Metrology: yokulinganisa, isixhobo yokulinganisa. yokulinganisa Classification kuthetha

Siza kuzama kweli nqaku ukuze ibattery iseti indawo izihloko: semetroloji, emgangathweni ezinxulumene nayo, amaziko metrological karhulumente Russian, kwakunye izixhobo zokulinganisela - iimpawu zabo, iintlobo, zohlelo kunye nokusetyenziswa. Masiqalise kunye ixhaphakileyo lokuvula umxholo - inzululwazi ebizwa leMitroloji.

Metrology: I nkcazelo, iinjongo, imithetho

Metrology, ekulinganiseni, isixhobo yokulinganisa - ezihambelanayo amagama. Metrology (μέτρον yamandulo Greek + λόγος -. "Umlinganiselo" + "inzululwazi") - inzululwazi zemilinganiselo amanyathelo, ezizezi imilinganiselo, iindlela zayo nezixhobo ukunceda ukuqinisekisa umanyano kunye nokuchaneka imilinganiselo.

Imithetho kwimetroloji zibonisa ezi njongo zilandelayo neenjongo:

• uphuhliso kwingcamango elidityanisiweyo zemimiselo;
• iinkqubo zemfundo inani leeyunithi ngokomzimba;
• Development kunye komgangatho elandelayo ithetha neendlela lomlinganiselo, iindlela ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwazo, ukunqwenela yokufana nomanyano;
• ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo nemigangatho ecacileyo, iisampuli womlinganiselo, ezo zisekelwe constants ngokomzimba;
• ukufunda kwenkqubo zemilinganiselo amanyathelo umuva zembali.

Imithetho esisiseko kwimetroloji ezintathu:

1. Nawuphi na umlinganiselo - esi uthelekiso.
2. Akukho data yomlinganiselo ngaphandle priori engenakufunyanwa.
3. Iziphumo ngokwemilinganiso ngaphandle amaxabiso ngokusondeza - random kuphela variable.

amaCandelo yeZiko

Science wohlulwe ziincindi ezininzi:

• Theoretical component. Imithetho kwimetroloji zisekelwe ngcamango. Eli candelo ulinganisa iingxaki zixhaphakileyo ngokwemilinganiso ubuninzi, kwakunye ngqo iphuhlisa iimfundiso theoretical component.
• Zomthetho. isayensi Social, nto leyo ebonisa iimeko yezomthetho nobugcisa zakubhala nokusetyenziswa kweeyunithi iindlela zemilinganiselo kunye nezixhobo.
• Kufakwe. Wokulinga, izandla-icandelo sezikali, ukungenisa uphuhliso icandelo lethiyori ubomi, ngokunjalo yokujongana software sezikali.
• Historical. Ulinganisa iiyunithi zemilinganiselo edlulileyo, uchatha wabo ngexesha igqiba amagama abo, kwakunye ubudlelwane kunye nemigangatho zemilinganiselo amanyathelo modernity.
• iindawo ezizodwa. Ezi ziquka semetroloji "ekhethekileyo" - zonyango, imichiza, aerospace, bemvelo (iibhayometrikh).

Standardization Metrology

Metrology kunye nokumiselwa komgangatho zihlobene. Ukumiselwa komgangatho kule nkalo - imithetho jikelele kunye ngqo inkxaso metrological ukuhamba inkqubo yemveliso. Izinto zonke iinkalo ezinxulumene nale mveliso: amaxwebhu olawulo kunye neemfuno nemigangatho yobulunga kokunyamezela, ngokunjalo iindlela ukufikelela benchmark iziphumo. Ngelo xesha imigangatho eziphuhliswe linokusetyenziswa nje kuphela kwishishini elithile, kodwa lunga sebenziseka ekuhlaleni.

iinjongo standardisation Metrology kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ukubekwa iimpawu eziphambili nomgangatho wemveliso reference, into yokuqala omawuyenze amacandelo zifanayo impahla eluhlaza.
• Uphuhliso iinqobo ezithile ukuze umgangatho imveliso onesiphumo ke kumiselwa ngokusebenzisa ulawulo metrological.
• Umnqweno efanayo imveliso.
• Ukudala inkqubo imilinganiselo ukuqinisekisa umanyano onke imilinganiselo kweli shishini.

Metrology kunye komgangatho zisebenze amaxwebhu ezimbini eziphambili:

• Standard - iintlobano ngokomthetho nobuchwepheshe kunye nemithetho ethile, imimiselo kunye neemfuno ukuze imveliso kunye imveliso yokugqibela. Umgangatho yangoku - oku kuvunywe mbutho eligunyazisiweyo.
• DB (iimeko zobugcisa) - uluhlu lwemithetho, izithethe kunye neemfuno uhlobo oluthile lwemveliso.

