Njani unyulo eJamani?

Germany - umbuso yaseYurophu wentando yesininzi kunye kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Solutions kweli lizwe zikwazi ukuthathwa kumanqanaba yase kanye bengingqi, nganye eneyazo yayo elilawulayo yakhe, eyenkundla kunye namasebe imithetho. Njani unyulo eJamani? Oku koko ufunde on.

I-Federal Republic of Germany

Ilizwe ibekwe eNtshona Yurophu. kumda alo Sea North noLwandle eBaltic, yaye singqongwe eDenmark, Czech Republic, Poland, Austria, eSwitzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, i yiNedalendi kunye neFransi. Germany lilizwe eziphuhlileyo kunye kuqoqosho olomeleleyo kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wobomi.

Oku yinxalenye iqela lemibutho zehlabathi ezifana ne-European Union, NATO, i "Big Eight". Eli lizwe Abantu 82 million. ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni - German. Izixeko inkulu ke Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne, Munich, Bremen, Dusseldorf.

capital hlanga - Berlin, nangona kunjalo, ii-arhente ezininzi federal kunye nabaphathiswa ibekwe eBonn. EJamani wentando yezomthetho karhulumente,, ezentlalo, uhlobo karhulumente sichazwa republic yasepalamente.

inkqubo yonyulo German ukuba iPalamente, iKhabhinethi, i-Chancellor kunye noMongameli yokuzila eyahlukileyo. Umzimba kuphela elonyulwe yi nevoti ngqo ethandwayo, ngaba iPalamente. Ezinye imizimba zithuba anyulwe abantu eligunyazisiweyo.

Germany: kukhetho lukaMongameli

UMongameli ke intloko karhulumente. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala isithuba bafika ngo-1949. NgoFebruwari 2017 yena wanyulelwa sithuba, Frank-Walter Steinmeier. yokuhlala yakhe ise eBerlin kunye Bonn. Unyulo umongameli kubanjwa eJamani qho emva kweminyaka emihlanu kunye ithuba elinye ulonyulo kwakhona. Omnye umntu ukubamba kuphela isithuba kabini.

Umsebenzi entloko ukumela ilizwe ehlabathini, kwaye isibhengezo wokutyikitywa umthetho, imvume isithuba yabasebenzi federal, namagosa, nabagwebi, kwakunye lomtyunjwa isithuba Chancellor.

Xa kubanjwe unyulo eJamani, kwasekwa iqumrhu ezikhethekileyo - yoWiso-Federal. It iqulathe inani elilinganayo lamalungu epalamente kunye nabathunywa abasuka ephalamende zemimandla. Kuba umongameli umvotelwa lowo unyuliwe ofumana ezona voti zininzi. Esi sigqibo siya kungena ukusebenza xa uthatha isifungo.

ekunyulweni Chancellor

Amandla ephakathi executive urhulumente. Intloko yakhe ke Federal Chancellor. Wayibeka phezu uxanduva olukhulu lolawulo likarhulumente, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba ukuma wokulawula yelizwe idla ngokuba yingqonyela idemokhrasi kwamagxa akhe. Ugqiba kwindlela apho Germany bafanele ukuhamba.

Chancellor unyulo ethwele Bundestag (ipalamente federal). amandla alo iminyaka 4. Basenokuba kupheliswa ngaphambi kwexesha emva okwakhayo ukungamthembi, oko kukuthi, xa uninzi lwamalungu ePalamente ibona ukungaboni nkqubo Chancellor.

Intloko karhulumente kuyila kwikhabhinethi, ukufumanisa inani lezihlalo balo ububanzi bemisebenzi zolungiselelo. Izindululo malunga nokugxothwa okanye baqeshwe waqale ithunyelwe kuMongameli. Ukususela ngo-2005 isithuba yingqonyela yi Angela Merkel.

Bundestag

Higher yowiso enetsheyimba - i Bundestag, okanye ipalamente federal. kokhetho lukaMeyi ezigcinwe eJamani rhoqo kwiminyaka emine. Ilawula umsebenzi karhulumente, kwaye yamkela imithetho, ukhetha nguTshansila. Izidumbu zepalamente ziquka (uMongameli kunye neerhuluneli bakhe), iBhunga Abadala, iikomiti, amayelenqe, ulawulo kunye elilipolisa Bundestag.

unyulo German zibanjwa inkqubo exutyiweyo. amasekela Isiqingatha onyulwe yi okuvota ngqo efihlakeleyo, enye inxalenye uthatha indawo kwizintlu komhlaba ngamnye. Zombini ezi zigaba ezinxulumene omnye komnye. Ivoti lokuqala unika ulungiso ukwakhiwa amaqhezu, okwesibini - imisela kubume amandla party.

IPalamente bamele amaqela abaye ifumene ngaphezulu kwe-5 ekhulwini kwivoti okanye waphumelela kuzo abangabavoti ezintathu elinye-igunya. Inani lilonke lezihlalo yi izihlalo 631 ukuze iqela ngalinye olugcinwe ibalwa indlela St. Lagyu, ngokwenani leevoti abawafumana kulonyulo.

i Bundesrat

Izwe ubume yelo zwe yathi ukuba izigqibo ezibalulekileyo owasenza ngo kumanqanaba amabini: kazwelonke (federal) nezemimandla. Intsimi of Germany yahlulwe 16 ithi. Kulo mzekelo, Hamburg, eBerlin kunye Bremen sisixeko-amazwe. Ngamnye kubo kwipalamente siqu yayo, yolawulo kunye namandla kwezomthetho.

imimandla umdla kwipalamente engundoqo, i-Bundesrat imele. Maxa wambi ibizwa ngokuba, edulusele endlwini, nangona ngokusesikweni kukholelwa ukuba omnye egumbini logcino epalamente. I Bundesrat na iziko lezowiso-mthetho ukuba unalo ilungelo lokuphakamisa aze acele umngeni inkoliso imithetho.

Le asinto umzimba elinyuliweyo, kungekho kota. Okwangoku, ukuba abantu abangama-69. Ukususela nganye urhulumente athumela ebantwini-3 ukuya kwisi-6 kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bayo. Indawo kuphela abakhethwayo kwi Bundesrat sisithuba se usihlalo wayo. Amalungu kulo mzimba elimkhethileyo kangangonyaka.

Landtag bendawo unyulo

IPalamente ilizwe ngalinye elibizwa i Landtag. Nguye lo umzimba omkhulu lowiso kwinqanaba lengingqi. Zonke izigqibo ezenziweyo ivaliwe Plenum, nto leyo zabanjwa inxaxheba angquzulanayo neerhuluneli.

Umhlaba yahlulwe umzi uluntu, lwasemaphandleni kunye noomasipala, apho oorhulumente. unyulo Local ziyabanjwa eJamani, ngokuthi umzekeliso likazwelonke. Abavoti ukuvotela ekwakhiweni kwisithili, kwidolophana kunye nesixeko yamatyala, ekwabizwa ngokuba 'ipalamente ekuhlaleni ".