Ngoobani namaKatolika. Njengoko wabhaptizwa amaKatolika. Post amaKatolika

Eli nqaku unikela ingqalelo kwizinto ubuKatolika nabo namaKatolika. Le ndawo ithathwa omnye amasebe ubuKristu, kwakheka ngenxa umsantsa omkhulu kunqulo, nesuka ngo-1054.

Ungubani amaKatolika? UbuKatolika kakhulu efanayo iCawa yobuOthodoki, kodwa kukwakho umahluko. Ukusuka nezinye iintshukumo kubuKristu inkolo yamaKatolika iimpawu ezahlukeneyo wemfundiso, lehlelo amasiko. Catholic wajoyina i "UCreed" iimfundiso ezintsha.

ukwanda

UbuKatolika kuxhaphake e Western eYurophu (France, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Italy) kunye East (Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, ngenxalenye Latvia kunye Lithuania) amazwe kwakunye kumazwe eMzantsi Merika, apho othi uninzi lwabantu. In Asia ne-Afrika, kukho kwakhona amaKatolika, kodwa unqulo impembelelo yamaKatolika babambanayo mncinci kakhulu. AmaKatolika eRashiya xa kuthelekiswa ne-Orthodox abambalwa. 700 amawaka Kukho. AmaKatolika Ukrainian baninzi. Kukho malunga nezigidi ezi-5 zabantu.

igama

Igama elithi "lobuKatolika" livela yamaGrike aze aguqulele le nsimbi okanye emhlabeni. Ngengqiqo mihla eli gama libhekisela ngokuba isebe wasentshona yobuKristu, leyo ibambelela nesithethe yabapostile. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ibandla ezaziqondwa njengento jikelele ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ndathetha ngale kodwa Ignatiy Antiohiysky ngo-115. Igama elithi "lobuKatolika" yaqaliswa ngokusemthethweni kwiBhunga yokuqala eConstantinople (kunyaka 381). I-Christian Church yathatyathwa mnye, ongcwele, amaKatolika neyabapostile.

Origin of ubuKatolika

Igama elithi "icawa" yaqala ukubonakala imithombo ebhaliweyo (unobumba uClement waseRoma, Ignatiya Antiohiyskogo, Polikarpa Smirnskogo) ukususela ngenkulungwane yesibini. Eli gama ngenkani kunye nomasipala. Ekuveleni kweyama yesibini neyesithathu, uIrenaeus wasebenzisa igama elithi "icawa" kubuKristu xa iyonke. Kuba ngamnye (lommandla, wasekhaya), oko zamaKristu sasetyenziswa kunye isichazi olufanelekileyo (umz, ibandla Alexandria).

Ngenkulungwane yesibini, uluntu zamaKristu yahlulwa namarhamente kunye nabefundisi. Ngenxa yoko, le yokugqibela yahlulwe yaba iBishops yathi, ababingeleli kunye nabancedisi. Kuhleli akukacaci ukuphumeza njani ulawulo kuluntu - ngokuhlangeneyo okanye ngamnye. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba urhulumente wedemokhrasi wokuqala, kodwa waba monarchist kunye nexesha. Abefundisi walawula Council Spiritual ikhokelwa ngu-Bishop. Le mbono ixhaswa iileta Ignatiya Antiohiyskogo, apho ukhankanya noobhishophu abakhokeli kamasipala zamaKristu eSiriya Asia Minor. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iBhunga ngokomoya umzimba zeengcebiso kuphela. Kodwa ke amandla ngokwenene ubhishophu omnye waba kwiphondo.

Ngenkulungwane yesibini, umnqweno ukulondoloza isithethe labapostile, negalelo ekuveleni weqela legunya icawa kunye nesakhiwo. Kwafuneka alinde ukholo, mfundiso kunye izimiso isibhalo. Yonke loo nto, kwakunye kweempembelelo balubiza yamaGrike unqulo kukhokelele kuphuhliso ubuKatolika ngohlobo olulo yamandulo.

