iimpawu umdla ezenziwa ukuba iqela izilwanyana multicellular, ziphantsi uhlobo Cnidarians, okanye Cnidaria. Cnidarians babe isakhiwo esilula kodwa ilifa ezi kwinyama, kwisisu emathunjini. Elinye lamagama iqela sikweni - coelenterates. indima ebalulekileyo emzimbeni enze iiseli abuhlungu (knidotsity, nematotsity). Baya bakhonza ukuhlasela ixhoba kunye nokukhusela nxamnye neentshaba.
Ziziphi izinto eziphilayo ziye knidotsitami?
Cnidarians - zaselwandle kunye nezilwanyana amanzi abahlala phantse zonke ezinezinga. Radially macala umzimba cnidarians uba enye ezimbini iindidi zomzimba - polypoid okanye Medusoid. Abameli uhlobo yokuqala zahlukile kakhulu ngembonakalo, ezinye ngakumbi mila. Xa Mpondwana jellyfish kunye ezantsi umgodi ngomlomo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi coelenterates abhabhe ngokukhululekileyo, kodwa iintlobo ezimbini umzimba enye kwizizukulwana ezahlukeneyo. iiseli abuhlungu babe phantse zonke cnidarians, ukuba ibekwe kwi nemisipha. Amanzi ngaphantsi kwe elwandle cnidarian. Kukho phakathi kwezi izinto yodwa lobukoloniyali.
Cnidarians hlobo ibandakanya ezi ndidi zilandelayo izilwanyana:
- hydroid (Hydrozoa);
- scyphoids (Scyphozoa);
- coral (Anthozoa);
- jellyfish (Cubozoa);
- Polypodium Hydriforme (Polypodiozoa).
Njani sesaa iiseli?
Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama lesiGrike «cnidos» lithetha "umba", nto leyo ehambisana nokuba kwiqweqwe olungaphandle izilwanyana njengezingxobo ezaliswe imfihlelo enetyhefu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izisele sihlabe kwi Mpondwana of cnidarians inqalelo ifakwe cilium onovakalelo. knidotsita ngaphakathi ingxowa encinane waqengqela tube elincinane - intambo sesaa. Kubonakala ngathi umthombo ezibhijeleyo nge harpoon. indima ebalulekileyo ukusebenza weseli bobabo kokutsha ion calcium, utshintsho yoxinaniso kunye noxinzelelo fluid ngaphakathi philisi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba cnidarians baphendule bonke ezintweni zangaphandle, ukuze bachithe iiseli sesaa. Emzimbeni wesilwanyana iye kwalapho okanye ezenza ukunceda ukubona utshintsho kokusingqongileyo.
Yintoni umsebenzi iiseli ehlabayo?
contact encinane utshaba okanye imveliso, utshintsho uxinzelelo amanzi into ihamba kungakhokelela ukukhuthazwa iinwele onovakalelo. Knidotsity iyakwazi i modem ayisebenzi izinto protein. Nantso into eyenzekayo xa baboniswa iiseli abuhlungu:
- cap Vula phezulu, ejongene okusingqongileyo.
- ngomsonto abuhlungu ithe nkqo kunye spikes ezibukhali emazantsi into exabileyo umzimba kwixhoba.
- Cnidocyte ilenze okanye njo kwimveliso.
- ukuqaqamba Secreted ebangela ukushwabana okanye zivutha.
- Ukwenza umsebenzi wayo, knidotsity wabulawa kwaye kwafakwa emva kweeyure ezingama-48 ekuphuhliseni ezintsha.
Ngenxa yoxinaniso ephakamileyo kunye namanyathelo knidotsitov ezinxityelelanisiweyo phezu nemisipha, coelenterates izilwanyana kubetha utshaba okanye isisulu. Neurotoxins ngaphakathi njengezingxobo sesaa iiseli ungenwe ixhoba kwaye zibangela ukutsha ezincinci eziphilayo amakhulu.
Cnidarians othathe izilwanyana?
Xa bekuhlolwa kuzinza Ukubatywa cnidocyte "harpoon" ityhefu kwaye kwisithuba esine-3 emva kokuba umfowunelwa kunye nezinye izilwanyana. Umbane cell mpendulo akukho analogue zasendle. isantya wayo force apho umsonto ukhululeka abuhlungu ngokwaneleyo ndzulu iqokobhe nzima ngabanye kwezilwanyana! Enkulu abameli coelenterates ukuhlasela iintlanzi kunye oononkala yedwa. Kodwa cnidarians umthombo ukutya izinto eziphilayo ezincinane ezifana ezincinane kunye benthos. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba coelenterates abaninzi musa ukugcina eziyingozi, bade sesaa iiseli. Ekubeni isixhobo esinamandla kwindawo nemisipha, baye babe into lokuzingela kwezinye izilwanyana.
Indlela ukuba badle "Iintyatyambo" yehlabathi izilwanyana?
