Lysosomes - iseli "kohola"

Zonke iseli ophilayo unesethi izakhiwo ukuba ndimnike ithuba lokuba ubonise zonke iimpawu esiphilayo. Ukuze sisebenze kakuhle, iseli kufuneka bafumane izondlo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ndidilize, ndimkhulule amandla kwabo, nto leyo ke ukuya kwiinkqubo zenkxaso ubomi.

Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kukho ulawulo lwe-eneji lysosomes iiseli ukuba otshnurovyvayutsya kungqameko atshabalalisa amatanki dictyosomes (Golgi).

Njani na lysosomes

Lysosomes - is odnomembrannye ithole ubudeki ungqukuva of microns ukusuka 0.2 ukuya kwezi-2, nto leyo livalelwe kwisakhiwo enqanda hydrolytic. Bona bayakwazi ukuyinamathelisa nayiphi Polymer zendalo okanye isiyobisi isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo, kweyela iseli njenge zeendawana sisondlo okanye arhente zangaphandle:

• ngeeproteni polypeptides;
• polysaccharides (starch, dextrin, glycogen);
• nucleic;
• lipids.

Le ukusebenza unganikeza 40 iintlobo enzayim ezahlukeneyo eziqulathwe lysosomes matrix kanye kwicala elingaphakathi inwebu isekwimo kunyango.

lysosomes Chemistry

Inwebu olungqonge yenyani, ukhusela organelles kunye namanye amacandelo zeselula ye enzyme oluntsonkothileyo nokugaya. Kodwa iqamza zonke enzyme imvelaphi protein, kutheni gqiphu yi proteases?

Inyaniso kukuba ngaphakathi enzyme yenyani zombuso glycosylated. Le ekudleni "iqokobhe" yenza azizenzi zingabonakali ukuya enqanda proteolytic.

Reaction medium ngaphakathi lysosomes kuba nguvumazonke acid (pH 4.5-5), ngokuchaseneyo hyaloplasm phantse cala. Oku kukwadala iimeko azivumi ukuba isenzo enqanda kwaye isebenzisa H ⁺ -ATPase, leyo iimpompo protons ngaphakathi organelles.

Inkqubo yokuguqula yenyani

Morphologically esiseleni iintlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo lysosomes - eziziprayimari nezizisekondari.

lysosomes Primary - na amaqampu amancinane, okanye egudileyo-mbini, wahlukana itanki ezimbaxa Golgi. Ukuba ibe iseti enqanda hydrolytic kwi inwebu granular (roughened) EPR ukusekwa ngaphambili. ukufakwa Ngaphambi of lysosomes zeendawana sezondlo ngohlobo opholileyo.

Ukuze uqalise kwi-enzayim yenyani kufuneka ukufumana amasuntswana ukutya okanye ulwelo. Oku kwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini:

1. Xa autophagy, apho amasuntswana ukutya lilo yenyani ukusuka kukho icytoplasm ezingqonge. Le organelles inwebu invaginates kwinqanaba adibane kwisuntswana kwaye yenza vesicle endocytic uze otshnurovyvaetsya lysosomes ngaphakathi.
2. Ngu geterofagii xa yenyani zidibana kunye vesicles endocytic, kanye ukuba kukho icytoplasm yeseli ngenxa nokufunxwa eziqinileyo okanye ulwelo ezivela ngaphandle.

lysosomes Secondary - oku vesicles equlethe i-enzyme zeendawana ukwenzela ukwetyisa. Bona luphawulwa umsebenzi hydrolytic yabonisa kwaye zaveliswa ngenxa kukufakwa yenyani zeendawana zaseprayimari.

Ngako oko umsebenzi ukunciphisa lysosomal ukwetyisa (cleavage) ngamasuntswana eqinileyo kunye izinyibiliki eziphilayo, inkqubo bhetyebhetye ilungiselelwa yi isakhono lysosomes eziziisekondari:

• idibane lysosomes zaseprayimari, okubangela yintlama entsha enqanda;
• coalesce kunye Amasuntswana ukutya entsha okanye vesicles endocytotic ukugcina inkqubo eqhubekayo cleavage;
• badibane nabanye lysosomes lesibini, ezakha isakhiwo enkulu ekwaziyo ukufunxa ezinye organelles iseli;
• ukufunxa vesicles pinocytic zibe imizimba multivesicular.

Ubume be-lysosomes ngoxa ukuguqula. Ngokuqhelekileyo likhula kuphela ngobukhulu.

Ezinye iindidi lysosomes

Ngamanye amaxesha oqhekeza ezibanjiswe izinto yenyani ayikho kude kube sekupheleni. amasuntswana Undigested bangabi zisuswe organelle yaye inokuqokelelana kuyo. Emva kokuba unikezelo enqanda hydrolytic olusele, isiqulatho ubunjwe ze esirisayikilishiweyo, isakhiwo yenyani uba lunzima kakhulu, sekhombuya. Kwakhona ilahlwe izinto ebala. Yenyani iguqulelwa umzimba intsalela.

Kamva ithole lentsalela kuhlala iseli okanye isuswe ngoko yi exocytosis.

Xa protists iiseli ingafunyanwa autophagosomes. Ngemvelo yazo, basonta lysosomes ezizisekondari. Phakathi kwezi organelles zifumaneka iintsalela yeekhomponenti ezinkulu esiseleni kunye nezakhiwo cytoplasmic. Bona akhiwa umonakalo yeseli, ukwaluphala kunye organelles zeselula zenzelwe amacandelo okurisayikilisha esiseleni, ukhulula monomers.

Yenyani umsebenzi kule seli

Lysosomes becala ukubonelela ukwakhiwa cell izinto eziphathekayo depolimerizuya eziyimfuneko abanjwe kuyo.

Ucalucalulo carbohydrate ilikhonkco ebalulekileyo eneji yokucolwa weseli ngokunika i zeendawana sokujika kwi mitochondria.

Lysosomes - it kwakhona ikhonkco wokhuseleko amajoni omzimba:

1. Emva kokuba phagocytosis iintsholongwane ngu leucocytes, lysosomes kugalela iziqulatho zayo em- vesicle phagocytic, ulonakalise amagciwane eziyingozi.
2. Ukukhulula enzyme proteolytic kwi apoptosis - ukufa kweeseli.
3. Ukulahla organelles onakeleyo iseli 'emdala ".

Lihambisana iseli ayanda, lysosomes bathathe inxaxheba okutsha kwezakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo inika uhlaziyo ephilayo.