Ukwenziwa lokugqibela Catholic

Emva kokwahlulwa ubuKristu ngo-1054 phezu amasebe Koloni naseMpuma, baza eyaziwa ngokuba zamaKatolika Orthodox. Emva kokuba UHlaziyo yenkulungwane yeshumi, yaye kuya kusanda ngokwanda ezisetyenziswa yonke imihla ukuya kwi "yamaKatolika" elithi waqalisa ukongeza igama "Roman". Ukususela ngokombono ingcamango zonqulo "lobuKatolika" kubandakanya iindidi amaKristu abayithintelayo iimfundiso efanayo njengoko Catholic Church, zize zilungenise amandla Pope. Kukwakho iicawa Uniate naseMpuma yamaKatolika. Baya kudla avela ngamandla kasolusapho waseConstantinople, wegqitha waya ngaphantsi upopu, kodwa baqhubeka iimfundiso zawo nezithethe. Imizekelo na isiGrike-Katolika, aseByzantium Catholic Church , kunye nabanye.

yemfundiso kunye postulates

Ukuze ufumanise ukuba ngubani na amaKatolika, simele sinikele ingqalelo yemfundiso yokholo lwabo. Intsingiselo yawo ephambili ubuKatolika, leyo izahlule kwezinye iindawo of Christianity, ingqalelo ingcamango yokuba Papa akunampazamo. Noko ke, siyazi kwiimeko ezininzi xa Pope kumzabalazo amandla kunye nempembelelo kungena kumanyano ongabekekanga kunye izinduna kunye nookumkani, yayingulo kukubawa rhoqo ndiyandise nobutyebi babo, ngokunjalo uphazamisana kwezopolitiko.

Le postulate Katolika elilandelayo nemfundiso zentlambululo, esaye samkelwa ngo-1439 kwi-Council of Florence. Le mfundiso isekelwe kwinto yokuba abantu umphefumlo emva kokufa uya miphefumlo, nto leyo kwinqanaba eliphakathi phakathi kwezulu nesihogo. Apho ithe ngoncedo iintlobo ntlobo zovavanyo acocwe izono. Izalamane nabahlobo uswelekileyo kunokunceda umphefumlo wakhe ukumelana neemvavanyo ngokusebenzisa imithandazo neminikelo. Kulo kulandela ukuba okumiselwe kwabantu kokufa kuxhomekeke kungekuphela ubulungisa ebomini bakhe, kodwa phezu komthombo-ntle zemali intsapho yakhe.

Enye imfundiso ebalulekileyo lobuKatolika ithathwa ukuba ithisisi kubume kuphela abefundisi. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ngaphandle kokubhenela kwi iinkonzo abefundisi, umntu eyedwa akakwazi ukufumana inkoliseko kaThixo. Umbingeleli yamaKatolika zinezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo kunye neenzuzo kuthelekiswa kwibandla eziqhelekileyo. Ngokutsho inkolo yamaKatolika, kodwa abefundisi unelungelo ukufunda iBhayibhile - kuba ililungelo lakhe. Ezinye abathembekileyo akuvumelekanga. Ezakha ingqalelo kuphela incwadi ebhalwe Latin.

Imfundiso yamaKatolika kubangela imfuneko isivumo eyondeleleneyo amakholwa phambi kwababingeleli. Wonke umntu kufuneka abe confessor zabo ngokuqhubekayo ingxelo kuye malunga iingcinga zabo nezenzo. Ngaphandle uvumo ngendlela usindiso akunakwenzeka. Le meko yenza ukuba abefundisi ukuba zingene nzulu ubomi ngayo umhlambi wakhe ukulawula zonke inyathelo womntu. uvumo njalo kuvumela ibandla ukuba nempembelelo enkulu kuluntu, ingakumbi kwabasetyhini.

