Mercury: yingozi ebantwini. Le yingozi kakhulu mercury

Ulwazi lokuqala malunga iikhompawundi equlethe imetyhuri, bahlile beza kuthi, ukususela kwixesha lakudala. Aristotle ukhankanya yona kwixesha lokuqala ngo-350 BC, kodwa nobungqina bezinto zakudala kubonisa ixesha ekuqaleni isicelo. Ukweyona lokusetyenziswa lesigidi baba amayeza, ubugcisa kunye izakhiwo, ukuveliswa yezibuko yelo xesha, ukwenza iintsimbi, njalo njalo. D. It sibonisa abantu ufumanise kuphela uphando kufuneka ixesha elininzi kunye kwafa abaninzi. Into yokuba mercury kuyingozi ebantwini, iyaziwa ukususela ekuqaleni ukusetyenziswa kwayo. iindlela Modern neendlela zophando ngempumelelo kakhulu kwaye ikhuselekile, kodwa inkoliso olu abantu abayazi.

chemical element

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, i mercury - ulwelo enzima yam iqaqambile, nesilivere, ekuso i iintsimbi uye wazibonakalisa M. V. Lomonosovym and I. Brown ngo-1759. Izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ukuba urhulumente bubambekayo ngombane conductive kwaye lemveliso. Mercury (Hydrargyrum, HG) kwi Periodic D. I. Mendeleeva unenani atom 80, ifumaneka kwixesha lesithandathu, iqela 2, kwaye inxulumene ku- zinc. Iguqulwe kwigama lesiLatini ngokoqobo lithetha "amanzi yesilivere" avela Endala - "eziwela." Yokuvelela esi element sele yokuba kuphela metal engamanzi, nto leyo kwindalo ingohlobo abasasazekileyo kwaye kwenzeka ngohlobo iikhompawundi. Ulahle lesigidi, ukutyibilika elulwalweni, - lo mkhuba engenakwenzeka. Izinyo element mass - 200 g / Mol, embindini atom - 157 pm.

izakhiwo

Kwi-20 ^{° C} ubunzima oluthile mercury yi 13,55 g / ^cm3, inkqubo ukunyibilika efunekayo ^malunga -39 C ukubila - 357 ^{° C,} kuba amazinyo -38,89 ° ^C. Ukwanda uxinzelelo umphunga unika izinga kokoma eliphezulu . Njengoko ubushushu okwandayo, kunyuka mercury ke kuyingozi kakhulu eziphilayo, hayi lamanzi imiqobo okanye naluphi na olunye ulwelo kwinkqubo. impahla Uninzi afuna ngayo practice - ekufumaneni amalgam ezikhandelwa yi kokupheliswa mercury yesinyithi. Nenombolo yalo enkulu amagophe semiliquid ingxubevange karhulumente lamntu. lula Mercury zokuphuma umchiza into esetyenziswa kwakhona zesinyithi esixabisekileyo esivela nsimbi. Azokwazi ukuba iintsimbi ezifana Tungsten, intsimbi, molybdenum, vanadium. mercury afakwe - ilungu ukumelana ngokwaneleyo bekuza lula isekwimo lweenkobe kwaye idityaniswe mpilo kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu (300 ° ^C). Xa zakudibana i nokonakala asidi kwenzeka kuphela nitric acid kunye aqua regia. mercury sisinyithi ke oxidized isalfure okanye potassium permanganate. It ngenkuthalo idityaniswe halogens (iodine, bromine, fluorine, ichlorine) kunye non-zesinyithi (selenium, phosphorus, nesalfure). organic icarbon atom (alkyl-mercury) lolona hlobo oluhambelan bume yendalo. Methylmercury igqalwa imichiza iyityhefu organometallic anonxibelelwano chain elifutshane. Kule meko, i mercury ingozi ukuba umntu uba kweliphezulu.