Ukucaca Standardization Metrology:

• International. International emgangathweni Centre Metrology ziintshaba amazwe eziliqela zorhwebo emanyeneyo, uphuhliso lwezenzululwazi ngokubanzi, songqamaniso wokhuselo eqhelekileyo njalo njalo.
• State. Komgangatho Metrology olwenziwe ziziphathamandla zoluntu, nto leyo yokwakha uphuhliso yayo elizayo.
• National. Kwakhona isikali wesizwe, kodwa ngaphandle ungenelelo ngqo abasemagunyeni.

Owona Russian Centre for Standardization kunye Metrology - i GSS (inkqubo imo standardisation). Esi sakhiwo idibanisa zonke iimfuno yaba yonke enye, kuyanceda ngokusesikweni ukuvelisa kunye nokuveliswa zonke izityalo zasekhaya kunye neefektri.

Centre State of Metrology neziQinisekiso

Ngokutsho uMthetho Federal "Xa ukuqinisekisa umanyano ngokwemilinganiso" kwi imisebenzi kwinqanaba ukulawula karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ubunye i-Russian State Standard yokulinganisa. kunye GMR na kolawulo lwayo - inkonzo metrological karhulumente. Oku kuquka amacandelo alandelayo:

• Branch izixhobo engundoqo ye-Standard State of the Russian Federation bajongene nokucwangcisa, ulawulo kunye nolawulo ufano ngokwemilinganiso kwinqanaba cross-kushishino yesizwe.
• SSMC (chaza amaziko metrological lwezenzululwazi) - inoxanduva uphuhliso, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigangatho-nemigangatho, ngokunjalo ukulungiselela amaxwebhu zolawulo, ngokubonelela ukulandeleka.
• iiyunithi isikali HMS kwezi zifundo RF - Realisation zolawulo metrological kwiindawo ezithile.

Amaziko kwemigangatho kwi Russian Federation

Chief State Metrology Centre ithathwa VNIIMS - All-Russian Research Institute for Metrological Service. It uwugcinayo ulawulo zonke iinkonzo metrological yenzululwazi kunye lwemethodoloji, alungelelanise imisebenzi yabo, kwakunye nokuphuhlisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo (zenzululwazi lombutho, ezoqoqosho,) iziseko yenkxaso metrological.

Ukongeza kule migangatho VNIIMS amaziko ezibalulekileyo Russian Federation nayo:

• VNIIM. Apha zakhiwa kwaye zigcinwe phantse yonke imigangatho kwenkqubo yeHlabathi zemilinganiselo amanyathelo, ngaphandle iisampulu iiyunithi oluqukuqelayo kunye nexesha. I-Institute ibamba ngaphezulu kwama-50% azo zonke imigangatho karhulumente Russian.
• VNIIFTRI. Ukongeza kwixesha umgangatho kulo Mbutho isampuli magnetic, inani leeyunithi radio kwamaza, lukhuni, uxinzelelo, imitha ionizing, kunye nezinye kubushushu obuphantsi.
• VNIIOFI. Imilinganiselo yemida ezahlukeneyo laser, unyango parameters, spectrometry, kunye neminye imilinganiselo ezamehlo.
• SNIIM. Standards of zombane magnetic, koonomathotholo kunye nezinye izinto ezahlukanayo.

Amaziko yeZiko Imisebenzi

Eyona vector yomsebenzi HMS - kugcinwe umanyano ngokwemilinganiso sikarhulumente. Kwakhona kwi isabelo wayo uxanduva lokuxhasa metrological ngokwemilinganiso eRashiya, ukulawula karhulumente entsimini kwimetroloji. Iziyalezo GMR - ngayo:

• ukumiselwa kwemigangatho, yesizwe nezizisekondari;
• iinkqubo okanye ukusasaza parameters zothumelo ukusebenza units FB SI ukwakha;
• gosnadzora nokuveliswa / ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo / karhulumente / womlinganiselo ukulungisa;
• iimviwo metrological kwezihloko ezahlukeneyo;
• inkxaso lwemethodoloji lweenkonzo asezantsi metrological.

imisebenzi Rosstandart

Rosstandart sezikali - umdlalo yeziko imisebenzi enjalo:

• Ulungelelwaniso umsebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyalandeleka.
• Uphuhliso imithetho kwendalo, ukugcinwa, imvume kunye nokusebenza kwemigangatho ixabiso.
• kweliso karhulumente Metrological.
• Guide HMS kunye nezinye iinkonzo elijongene ukulandeleka.
• Nokusetyenziswa kwemigangatho kunye nemigaqo ukuqinisekisa ukufana ngokwemilinganiso.
• Ukunakanwa kwezixhobo zobugcisa iindlela yokulinganisa.
• Development kunye nokwamkelwa ndlela yokulinganisa.
• Amaziko Ukwamkeleka sihlangabezana SI.
• Ukwamkelwa kweentlobo SR.
• Ukugcina FSTS.
• Izintlu SI imvume, ngokuxhomekeka ukuqinisekiswa.
• Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo mvume ngabantu kunye namaziko athi kusenziwa, ukulungiswa, ukuthengisa okanye enikezela ku SI umvuzo.
• Planning and intlangano imisebenzi metrological ezahlukeneyo njalo njalo.