isidlo yamaKatolika

Umsebenzi ophambili we-Catholic Church (uluntu amakholwa ngokubanzi) kukushumayela uKristu ehlabathini. Amiswa zithathwa iimpawu ezibonakalayo ubabalo engabonakaliyo lukaThixo. Enyanisweni, ukuba imiswe nguYesu Kristu yintoni inyathelo enze ukuba kuxhamle nosindiso komphefumlo. In ubuKatolika has isidlo ezisixhenxe:

• ubhaptizo;
• Uqinisekiso (isiqinisekiso);
• UMthendeleko, okanye umthendeleko (First uMthendeleko amaKatolika ukwamkela iminyaka 7-10 abaneminyaka);
• ummiselo ukuguquka kunye noxolelwaniso (ukuvuma);
• unction kakhulu;
• ummiselo ububingeleli (ngokubekwa);
• isakramente umtshato.

Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali kunye nabaphandi zabo iingcambu asusela amiswa sobuKristu iimfihlakalo zobuhedeni. Nangona kunjalo, lo mbono, inxaxheba bagxeka bezakwalizwi. Ngokutsho nevuthisayo ngexesha kwiinkulungwane zokuqala. e. Iintlanga ziye abolekwe kwezinye izithethe zamaKristu.

Yintoni umahluko ukusuka amaKatolika amaKristu Orthodox

Common Katolika Orthodox kukuba omabini la masebe of Christianity, iCawa, ungumlamleli phakathi komntu noThixo. Zombini iicawa bayavuma ukuba iBhayibhile uxwebhu oluphambili kunye nemfundiso yobuKrestu. Noko ke, phakathi kobuOthodoki ubuKatolika, kukho umahluko ezininzi kunye ngasonye.

Zombini ezi ndlela idibane kwinto yokuba kukho uThixo omnye incarnations ezintathu: uYise, uNyana noMoya Oyingcwele (zintathu). Kodwa ke imvelaphi yokugqibela iphathwa (ingxaki le Filioque). Orthodox bathi "ukholo," nto leyo Yazisa umngcelele kaMoya oyiNgcwele kuphela "evela kuBawo." Katolika nako kongezwa isicatshulwa, "yaye uNyana", nto leyo etshintsha ingqiqo engqongqo. Katolika Greek kunye nezinye ihlelo aseMpumalanga ukugcina Orthodox version "UCreed".

Zombini amaKatolika Orthodox bayaqonda ukuba kukho umahluko phakathi koMdali kunye nokudalwa. Noko ke, ngokutsho izinqumo zehlabathi yamaKatolika ngayo izinto kwindalo. It wadalwa nguThixo ukususela nto. Kwihlabathi eziphathekayo akukho saphezulu nto. Nangona Orthodox icebisa ukuba indalo kaThixo lwalo kaThixo, ivela kuThixo, yaye ngoko ke ngokungabonakaliyo kwindalo yakhe. Wamasiko ikholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba angamchukumisi kuThixo ngento, t. E. Futshane yaphezulu nge sezingqondweni. Akuncedi nto ukwamkela ubuKatolika.

Omnye umahluko ukusuka namaKatolika Orthodox kukuba owayesakuba bakugqala koteka ku fambisa iimfundiso ezintsha. Kukho kwakhona imfundiso "zizenzo ezilungileyo ndirongo" yabakho benceba zamaKatolika ibandla. Kwi ineziseko zayo upopu onako ukuxolela izono umhlambi wakhe ngummeli kaThixo Emhlabeni. Ezindabeni unqulo kucingwa akunampazamo. Le mfundiso wavunywa ngo 1870.