Ukuba indalo

Xa siqwalasela mercury nje ngezimbiwa, nto leyo lisetyenziswa amashishini kunye neendawo zemisebenzi yabantu, yinto metal inqabile. Kuqikelelwa ukuba umphezulu inwebu komhlaba uqweqwe iqulethe% 0,02 kuphela isixa isiqalelo utshilo. Uninzi imetyhuri khompawundi zawo elwandle kunye amanzi iphaphatheke nomoya. Amaphononongo akutsha nje abonisa ukuba kukho umxholo ophezulu kule isiqalelo siqulathe yokwaleka komhlaba. Ngokuhambelana kunye nale ngxelo kwakukho into efana "mercury umoya Umhlaba." Kungenxa ngethuba degassing ngumphunga engaphezulu evela kumphezulu. Bokukhutshwa ephezulu mercury kwenzeka ngexesha mlilo. Kamva kwekhabhoni yendalo kunye nomntu ezenziwe zifakiwe kumjikelo, olwenzeka ngenxa umchiza kunye nezinye izinto phantsi iimeko zivuma zokusingqongileyo. Inkqubo ukwakheka kuwohloka nesigidi kakubi ngaye, kodwa hypothesis kungenzeka kakhulu kuthathwa inxaxheba kweentlobo ezithile iintsholongwane. Kodwa le ngxaki iphambili imethyl kunye nemixube demitil-esukela ukuba bathathe kwakhiwa kwindalo - apha emoyeni, emanzini (iindawo shark zinodaka okanye amacandelo ungcoliseko kakhulu organic) - ngaphandle inxaxheba ehlanganisa. Methylmercury iye ukufana eliphezulu kakhulu iimolekyuli bemvelo. Le mercury yingozi - ngoko eli ithuba sokuzuza nayiphi esiphilayo ngenxa Ukungena kunye lula lohlengahlengiso.

idiphozithi

Izimbiwa equlethe imetyhuri mercury ezingaphezulu kwe-100, kodwa ezimbaxa esisiseko esibonelela nenzuzo imveliso iphumele cinnabar. Ngokomthetho ipesenti, it has isakhiwo ilandelayo: isalfure 12-14%, 86-88% imetyhuri, kwaozalelwe ekhaya nezentsimbi ekrwada mercury grey, njl metacinnabarite mlindi izimbiwa main emanzini ... Imilinganiselo ziikristale cinnabar ifikelela 3-5 cm (ubuninzi), aziwayo uninzi ubukhulu 0.1-0.3 mm kwaye ziqulathe ubumdaka zinc, isilivere, iarseniki kunye ezifana. D. (iimpawu 20). nsimbi ehlabathini kukho abangama-500, uninzi amasimi onemveliso eSpeyin, Slovenia, eItali, Kyrgyzstan. iindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko zisetyenziselwa ilitye processing: igcwala kubushushu eliphezulu ukukhulula imetyhuri yoxinaniso yokuqala izinto kwalandelwa kuqhutywe mxube ngenxa.

izicelo

Ngenxa yokuba ingozi lesigidi yaba, nge-imi- 70 lwekhulu XX ayiqali isicelo sayo amayeza. An Okungumahluko thimerosal esetyenziselwa ukulondolozwa ngamachiza. isiliva Amalgam namhlanje nayo efumaneka bamazinyo, kodwa ngenkuthalo indawo amatywina Boneka. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi metal ezinobungozi busisigxina indalo izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ngqo. Mercury umphunga asetyenziswa izibane ezibengezelayo kunye zwi. Kulo mzekelo, impendulo ixhomekeke kwiqweqwe ukukhanya yokusasaza le lwezindlu. Ngenxa nomthamo ubushushu elikhethekileyo kwemfuno mercury sisinyithi ekuvelisweni izixhobo yokulinganisa ophezulu-ngqo - kwiithemometha. I-aluminiyamu ezisetyenziselwa nokuveliswa boluvo indawo, iibheringi, itshintshela etywiniweyo, actuators, iivelufa kunye ezifana. Ngepeyinti D. Biocidal ngaphambili nayo xube ize isetyenziswe ekuhlawuleni igobhogobho emkhombeni, nto leyo ethintela ukuba ungcolisa. kushishino Chemical usebenzisa imiqulu ezinkulu ityiwa i element njengoko kuvala ekwabiweni acetaldehyde. In kwicandelo lezolimo calomel sulemu yaye yayisetyenziswa kwilaphu imbewu - yayinetyhefu ikhusela okuziinkozo imbewu kwizinambuzane. Yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, inkoliso befuna amalgam. iikhompawundi Mercury adla ngokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo ukulungiselela ukuveliswa electrolytic of chlorine, zesinyithi kwealkali esebenzayo. Of Gold chemical into esebenzayo sisetyenziselwa ore processing. Mercury kunye nemixube zayo zisetyenziswa izacholo, ekwenziweni yezibuko aluminium isebenze kwakhona.