SI - oku ...

Makhe nisinga Metrology exineneyo ngakumbi zomlinganiselo. izixhobo zokukala (SI) - isixhobo kwezobuxhakaxhaka imilinganiselo iyenziwa. Lubonakala yinyaniso ukuba zidlala okanye igcina iyunithi yokulinganisa wobungakanani emzimbeni.

Federal uMthetho № 102 limisela SI njengalowo, omnye leyo lunikezelwe - yokulinganisa. Faka isixhobo izixhobo zokulinganisa kwilizwe lethu kungaba arhente Federal kuphela ummiselo zobugcisa sezikali.

ngezigaba SI

Nazi ulwahlulohlulo lixhaphakileyo zizixhobo semetroloji zomlinganiselo yokulinganisa:

• Kuba parameters umlinganiselo ukucacisa:
  • wegazi;
  • ubushushu;
  • ubungakanani;
  • level;
  • isisombululo ingqondo njalo njalo.
• Largest kulinganiswa:
  • asethi ezisisigxina;
  • aids.
• Standardization SI:
  • izilinganiso;
  • ezingekho semgangathweni.
• Kwi imeko scheme yokuqinisekisa:
  • nemigangatho;
  • abasebenzi SI.
• Ngokutsho izinga matshini:
  • ngesandla;
  • ezenzekelayo;
  • zizenzekele.
• Ngokwe tehnaznacheniyu:
  • ukulinganisa izinto eziphathekayo - SR, nokuzala okanye ukugcina ixabiso elinye / ubukhulu ezininzi;
  • Meter - SI, apho unokufunda ixabiso lijongwe ngendlela uluhlu ethile;
  • Gazi - SR, leyo uguqula ixabiso elilinganisiweyo komnye;
  • inkqubo yokulinganisa - izakhiwo, edibanisa zidlulisele eziliqela, izixhobo kunye nezenzo, apho ibekwe kwindawo ethile;
  • inkqubo yokulinganisa - a enobuzaza idibanisa amanyathelo aliqela, izixhobo, iinkqubo kunye transducers abanako yokulinganisa ukudubula kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo into;
  • wokulinganisa computing inkqubo - inkqubo idibanisa eziliqela SI, iikhompyutha, siqulunqelwe ukujongana enye okanye ngaphezulu lomlinganiselo imisebenzi enzima.

Imilinganiselo: Iintlobo kunye neendlela

Umlinganiselo kuthiwa ukufumana amaxabiso amaxabiso ezinqwenelekayo empirically yi SI. iindlela zayo eziphambili ezimbini - evaluation ngoko nangoko kunye Uthelekiso ngomlinganiso. Last sahlulwe umehluko, zero, indlela ngengozi kunye nenkcaso. Ngokuphathelene SI efanelekileyo ukwahlula yovakalelo, heuristic, ingcali kunye nendlela instrumental.

Ethetha kwimetroloji kunye nemilinganiselo, simela ukuhlelwa lweentlobo yokugcina:

• Achaza accuracy: ukuchana ngokulinganayo ukungalingani. Okanye nokuchaneka ubukhulu, umlinganiselo kwimibhobho nobunjineli yolawulo.
• Ngendlela ukufumana iinkcukacha: qha kunye licwecwe.
• Ngokutsho inani ngokwemilinganiso: elilodwa ezininzi.
• Ngokuguqula uhlobo kwexabiso elilinganisiweyo: eme ndawonye nabanamandla.
• Njengoko kuchaziwe: metrological nobugcisa.
• Ngokutsho ezahlukeneyo imbonakaliso japan: isalamane kunye elipheleleyo.
• Ngokutsho iindlela zokufumana iinkcukacha eyiyo: ngqo, engathanga ngqo, ngokudibanisa ehlanganyelweyo.

izicelo SI

Ekugqibeleni imiluko "Metrology, yokulinganisa, isixhobo sokulinganisa" ubhekisele izicelo SI emlonyeni FZ № 102:

• ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo,
• ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi;
• ulawulo karhulumente;
• iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa kushishino wokhuselo lowo;
• hydrometeorology;
• , Irhafu, amasiko, imisebenzi zebhanki yemali;
• umdlalo;
• ukhuseleko ezindleleni;
• neyeza lemfuyo;
• namajaji;
• ngomnxeba, iposi;
• ezivumelana nohlolo;
• imithi;
• ulawulo yokwenza;
• geography, ucando;
• imveliso ukuphakheja;
• trade;
• endle zamandla enyukliya.

Standards sezikali kubalulekile ukuba uphando, balinge, kwaye kuwo onke amacandelo oluntu. Ukuba akukho olukwinqanaba semetroloji kunzima ukuvelisa, indlela yokulinganisa ngakumbi abe yinxalenye yobomi bomntu.