Umahluko phakathi izithethe. Njengoko amaKatolika babhaptizwa

Kukho umahluko phakathi kwimisitho, umhombiso lwamabandla, njalo-njalo. N. Nkqu inkqubo umthandazo Orthodox ningenzi kakhulu njengoko amaKatolika athandaze. Nangona efika kuqala kubonakala ukuba umahluko kwezinye iindlela ezincinane. Ukuze uzive umahluko yokomoya, icons ezimbini Kwanele ukuthelekisa, zamaKatolika Orthodox. Owokuqala ngakumbi ifana umzobo omhle. Ngo-Orthodox, i icon engcwele. Uninzi lo mbuzo, indlela babhaptizwe amaKatolika Orthodox? Kwimeko yokuqala uphawu lomnqamlezo kunye iminwe emibini, yaye Orthodox - ezintathu. Kwizithethe ezininzi Mpuma yamaKatolika idibanisa kunye ubhontsi, isalathiso neminwe ephakathi. Njengoko wabhaptizwa amaKatolika na? A indlela azixhaphakanga kukusebenzisa i wesundu evulekileyo, iminwe, leyo lanamathela, kwaye inani elikhulu isongiwe waya ecaleni ngaphakathi. Oku Limele ngokuphandle kwentliziyo eNkosini.

Ikusasa womntu

The Catholic Church ifundisa ukuba abantu sisindwa yi isono sokuqala (ngaphandle kwe-Virgin Mary), into yokuba wonke umntu ukususela ekuzalweni kukho ingqolowa likaSathana. Ngoko ke, abantu kufuneka ubabalo losindiso, leyo inokufunyanwa ngokuphila ukholo nokwenza imisebenzi emihle. Ulwazi ubukho bukaThixo, nangona ngenxa yezono zabantu, zifikeleleke ingqondo yomntu. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu abanoxanduva ngezenzo zabo. Umntu ngamnye uthandwa nguThixo, kodwa ekugqibeleni kulindeleke yi uMgwebo Last. abantu ngakumbi amalungisa kunye lobuthixo zichongwe bisiintsa (lamiselwa). Icawa luluhlu kubo. inkqubo Ukumiselwa olwandulela beatification (chargeability ukuya phakathi ayisikeleleyo). Ngo-Orthodox, kukho kwakhona ukunqulwa Saints, kodwa uninzi amahlelo amaProtestanti ezigatya kuyo.

kwezono

Katolika, ukuzanelisa - inkululeko epheleleyo okanye kwinxenye yomntu sisohlwayo ngenxa yezono zabo, kwakunye nenyathelo wokukhulula ehambelana wamiselwa intlawulo yokuzicamagushela ngumbingeleli. Ekuqaleni, isiseko ukuze bafumane kwezono baziyekela naziphi na izenzo elungileyo (umzekelo, i oluya kwiindawo ezingcwele). Emva koko kwaba umnikelo ukuya isixa esithile baxhasa ibandla. Ngexesha Renaissance, kwakukho kakubi kakhulu yaye abantu abaninzi, kuquka ukwabiwa kwezono imali. Ngenxa yoko, iye yavusa zoqhankqalazo kunye isiqalo intshukumo yoHlaziyo. Ngowe-1567 UPope Pius V wabeka umlomo kunikezelo kwezono imali kunye eziphathekayo kuthetha maxa onke.

Kwabefundisi Katolika

Omnye umahluko enkulu evela Catholic Church Orthodox kukuba zonke abefundisi nevuthisayo unika ngesibhambathiso ekungatshatini (eya). Ababingeleli zamaKatolika abavumelekanga ukutshata kunye nokuba babe neentlobano zesini. Zonke iinzame ukutshata emva kokufumana isikhundla umdikoni iya kuthatyathwa njengengekho mthethweni. Lo mqathango isaziso ngexesha uPopu Grigoriya Velikogo (590-604 GG.), Yaye ekugqibeleni evunyiweyo kuphela kwinkulungwane XI.