Yetyhefu (i mercury yingozi)

Ngenxa yomsebenzi zabantu ngabantu eyenziwe okusingqongileyo kunyusa lizinga izinto eziyityhefu, ezingcolisayo. Enye into enjalo, kuyachazwa kwizikhundla zokuqala kwi virulence i mercury. Le ingozi kubantu iikhompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo kwaye isibini yayo. Le ityhefu oluqhelekileyo zinetyhefu kakhulu ukuba yande emzimbeni womntu iminyaka okanye wenze ngexesha elifanayo. Bachaphazelekayo CNS, enzymatic kunye nenkqubo hematopoietic, yaye iqondo ityiwe isiphumo ixhomekeke idosi kunye nendlela elalana, ubuthi sesichengeni compound. mercury Ityhefu Chronic (ukuqokelelana uninzi lwezinto ngezinto eziphathekayo emzimbeni) luphawulwa syndromes astenovegetativnogo, ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo luvo. Imiqondiso yokuqala nigubhayo Neenkophe, zeminwe uze omzimba, ulwimi kunye nomzimba. Kuphuhliso olungaphezulu yityhefu babonakaliswa sokulibala, intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, umsebenzi kakuhle le iphecana zesisu, neurasthenia, inkumbulo kakuhle. Ukuba kukho nesigidi Ityhefu, iimpawu uphawu izifo zemiphunga. Xa baboniswa engapheliyo arhente ngemichiza akaphumeleli inkqubo deducing ezinokubangela ukufa.

Ukutyhefa ngu Mercury iityuwa

Inkqubo fastest ukugeleza nzima. Iimpawu: intloko ebuhlungu, incasa sisinyithi, iintsini ukopha, stomatitis, ukwanda ukuchama ngexesha zokunciphisa yayo ngcembe yaye kumiwe ngokupheleleyo. Obunzima kwezintso iimpawu umonakalo, iphecana zesisu, isibindi. Ukuba umntu uya kusinda, kuya kusoloko njengokuba zikhubaziwe. Isenzo Iziphumo Mercury nasemvuleni kweziyi kunye erythrocyte igazi hemolysis. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi ezi mpawu kukho umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kwinkqubo luvo. Enjalo into, ezifana imetyhuri, ingozi umntu na naluphi na uhlobo yentsebenziswano, kunye neziphumo ityhefu inokuba noqhekeko: echaphazela umzimba wonke, ukuze kubonakala nayo kwizizukulwana ezilandelayo.

Iindlela elalana ubuthi

Eyona mithombo iphambili yityhefu kukho umoya, amanzi, ukutya. Mercury kusichukumisa iphecana sokuphefumla ngumphunga izinto ukusuka kumphezulu. bandwidth Good na ulusu kunye phecana zesisu. Kuba yingozi ngokwaneleyo ukudada emanzini, nto leyo iyasuleleka yamanzi zoshishino equlethe imetyhuri; ukudla isityebi isiqalelo yemichiza Ungazifumana ngaphandle iintlobo sifo (intlanzi, inyama). Nesigidi Ityhefu idla ngenxa umsebenzi emsebenzini --non ukuthotyelwa data ezinxulumene nokhuseleko kumalungu kwimveliso. Ngaba Akukho ngaphandle ubuthi kwindawo basekhaya. Oku kwenzeka ukusebenza xa ezingafanelekanga kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo equlethe imetyhuri kunye nemixube yayo.

Ingozi mercury ubushushu

Isixhobo lonyango Ukuchaneka ezisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo - ithemometha, iyafumaneka ekhaya yonke. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo ebomini, abantu abaninzi abakwazi ukufikelela kwi khompawundi ayityhefu kakhulu eziquka mercury. "Ubushushu aphula" - le meko kungenzeka kakhulu yokuxhulumana ityhefu. Uninzi bakuthi zisasebenzisa ithemomitha mercury. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu ukuya ukuchaneka iingxelo zabo nokungathembani uluntu ubuchwepheshe obutsha. Kwimeko lesigidi ubushushu umonakalo ingozi ngenxa yomntu, Kakade ke, kodwa olubeka ingozi ukungazi nokuba enkulu. Ukuba ngokukhawuleza, ngendlela eyiyo nefanelekileyo ukwenza uthotho zazo ezilula, ukonzakala kuya kunokubangelwa ukuba, ubuncinane