Coral zakha amathanga elwandle kunye neelwandle. Anemones okanye anemones elwandle ubomi olunye, luqalise kuphela ukuba amatye, amaqokobhe, amatye izixhobo. Iimpondo kunye nomlomo polyp, ziphantsi iklasi Anthozoa, ngokuqhelekileyo afumaneka phezulu, inxalenye esezantsi iqhotyoshelwe kule zeendawana. emlonyeni anemone engqongwe nemisipha, ezo knidotsity. Umsebenzi sesaa iiseli anemone ulwandle kuhlasela lwemigodi banqande neentshaba. Anemones kunokubenza kwaye bamthiyele avuthayo izilwanyana imisonto ezincinane. Ezinye cnidarians Wasolula nemisipha, apho kuyimfuneko ukuphila umzimba.
Ingxaki yemveliso yokutya nayo elisombulula inyathelo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu neurotoxins sesaa iiseli. Phezu umfowunelwa, ukuba icele okuphangiweyo, ukuba alwe uhlaselo ezidla.
Apho live izilwanyana hydroid?
Abameli iklasi Hydrozoa afumaneka emanzini aphilileyo, amanzi Antarctica, nezitya ocean enzulu. Ilungu kweli qela hydra limnomedusae, siphonophores, ezinye subclasses kunye namaqela. Uninzi lwabo - amarhamncwa ezizingela usebenzisa knidotsitov. iiseli Cnidarian abuhlungu besive hydroids umahluko omkhulu kwizinto ubungakanani kunye namandla ityhefu. Kukho ukwahlukana kwemisebenzi phakathi amaqela eziphilayo amathanga polyp: omnye wapha, enye elikhuselayo, abanye zisetyenziselwa ukuzalela. Abanye jellyfish ukufumana ukutya kwabo, uhamba emanzini kunye okuva ezisisigxina, ufumana kwizidalwa, ngoxa abanye ngenkuthalo ukuqubha zikhangela ukutya. coelenterates ukuba bayakwazi ukuya kuzingela ngqo ukuqwenga, leyo receptors umqondiso kelelo phezu komzimba.
Yenza knidotsity stsifo- kunye jellyfish ukuba iyingozi?
Amacala izilwanyana akwi eklasini Scyphozoa uluhlu ukusuka kwi-12 mm ukuya 2.4 m ubukhulu. Nditsho iintlobo ezinkulu akukho amathambo, intloko, amalungu sokuphefumla. A ummeli eziphawuleka eli qela - Kubonakale Aurelia amafubesi - ngaphantsi yityhefu kunezinye jellyfish. Abadala adla kwizidalwa ziyahambisana ukuya nemisipha. Stsifomeduzy babe knidotsitov ezininzi kunye receptors ezingqonge emlonyeni kunye nemisipha. injongo yawo - ukuba ukuchonga zimtyhafise ixhoba.
Ezibulalayo for izilwanyana ezincinane iiseli abuhlungu giant cyano (Cyanea arctica). Kwaye xa wadibana knidotsity unobangela abantu ukutsha ngegalelo ubungnqongqo. Amaninzi kukho nerhashalala yaye bomvu ekuveleni obuba- ufake isikhumba. Jellyfish - abemi amanzi efudumeleyo beelwandle kunye neelwandle - bayakwazi ukuya ngokukhawuleza. Ezinye zazo eziyingozi ebantwini: ukutsha efunyenweyo ngenxa yale "unxibelelwano", inokukhokelela ekufeni.
Coelenterates nabantu
Ingxaki ubudlelwane bomntu kunye nezilwanyana, ziphantsi uhlobo Cnidarians, oko zahlukahlukene kakhulu. ngeendawo ezininzi abalandeli lweholide kulwandle yi ulwandle uqhelene coelenterates ehlabayo kwezinye izakhiwo. iiseli abuhlungu uphawu jellyfish edada kwikholam emanzini. Nkqu contact okuncinane Abaninzi kubo kungakhokelela isifo ithi, ukutsha, kwesikhumba. Ukuze sibe diving okanye kunethuba, animele ukuthobela kuphela umthetho, leyo ifundeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ". Kukhangela kodwa musa ukuchukumisa" Iyeza kakhulu ukutsha Mpondwana of jellyfish ithathwa ngokuba amanzi ashushu, ngoko ebandayo kunye ulwamkelo neziyobisi antihistamine. Enye yeengxaki ezinzima yentsebenziswano zabemi kwaye coral utsalo coelenterates ukulungiselela ukwenziwa izacholo, zezikhumbozo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izazinzulu kuyothusa polyp ukufa - nabakhi izakhiwo etyebileyo entsonkothileyo kwamanzi. Bathi ukudala indawo yokuhlala hayi kuphela ngokwabo kodwa ezinye ezingenamqolo kunye nentlanzi. izixhobo elwandle eshushu kunye neelwandle ehlabathini jikelele nazo iimpembelelo ezibalulekileyo zotshintsho lwemozulu, etyuwa kunye nezinye iimpawu emanzini.
Colony polyp ukukhula ngokucothayo kakhulu, ukwanda nge milimitha nje ezimbalwa ngonyaka ngamnye. Ngaphandle izakhiwo coral kunzima ukuthelekelela ihlabathi ehamba ukuba kunjalo umdla ubuhle bayo ezizodwa kunye nomtsalane.