke. Thabatha endala isichazi. Amaxabiso naye ezimbalwa: iminyaka umntu, isilwanyana okanye into ifikelele endala; into elide, ekhoyo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo; kudala isetyenziswa, ubudala, fuck ukusuka kumaxesha ngamaxesha; ubudala; yanto, ayisebenzi; ubudala, eziphelelwe lixesha, iphelelwe lixesha kwaye okuninzi. Iqela evela ilizwi kwaye ezinxulumene ixabiso ezininzi neziseko umthombo yokuqala isiseko: indoda endala saka sisaluphala, ubudala, ubudala, ukwaluphala, ubudala njalo njalo. Ngoko kubonakala okunye, ukutshintsha ixabiso lokuqala.

mazwi Non-esukela

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umda phakathi kwiiklasi zimela inkcaso ngqo oko ilizwi esukela and non-ithe leyo, ngqongqo ngokwaneleyo. Uhlalutyo Aktsentologichesky ubamba loo mahluko ukuze ukuba iindidi non-esukela ngawakho amazwi abe abazalani lwesemantiki kunye naliphi na igama eneneni ezikhoyo ngolwimi Russian. Zininzi: impahla, umbhali, ephilileyo, amanzi, namandla, thabatha, njalo-njalo. Ukongeza, non-ithe kufuneka igama kunye odnomorfnoy base - zikhonkotha, begidima, njalo njalo. Kwakhona phakathi non-esukela iya kuba ilizwi, ngoko ukuthetha, "lula".

Ntoni "yezabelo kunye namagama non-esukela" icaca xa ukucacisa imigaqo uxhulumaniso morpheme. Intanethi kuba exineneyo hayi. Indlela udibanise igama-iifom ezimbini elizwini nye? Inxalenye engundoqo - ngokuzimeleyo ifomu igama okhoyo. Iqhubekekisa nokusulungekiswa, obomvu, ezintle, ngaphakathi nangaphandle - kwesigidi imizekelo. Esi sisihlandlo sokugqibela - ngokuqinileyo wajoyina, kwaye yokuqala - lathamba.

ILizwi-abasebenzi

Yinto badidekile esukela kwaye ukuvelisa igama. Ukuvelisa - isebenza ngqo kuye, yaye kukho livela, ngumqolo zabo zemali ukuphindaphinda iimpawu abazali, kodwa hayi ngokupheleleyo, ngokunjalo malunga unyana unjani, kunye nomama wakhe, notata wakhe, nkqu omkhulu-umakazi: kukho isiphelo thumbanails, yaye maxa wambi kunye nesimamva iphele. Umsebenzi-nick - umsebenzi-amb; kwi-chain-ebhokisini - nge-chain-it njalo njalo. Apha igama evelisa akaguquki, kwaye yemvelaphi efunyenwe ngokusebenzisa affixes kwaye ayisoloko twatse namazwi rhoqo.

Kule ndaba - 'amazwi nesimo kunye non-esukela "- isishwankathelo isifundo kuya kuba umdla, kuba Ukuveliswa esidityaniswe ngamandla kakhulu zonke iintlobo yobukho bomntu. Utitshala emkhathini nje xa kukhethwa imizekelo, uthelekiso kunye nemifanekiso.

analysis of

Ukuthelekisa uhlalutyo igama livela ngamazwi anxulumene kuyo, ukuba usondele entsingiselo kunye nesandi, wena awukwazi, kwaye oko kwenziwa rhoqo kakhulu. Kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukunika impendulo alupheli kumbuzo into ekuthiwa amagama non-esukela na. Ahlobene kwakhona lula ukusebenza. Eli gama ngokwayo ebanzi kakhulu, njengoko ibandakanya indlwane omkhulu derivational, apho yezabelo siyasivelisa isakhelo ukuba asinamdla nje kuphela, kodwa kananjalo lwamagama akukho ngokunxulumene ngqo kuyo, ezininzi ezikhoyo ezinxulumeneyo.

Ngokomzekelo, isichazi-ixesha intetho-chiv kuqala. Uyakwazi amazwi ezinxulumene: ixesha-lwesigodi-yus, ixesha-xelela-it-hsia, ixesha-lwesigodi-mo, ixesha-amazwi-okanye-imi. Kwaye kukho omnye kuphela, lo wesibini uya kuba nemveliso, kwaye oko kwenziwa ngqo kuyo i asilogama. Le yokugqibela ezimbini ukwenza engaphezulu, abayi negalelo uhlalutyo ekhethiweyo zoqhagamshelwano kuyiwa khona, kuba asilogama ixesha nesi-chiv kuqala hayi ukusuka isenzi kunye lesibizo nexesha-ntetho, oko kukuthi, ukususela neziseko bakhe substativnoy ekhobokisayo, kunye nexesha ligqithile (ifom) - ukusuka esithi, leyo ayebandakanya yonke into isimamva njengezinto ezongezelelweyo enye. Ukusuka apha yaye kuyabonakala, nto leyo ithetha non-yemvelaphi kwaye yemvelaphi ilizwi ngamazwi-ukwakheka.