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isigaba 1

Okokuqala, kufuneka uqokelele zonke izicwili ithemomitha eyaphukileyo mercury. Le yeyona yinkqubo ethatha ixesha elide, kodwa ukuphunyezwa yayo ixhomekeke impilo onke amalungu osapho kunye nezilo. Kuba yokulahla efanelekileyo, kufuneka uthathe kwijokhwe yakho yeglasi, ekufuneka asondelelene. Phambi kokuqala umsebenzi igumbi ususa bonke abaqeshi, kungcono uye phandle, okanye kwelinye igumbi, apho kukho ithuba umoya ngokusisigxina. Inkqubo yokuqokelela mercury kwamathana awukwazi ukwenziwa kusetyenziswa umatshini wokutshayela okanye nomtshayelo. Le yokugqibela nomntu iqhezu ezinkulu zentsimbi kunye nokuqinisekisa indawo enkulu usasazo. Xa wokutshayela usengozini ngexesha ukufudumeza ngexesha lomsebenzi injini, ifuthe kunye nobushushu kukhawulezisa komphunga amasuntswana kwaye oku zombane ukuze emva koko ukuba sisetyenziselwe injongo eyenzelwe yona, kuya kufuneka kuphela itshatyalaliswe.

ukulandelana yezenzo

1. Nxiba ezilahlwayo iiglavu zerabha, imaski ngotyando, izingxobo yezihlangu okanye izingxobo zeplastiki izicathulo.
2. ngokucophelela indawo apho kwaphulwa ithermometer leyo; ukuba kungenzeka likhona lesigidi kwi Impahla eyolukiweyo, impahla, iikhaphethi, ke kuthinteleke ukubola okudalwa engxoweni inkunkuma achithwe.
3. iindawo Glass esiya kwisikhongozeli uzilungiselele.
4. amachaphaza amakhulu lesigidi usebenzisa iphepha okanye inaliti ukunitha iinaliti eqokelelweyo ukusuka emgangathweni.
5. Yambethe isibane, okanye ukomeleza abayakukhanyisa egumbini, kuyimfuneko ukwandisa khangela amasuntswana ezincinane (ngenxa umbala metal kulula ukufumana).
6. Ngenyameko ehlola izikroba isini, amalungu ukutyibilika, nasezityesini ukuphelisa ezinokosulela zamathontsana amancinci kunokwenzeka.
7. Kwiindawo kudala mercury uya isirinji, nto leyo ke kufuneka itshatyalaliswe.
8. amathontsi Small ngentsimbi nokuba ndawonye kunye enamathelayo, iglu.
9. Ngexesha lonke ixesha imfuneko yokuphuma kwindawo engena umoya okanye esitalatweni yonke imizuzu engama-20.
10. Zonke izinto kunye izixhobo ezisebenzisekayo ezisetyenziswa ukuqokelela mercury kufuneka zilahlwe kunye imixholo ithermometer.

inyathelo 2

Emva kwendibano ngenyameko ncwadana kuyimfuneko ukwenza izibonelelo processing chemical. Sebenzisa abe potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) - isisombululo eliphezulu yoxinaniso (imibala emnyama) kwi-mali efunekayo kwindawo ngayo. Ukuba kufuneka banxibe iiglavu latex kunye iikoma. Zonke iindawo babacukucezela isisombululo ngenxa ngokusebenzisa amadlavu, nokuba elitywinwe, slot, amathanda kunye namalungu elihlolwa ngcono sagcwaliswa isisombululo. 10:00 okungcono elilandelayo ukushiya kumphezulu ngendlela engcwele. Emva kwale sisombululo potassium permanganate ixesha ihlanjwe ngamanzi amsulwa, ngoko mayicocwe a zaselondri kwaye ngeenxa ekhaya. Okulandelayo 6-7 iintsuku ezifunekayo ukuphumeza kwakhuthazwa rhoqo kwizakhiwo kunye nokucoca emanzi yonke imihla. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba akukho lesigidi, unako mema ziingcali kunye nezixhobo ezizodwa kwamaziko lwezifo zezilwanyana.

Unyango ukunxila

NGUBANI kubonisa 8 izinto eziyingozi kakhulu, umxholo apho emoyeni, ukutya kunye namanzi kufuneka esweni ngenyameko ngenxa isoyikiso kubomi babantu kunye nempilo. Le ilothe, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, iarseniki, inkcenkce, isinyithi, nobhedu, nezinki kwaye, kakade, mercury. Ingozi iklasi lwezinto data iphezulu kakhulu, kwaye neziphumo yityhefu akunakwenzeka ukuba ayeke ngokupheleleyo. Undoqo unyango iyakhusela yoluntu ndiphinde ndithethe ityhefu. Xa nikunqena kunye namatyala non-chronic lesigidi eziyityhefu salawo endleni, umchamo, xhopho. ithamo enetyhefu na ml 0.4, ezibulalayo - 100 mg. Xa ekukrokrelwa ukuba basebenzisane kunye ityhefu kufuneka isicelo zabucala ezithe ngokusekelwe iziphumo zovavanyo ukuqinisekisa iqondo ukunxila kwaye zibeka unyango.