Nguwaphi amagama abizwa ngokuba yii-dialectisms, kwaye zibizwa ngokuba ngabaqeqeshi?

Isitokisi esinobuhlanga besiRashiya sikhulu kakhulu. Akukho nzululwazi olunye ulwimi oye wakwazi ukuqulunqa isichazi-magama esipheleleyo, apho onke amagama acaciswa kwaye atyhilwa. Ngona isichazi esidumileyo seDahl, equle inani elikhulu leeyunithi ezivela kuyo yonke into ekhona, ayigcini ulwimi ngokupheleleyo. Amazwi avela ngolwimi ngexesha lomsebenzi womntu, xa ekhula okanye engena entsha. Ngokumalunga nalawo maphepha aqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi, ngolwimi kukho nazo ezisetyenziswe ngamaqela athile. Baya kuba yinto esicinga ngayo. Kwinqaku siza kubonisa ukuba yeyiphi amagama abizwa ngokuba yii-dialectisms, i-professionalism, i-jargon.

Isigama esiqhelekileyo

Ubuninzi bamagama asetyenziswe isininzi seentetho zesiRashiya, sithetha ngokuqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo, oko kukuthi, kulabo baqondakalayo kubo bonke abantu. Inqaba, indlu, itafile, usihlalo, ulwandle, incwadi, ihlathi, intsimi, umlambo kunye nabanye abaninzi. Zisetyenziswe ngabo bonke ngaphandle kokungafani, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zizodwa, indawo yokuhlala, indlela yokuphila kunye neqela leminyaka.

Wonke la magama ahlukaniswe ngentsingiselo kunye negrama yomzimba kwiindawo zokuthetha: izichazi okanye izenzi, izibizo okanye iinombolo, izibhengezo, izivakalisi.

Ukongezelela, la magama alungelelanisa nganye yeendlela zokuthetha: zisetyenziselwa ngokulinganayo kwi-colloquial, nakwi-business-business, nakwindlela yokubhala.

Enye into - isilulumagama, esimalula ukusebenzisa. Ezi zithintelo zingasetyenziswa kwintsimi ethile, ubugcisa, ubudala okanye iqela lentlalo. Ngaphambi kokuba uwasebenzise entetho, kuyimfuneko ukuzimisela ngokwakho imeko yokuthetha kwaye wazi ngokucacileyo ukuba yiliphi igama elibizwa ngokuba yiidijitrimi kwaye zeziphi izifundo. La magama ahluke ngokuba aqondakali kumntu oqhelekileyo kwaye kunzima ukuqonda nakwiimeko.

Dialectism

Kuyinto yesiko ukuhlukanisa isigama esingaqhelekanga kuxhomekeke kumgaqo olinganiselwe kuwo. Oku kuya kugunyazisa ukuba yimaphi amagama abizwa ngokuba yi-dialectisms, ezo zizakhono, kwaye ziphi. Okokuqala, siya kuhlalutya okokuqala.

IRashiya - ilizwe elikhulu kakhulu, lihlalwa ngobuninzi beentlanga, kwaye kwintsimi nganye kukho imirhumo enjalo ecacileyo kubemi bayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba bonke banemifanekiso phakathi kwamagama aqhelekileyo asetyenziswayo, kwaye abathwali baqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba yiyiphi amagama abizwa ngokuthi iilwimi. Xa uthetha nomntu ongaqhelekanga umbala we-locic of localities, abathwali bamazwi anjalo "batshintshe" kwiilwimi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.

Sivele sichaze ukuba yeyiphi amagama abizwa ngokuba yintlobo-magama, imimiselo yabo ininzi kakhulu: indlu kaDon Cossacks ibizwa ngokuba yindlu, kwaye i-rye ye-rye kuphela evukile kuthiwa ibusika enyakatho yelizwe.

Iintlobo zezilwimi

Kwakhona kufuneka kuthiwa ngamaqela eelwimi, ngokuxhomekeka kwimvelaphi yabo kunye nokuzaliswa kwegrama.

1. Lexical. Olu hlobo, olumele igama elifani ngokupheleleyo , alifani nolu hlobo olufanayo ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo: i- buryak-beet, ibhande le-sash, i- cibula-onion kunye nabanye.
2. Ethnographic. La magama akanayo amafanelwana kulwimi, aqondakalayo kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo - amagama ezitya, iinkcubeko kunye neentlanga: ii-wickets - i-patties ka-Karelian ezenziwe kwi- bread rye, i- manarka - ingubo kunye nabanye.
3. Lexical kunye ne semantic. Le yilezo ezikuloo ndawo ethile zinikezelwe ngexabiso elihlukile kumsebenzi osetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngoko, kwezinye iindawo igama elithi lip libhekisela kuwo onke amakhowe, ngaphandle kwamakhowe, kwaye igama elithi bridge libhekisela kumgangatho endlwini.
4. Ifowntiki. Eli qela leelwimi lithetha ngokutshintshwa kwamagama aqhelekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, itiye ivakaliswa ngeyokuqala [q], kunye nefama kunye neyokuqala [xv]. Uhlobo olunjalo lwendiza luhlala kwimimandla yasentla kunye nenyakatho.
5. Nguwaphi amagama abizwa ngokuba yi-dialectisms-form formation? Abo babatshintshile umxholo wabo okanye ukubiza amagama ngokufaka okanye ukususa i-affixes eyahlukeneyo (ingcambu apho iinjongo zegama ziqulethe efanayo): i- goose yinto ehambayo yintombikazi, i- poke ikhona ngoku, i- darma ikhululekile.
6. I-Morphological. Kwilizwi kwakukho utshintsho lwegrama kummandla walo. Ngaloo ndlela, isenzi sesi-3 somntu sinokuphela kwesiphelo: i-[t] (eqhelekileyo) it is [t], okanye izimelabizo zaso kwimeko echaphazelekayo zifumana ukuphela e kwimiba enye: mna (ngokuqhelekileyo).

