Liberalism - le mfundiso inkululeko

Liberalism - yinto intshukumo yezentlalo kunye nezentlalo-ezopolitiko imfundiso, esekelwe kwixabiso inkululeko yabantu kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi (yokomoya, uqoqosho, ezopolitiko, njalo njalo).

Ngokwembali, iingcamango melo ziye ezinxulumene sengqondo yabantu kwipropati, leyo uthole iwonga ekuhlaleni kunye nemali befumana izibonelelo zentlalo kunokwenzeka.

Iimbono yokuqala, abonisa ngokwayo liberalism - it Antiquity wacinga iinkokheli. Okokuqala, le mfundiso kaSocrates sikwimo entle. Kamva Roman ayekholelwa yaqulunqa ingcamango yobuntu jikelele yaye zakhiwe postulates inkululeko ephakathi yokomoya womntu kunye nomthetho wemvelo.

Ezi iingcamango kuye kwatsala ingqwalaselo eyodwa zobulumko engamakhulu 17-18. Imibono Descartes, Spinoza, noMilton yobume umntu ngomntu esinengqiqo nezentlalo, urhulumente, inkolo kunye nelungelo lokuba babe sisiseko yembono ukuba uphuhliso olungaphaya liberalism yaseYurophu.

Kubalulekile ukuba eziphembelele ekuyilweni ngokucacile postulates neengcinga abathimbi liberalism - intshukumo namaProtestanti-guqula. abameli balo baba iimfuno zabo bonke abantu ilungelo lenkululeko yonqulo. Ngeli xesha, impembelelo yonqulo waqalisa ukuba buthathaka.

Ngophuhliso yemveliso longxowankulu yaye abenzi bemilingo ulwazi lwenzululwazi, ubudlelwane feudal eBritani kunye neFransi saqala ukwehla ngokukhawuleza. Amalungelo yabantu basebukhosini yaba isenokupheleliselwa, ngokuthe ngcembe kwasekwa udidi lwentlalo omtsha - oongxowankulu. Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ukuba usonge kwiimbono omtsha, waphawulwa ngenxa yayo inkqubo lwamaxabiso. Ke kuthwelwe ngaphakathi, nto leyo yaziwa ngokuba "liberalism".

Eli xesha waphawulwa ngenxa yokuba iinkcuba wabona isisongelo engundoqo inkululeko yabantu kobuso karhulumente. creed Political of liberalism yaqala nakwimigaqo imfuneko yokuba urhulumente siseko ngokusekelwe ukwahlulwa kwamagunya zibe yesigqeba, yowiso-mthetho kunye namasebe ezeeJaji; intlonipho yamalungelo neemfanelo oluntu nenkululeko yonqulo, elithi, umbutho okuququzelela a zezopolitiko.

Inkululeko luqondwa kungekhona nje ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ithuba ukucinga ngokukhululekileyo, ukukhetha inkolo, ukuvakalisa iimbono zakho, yokuhlanganisa iqela, bandakanya kurhwebo, khetha abalawuli nokubumba gosustroystva.

Igama elithi Kwabonakala emva kwexesha lokuqala eSpeyin ngo-1812, i-benkululeko ngokuba yeemanyano abantu ababebhala itekisi yomgaqo-siseko.

EYurophu, liberalism classical unxulunyaniswa izimvo zeengcali ngezoqoqosho zezopolitiko IsiNgesi abasungula le ingcamango yokuba uqoqosho kufuneka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kurhulumente. Njengoko indlela yokucinga bulumko, liberalism wakhuthaza uphuhliso amanyathelo ngamnye. Kule nkalo kwezoqoqosho iingcamango yakhe, egwetyelwe yena imfuneko lorhwebo olukhululekileyo, amaxabiso, intlawulo, elibonelela indibaniselwano phakathi kwabo babemele ukukhuthaza ukhuphiswano phakathi kubavelisi ngamnye emarikeni.

Liberalism - akukho nje umsinga ngokwasengqondweni. Ngeendlela ezininzi, bekuya kuba echanekileyo ngakumbi ukufowunela imfundiso kwezoqoqosho, lwezenhlalo nentanda-bulumko.

Ngokutsho iingcamango Rousseau kunye Locke, umntu unelungelo yendalo lenkululeko, ekufuneka ukukhusela urhulumente. Abaxhasi kwezi mboniselo kwakukho Hume, Kant, Franklin, Jefferson, Condorcet, uMontesquieu kunye nabanye. Ezi izimvo zazibonakala Declaration of Independence of the United States ngowe-1776, i-Declaration of Human Rights ngo ka1789 kunye nkcazo-jikelele engeemfanelo zoluntu.

Liberalism kunye neo-liberalism linxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kunye nezibonelelo zazo eziphambili. Kugcine kuphuhliswa iimbono economics and bulumko evela 1930.