Eastern Church Catholic bazitshitshisela ukhetho lwe ekungatshatini kwiBhunga e Trullo. In lobuKatolika ngesibhambathiso ekungatshatini isebenza kubo bonke ababingeleli. Ekuqaleni, amagosa ibandla elincinane banelungelo lokutshata. Bona zendela madoda eba. Kodwa Pope Paul VI owakubhangisayo okunene kubo yaye endaweni post umfundi kunye acolyte, leyo wayeka kunxulumana newonga umfundisi. Wabuye wasungula iziko amadikoni ubomi (engenanjongo ukuya phambili umsebenzi ecaweni baze babe ngababingeleli). Phakathi kwabo, ukuze babe ngamadoda atshatileyo.

Njengomntu ngaphandle, amadoda atshatileyo eba ububingeleli, waguquka kubuKatolika evela kumasebe ahlukeneyo kobuProtestanti, apho kwizintlu zabelusi, abefundisi kunye njalo njalo. N. Noko ke, yamaKatolika iCawa ayisazi ububingeleli babo.

Ngoku kwabefundisi inyanzelekile kubo bonke ababingeleli zamaKatolika isifundo mpikiswano eshushu. Kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu kwaye eUnited States, amanye amaKatolika bakholelwa ukuba ekungatshatini mandatory kuyimfuneko ukurhoxisa abefundisi nemonashestvuyuschego. Noko ke, uPopu John Paul II akazange ukuxhasa inguquko enjalo.

Kwabefundisi ku Orthodox

Ngo-Orthodox, ababingeleli kuba ukutshata ukuba umtshato isivumelwano phambi kwakhe umfundisi okanye imiyalelo umdikoni yakhe. Noko ke, oobhishophu ibe kuphela iimonki schema encinane, ababingeleli, bangabahlolo okanye akatshatanga. In the Church Orthodox umveleli umelwe kukuba indela. Kwi-san unako kuwo eba archimandrites kuphela. Bishops ayikwazi nje kuba ngabameli celibate nditshatile ngabefundisi wempangelo (nemonashestvuyuschego). Maxa wambi, njengoko i ngaphandle, kuba abameli kwezi ndidi ukuze Episcopal neliso. Kodwa phambi kwalonto kufuneka athathe schema encinane emishini ufumane isikhundla Archimandrite.

Kwamacala

Ngomhla umbuzo ngubani amaKatolika kwexesha kumaxesha, ungafumana i ingcamango ngokufunda umsebenzi welungu ecaweni, njengoko Kwamacala. Liziko lezobulungisa yamaKatolika iCawa, leyo yayinenjongo zokulwa qhekeko babatshisele. Ngenkulungwane XII, ubuKatolika kudingeka ukwanda iintshukumo eliphikisayo ezahlukeneyo eYurophu. Omnye undoqo yaba albigoystvo (Qatar). noxanduva Pope ukujongana nazo phezu oobhishophu. Kwakufuneka ukuchonga esikhova, ukuba ndigwebe ezithumela abasemagunyeni lokunyanzelisa yesivakalisi. isohlwayo Capital evuthayo esibondeni. Kodwa imisebenzi ubhishophu yayingekho kakuhle kakhulu. Ngoko ke, Pope Gregory IX wadala ukuba ngamacala yelungu ibandla uba- ezikhethekileyo - Kwamacala. Ekuqaleni sibhekiswe i Cathars, ngokukhawuleza yavukela zonke iintshukumo heretical, kwakunye amagqwirha, warlocks, abanyelisi, amaRoma, njalo-njalo.

inkundla ukuncinwa

Kubathuthumbisi aqeshwa kumalungu ezahlukeneyo odolo zonqulo, ikakhulu ngenxa baseDominican. Kwamacala yi Pope. Ekuqaleni, isigcawu okhokelwa iijaji ezimbini, yaye ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-14 - nye, kodwa izilingo amagqwetha, abacebisi, leyo zigqitywa iqondo "ngabawexuki." Ukongezelela, inani lamagosa wenkundla bangena izivumelwano (ufundo qiniseka), ingqiqo, ugqirha (imeko ezilawulwa nommangalelwa ngexesha babulawelwa), umtshutshisi kunye umxhomi. Kubathuthumbisi wamnika isabelo kwipropati athimba ngayo esikhova, ngoko ukuthembeka engadlel inkundla ayikwazi ukuthetha, ngokuba kwaba buyanceda ukuqaphela umntu unetyala njengomwexuki.