Kodwa - Definition

mazwi Non-esukela kungathathwa nje abo ayakhekanga okanye wabumba nayiphi na enye ekhoyo ngolwimi kwamagama-neengcambu elinye. Yezabelo zamagama - into eyahlukileyo. Le ukuyilwa amagama sele ezikhoyo ngolwimi, ngoncedo kweendidi ngeendidi wesiseko lizwi. Eyona kuba kuyo ubudlelwane phakathi kwala magama mabini lunye. Ixabiso lika omnye kubo esimiselwe ngomnye ixabiso (nonkala - nonkala-IR, oko kukuthi, encinane, kodwa enomzimba), okanye esebenzisa zezazisi onke amacandelo, ngaphandle kokuba intsingiselo ngokwegrama ntetho (White Ground - ezimhlophe-PHI-a , beige-to-njalo - iyasebenza kwaye njalo njalo).

chain okwakhayo ebizwa uthotho amagama kunye ingcambu eqhelekileyo, asoloko kushukunyiswa. Sokuqala, ilinki yasekuqaleni - igama unmotivated, izizathu ke igama ngalinye elisandul 'ukusekwa ekhula. Oko kuchazwa, nezakhi kunye namagama esukela. Imizekelo: endala lokuqala --et ubudala - i-ubudala-et - i-ubudala ngamanundu yokuqala - i-ubudala-el-awn. Apha chelyh degrees ezine ezixhasayo, kunye zenza i indlwane derivational, apho amantshontsho kakhulu ngakumbi. igama lokuqala - ngokungathi ntaka-umama, uhlobo incopho - kuba unmotivated. Ukusuka kuza imixokelelwane zwi-ukwakha ukuba unalo igama elifanayo lokuqala.

morpheme

Okokuqala, kufuneka unikeze iinkcazelo isiqalelo ngasinye sakhiwo. Inxalenye ilizwi, leyo wavakalisa intsingiselo yalo lungelelanisa kuthiwa kwisiseko. Flexion - oko kukuphela, osoloko salatha umlinganiselo ilizwi kwabanye. Ingcambu yaloo - inxalenye ilizwi, nto leyo eqhelekileyo yonke ehlobene. Affixes (okanye formants) - morpheme, ukujoyina phezulu kwaye akhonze ukwenza amagama amatsha.

Modern ukubunjwa igama Russian kwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi - zombini morphologically kunye nemorfologicheskimi. Okokuqala - ipateni morpheme ezidityanisiweyo kwinkqubo ukubunjwa lizwi.

iindlela wesiseko elithi

Iindlela morphological wesiseko igama baninzi kakhulu.

1. Yakha iziseko, oko kukuthi, ukuyilwa amagama kunye slozhnosokraschonnyh (nomhlaba-behlunguzela, isibhakabhaka-amajukujuku, ikhondo zomphunga kwiparadesi-com, ubuso-hayi, BEAC Bank).

2. indlela esetyenziswayo Ayifane bezaffiksny sisebenza kuphela ukuba izibizo, litshintsha ngokutsho isandi, yaye ekupheleni yoxinezeleko, kodwa sisiseko kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

3. Affiksny - iifomu kakhulu elinemveliso, xa anamathele ingcambu morpheme, ukudala kunye lungelelanisa nelulwimi.

4. Le isimamva - isimamva Kongezelelwa kwisiseko.

5. I-ziqaliswe - wongezelela isimaphambili.

6. suffixal prefixing - ngokulandelelana aze, kwaye ngaphezulu.

7. Postaffixal - ancamathisele yongezwe emva kokuvalwa.

iindlela Nemorfologicheskih wesiseko ilizwi onke amathathu: lungelelanisa kwaye kwisemantiki (igama kunye nentsingiselo entsha), lungelelanisa kunye syntactic (lalisakuba kunye amabinzana ezifana-engqondweni-wehla) kunye morphological, syntactic, xa amagama kuba ezinye izigaba zentetho. Ndakuqonda imithetho ukuyilwa ilizwi, abantu sele unako ukuphendula oko yezabelo amagama kunye non-nezakhi ezo naphakade.