Ukuthetha ngawaphi amagama abizwa ngokuba yizidumi, kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba abanokufumaneka kwiindawo ezithile, kodwa nakwimisebenzi yokubhala. Ngokomzekelo, baninzi kwimisebenzi ka-F. Abramov, u-V. Astafiev, uMnu Sholokhov, uN. Gogol. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuba umbhali adlulisele umbala othile wendawo ethile, idolophana okanye ifama.

Amagama

Sinike inkcazo kwaye sichaza ukuba yiyiphi amagama abizwa ngokuba yii-dialectisms. Yaye yintoni na ubugcisa obubhekiswayo? Uthini umahluko wabo, kwaye kutheni bahlala kwindawo ekhethekileyo kwisigama esiqhelekileyo?

La magama aphelelweyo kuluntu: uqeqesho okanye ulwazi lwezesayensi yendawo ethile. Iingxube ezinjalo zidibaniswa kumaqela amakhulu amabini: imigangatho kunye nobuchule. Okokuqala, makhe siqwalasele okokuqala.

Imigaqo ichaza ingcamango yenzululwazi, into ebonakalayo yimiba eyahlukeneyo yolwazi (isayensi, ubugcisa okanye umveliso). Kwimihlathi edlulileyo, ukuthetha ngamagama athiwa ngamadigrifisms, asizange sichaze ukuba ngamnye kubo unencazelo yakhe okanye inkcazelo. Oku kuchanekileyo ngokucacileyo phakathi kwesigama-magama: igama elicacileyo, elifutshane, elichanekileyo, kodwa elixhomekeke kwinto yokuba leli gama lithetha.

Iintlobo zemigaqo

Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamagama, amaqela amabini angachazwa:

1. I nzu lulwazi. Le yile ingasetyenziselwa nayiphi na insimu yolwazi: i-hypotheticality, uvavanyo, ukuphendula. Amagama afana asetyenziswa rhoqo.
2. Ezizodwa. Bayiyo nayiphi na inzululwazi ethile: iilwimi (i-complex syntactic epheleleyo), i-biology (i-stamen, i-chord), i-geometry (umgca ochanekileyo, indiza), ingqondo yengqondo (i-phlegmatic, iinjongo, ukuqonda).

Omnye umahluko phakathi kwemiqathango yinkcazo yabo engqongqo. Enye yeli gama ayikwazi ukutshintshwa ngenye into enjengale, kuphela ngegama lentetho okanye isivakalisi. Umgangatho wesimilo wolwimi lwesiRashiya wanamhlanje kukungena kwamagama kwiintetho zansuku zonke. Ngoko, ngaphandle kokungabaza, sisebenzisa amagama emlambo, echibini, emoyeni. Kodwa le nto yonke-imimandla yendawo, echaza kule ncazelo yesayensi.

Ubugcisa

Sasidibanisa phantse onke amagama avela kwintengiselwano, sathetha malunga nemigqaliselo, malunga nantoni na amagama abizwa ngokuthi iilwimi, ezizifundo . Imizekelo yale mva ixutyushwa ngokubhekiselele kule candelo.

Ngoko, amagama asetshenziswe kwinkqubo yomveliso okanye umsebenzi wesayensi, kwaye uya kuthiwa uchwepheshe. Ziyiphi iimeko ezahlukileyo kwiimigaqo? Inyaniso yokuba ezi zilandelayo zineenkcazo zabo, zingaphi amagama aqeqeshiweyo. Zisetyenziselwa ukuthetha ngentetho yomlomo kwaye zichaze isixhobo, inkqubo, izinto ezibonakalayo kunye nokunye. Amagama anjalo ayenzelwe ukuququzelela ukunxibelelana kwabasebenzi kwindawo yomsebenzi.

Ngokwemvelo yokusetyenziswa, ubugcisa bunqunywe yimimandla apho abantu basebenzi abathile baqeshwe khona: abavukuzi, oogqirha, abachwephesha, abakhi, njl njl.

Jargon

Iqela elihlukileyo lihlala kwigama elithile kumaqela athile asekuhlaleni: ulutsha (i-slang), ubuchule kunye neenkampu kunye ne-argo-ulwimi olukhethekileyo ngolwimi lwesiRashiya, apho amasela, i-tramps, njl.

Ngokuqhelekileyo unokuva i-slang - ulwimi lolutsha nabafundi. Amagama afana nootitshala, i-dorm, imsila, ipholile, iphezulu ifunyanwa kweli qela kuyo yonke indawo.