inkqubo ukuncinwa

uphando ukuncinwa kwaba kweentlobo ezimbini: jikelele kunye zobuqu. Xa yomntu wokuqala inkoliso yabemi zonke axhwarhe. Xa umntu othile yesibini ukwenza iminxeba ngalo unyango. Kwiimeko apho kuthiwa khange wasikwa ecaweni yakhe. Le ndoda wafunga isifungo bendincoma konke uwaziyo nabawexuki noqhekeko. Ikhosi ye eli tyala agcinwe kule emfihlekweni zinzulu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngokubanzi kubathuthumbisi batyakatywa ukuba babevunyelwa uPopu Innocent IV. Ngamanye amaxesha, inkohlakalo yabo kugxekwe nkqu ngabasemagunyeni.

Abamangalelwa zange ingxelo amagama amangqina. Ngokufuthi, ukuba ecaweni, ababulali, amasela, amafunga - abantu ubungqina akazange athathe ingqalelo nkqu kwiinkundla zehlabathi ngelo xesha. Ummangalelwa ahluthwe ilungelo lokuba abe negqwetha. Ifom kuphela wokhuseleko yaba isibheno Bona oyiNgcwele, nangona ngokusesikweni esalelweyo inkunzi 1231. Abantu xa kugwetywa Kwamacala, maxa na umzuzu kwakhona nengalo yomthetho. Ukususela uphando zange wandisindisa nokufa. Ukuba uthe wagwetywa wavuma sele wafa, uthuthu bakowabo aphume engcwabeni, watshisa.

inkqubo kwezohlwayo

Uluhlu kwesohlwayo nabawexuki yafakwa zeenkomo 1213, 1231 kwakunye nezibonelelo yesiThathu waseLateran Council. Ukuba umntu wavuma abaguquka njengomwexuki ngexesha lenkqubo, wamgwebela sobomi entolongweni. ISigqeba unelungelo bufutshane ubomi. Noko ke, izigwebo ezinjalo zinqabile. Amabanjwa ngoxa zigcinwe kwizisele ezincinane kakhulu, badla shackle, wadliswa ngamanzi kunye nesonka. KumaXesha Aphakathi emva esi sivakalisi sajikwa kwi imikhumbi. ngabaqhekeki baneenkani bagwetywa ukuze atshiswe esibondeni. Ukuba umntu lowo yanikezela phambi kokuba inkqubo iqale phezu kwayo, ngoko wafuna isohlwayo ezahlukeneyo ibandla: amsongele, a oluya kwiindawo ezingcwele, iminikelo iicawa, isithintelo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo penances.

Thumela yamaKatolika

Kokuzila amaKatolika kukuba ziyeke olahlwa, emzimbeni nangokomoya. Katolika, oku kulandelayo amaxesha angamarhoqorhoqo, iintsuku:

• Yento amaKatolika. Kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-40 ngaphambi kwePasika.
• Kokusungulwa. Ezine iiCawa phambi amakholwa iKrismesi kufuneka bacinge ngokufika kwakhe ezayo kwaye sigxile ngokomoya.
• All ngoLwesihlanu.
• Umhla ezinye iiholide ezinkulu zamaKristu.
• Quatuor Anni tempora. Oku bubonakala "amaxesha amane". Ezi ntsuku ezikhethekileyo yokuvuma kunye nokuzila ukudla. Ikholwa kufuneka kanye ngalinye lonyaka ukudla ngoLwesithathu, ngoLwesihlanu nangoMgqibelo.
• Kokuzila phambi wobudlelane. Ikholwa kufuneka bazikhwebule ukutya iyure phambi iSidlo.

Le iimfuno zesithuba Katolika Orthodox lingama efanayo.