Le ngengqiqo kaSocrates njengoko ubugcisa yencoko yoyilo. izinto abamelwe. Le mpikiswano kaSocrates

Wonke umntu weva ubuncinane kanye ebomini bam kaSocrates. Lo bulumko yamaGrike washiya, azafunyanelwa ndawo eliqaqambileyo kwimbali kuphela Greece kodwa, kulo lonke bulumko. Eyona umdla isifundo ngengqiqo kaSocrates njengoko ubugcisa yencoko yoyilo. Le ndlela yaba sisiseko zonke iimfundiso sobulumko yamandulo yamaGrike. Inqaku lethu Eyokuba uSocrates kunye neemfundiso zakhe, nto leyo yaba isiseko kuphuhliso olungaphezulu bulumko nje inzululwazi.

USocrates: ubuhlakani akanandaba

Malunga sobulumko omkhulu wathi eninzi ubuntu bakhe kuphuhliso bulumko psychology bekutshiwo ngaphezu kanye. USocrates simanga ingqalelo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ibali lobomi bakhe ifumene iinkcukacha engakholelekiyo. Ukuze uqonde ukuba lithetha ukuthini igama elithi "ngengqiqo ethi" yaye kutheni uSocrates babecinga ukuba ndlela kuphela ukwazi inyaniso nize esidimeni, kufuneka kancinci malunga ubomi bulumko yamandulo yamaGrike uyazi.

USocrates wazalwa kule BC ngenkulungwane yesihlanu usapho nomkroli kunye umbelekisi. Ekubeni ilifa kayise, ngokomthetho, kwafuneka ukufumana umkhuluwa bulumko, esemncinane yokuba nakancane nokwanda kwezinto eziphathekayo, waza wachitha lonke ixesha lakhe spare ngenxa yemfundo-self. USocrates uye izakhono ezibalaseleyo oratorical, bakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Ukongeza, wafundela wetu yaya izifundo ze-zobulumko, i Sophists, ukukhuthaza ulawulo kwabantu "Mna" yonke imithetho nemimiselo.

Nangona indlela ome ngayo ezidolophini amahlwempu, uSocrates wayetshatile yaye abantwana eziliqela yaye yaziwa ngokuba joni elikhaliphileyo wathabatha inxaxheba Peloponnesian War. Kubomi bakhe bonke-sobulumko zange ashiye Attica yaye ndacinga ubomi babo ngaphaya kwemida yawo.

USocrates wamcekisa ubutyebi kunye Njalo ngeenyawo waya iimpahla sele kakuhle zigugile. Akazange ashiye ngasemva nawuphi na umsebenzi lwenzululwazi okanye imisebenzi, njengoko sobulumko wayekholelwa ukuba ulwazi ayikwazi kufundiswa, ukuba ndityale umntu. Umphefumlo kuyimfuneko lityhale khangela inyaniso, yaye ukwenza oku njenge mpikiswano kunye nengxoxo eyakhayo yeyona ndlela ilungileyo. USocrates kudla otyholwa ukungangqinelani yeemfundiso zakhe, kodwa wayesoloko ukulungele ukujoyina ingxoxo uve izimvo kumdlali welinye icala. Isimanga, kwafumaniseka ukuba eyona ndlela ilungileyo bokucenga. Phantse wonke umntu ubuncinane kanye weva uSocrates, wabiza indoda elumkileyo.

Ukufa sobulumko enkulu Akumangalisi angumfuziselo, iye yaba ukwandiswa yendalo yobomi bakhe neemfundiso. Emva izityholo zokuba uSocrates esonakalisa iingqondo zabantu abatsha oothixo abatsha ezingezizo oothixo aseAtene, sobulumko wamangalelwa. Ke lowo ubengenanzondo, ngenxa sigwebo kunye nokugwetywa, kwaye isohlwayo ecetywayo yi zokwamkelwa ityhefu. Ukufa kulo mzekelo, umtyholwa wabonwa nje ukuhlangulwa inkohlakalo emhlabeni. Nangona into yokuba abahlobo bakhe bacela ukuba ukuhlangula sobulumko entolongweni, wala waza wadibana stoically kokufa kwakhe emva kokuba ulwamkelo izabelo ityhefu. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, endebeni kwaba ngumhlonyane.

A imigca embalwa ukuya lo mfanekiso kwimbali uSocrates

Isibakala sokuba bulumko yamaGrike kwakukho ubuntu obungaqhelekanga, kunokwenziwa isigqibo emva inkcazo yobomi bakhe. Kodwa abanye bemchukumisa ziimpawu uSocrates ingakumbi eliqaqambileyo:

• wayesoloko wazigcina kwimilo elungileyo emzimbeni, ukwenza iintlobo olulandelenayo yaye ndacinga ukuba yeyona ndlela ingcono impilo engqondweni;
• sobulumko ngqo kwinkqubo ethile ukutya ngaphandle kwemfuneko, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukunika umzimba yonke okubalulekileyo (mbali bakholelwa ukuba le nto wamsindisa ngobhubhani ngexesha Peloponnesian War);
• Wathetha ababesifa imithombo ezibhaliweyo - bona, ngokutsho uSocrates, buthathaka ingqondo;
• Athene wayesoloko ilungele ngxoxo, kwaye bekhangela ulwazi akwazi ukuhamba iikhilomitha ezininzi, babuze zo ezaziwayo.

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-yeshumi elinesithoba, ngexesha kuphuhliso iphezulu bengqondo, abaninzi baye bazama ukuchaza ii-uSocrates kunye nemisebenzi yakhe ngokwembono sawo, kunye predispositions. Kodwa iingcali akukho kuvunyelwene, kwaye ukusilela kwabo babeka phezu ubuncinane inani ulwazi oluthembekileyo kwi "nomonde."

Njengoko wamkela iimfundiso kaSocrates

Intanda kaSocrates - le ngengqiqo - yaba sisiseko bulumko ezininzi kunye nezalathiso. Uye ikwazile ukuba isiseko abaphengululi mihla kunye zazikwazi, emva kokufa kaSocrates, abalandeli bakhe bayaqhubeka umsebenzi katitshala, ukwakha izikolo ezitsha kunye nokuguqula ubuchule kwaziwa. Le ubunzima kwimbono yokufundisa uSocrates 'lo ukungabikho kwemisebenzi yakhe. Siyazi ngefilosofi yamandulo yamaGrike nge uPlato noAristotle, noXenophon. Ngamnye kubo kugqalwa ngodumo ukuba babhale izincoko eziliqela kwi uSocrates kunye neemfundiso zakhe. Nangona yokuba sele sifikelele amaxesha zethu kwinkcazo eneenkcukacha, musa ukulibala ukuba umbhali ngamnye aze cazelo yokuqala isimo sakhe kunye touch of icala elinye. Kulula ukubona ngokuthelekisa izicatshulwa uPlato noXenophon. Zahluke ngokupheleleyo ukuchaza uSocrates yena nemisebenzi yakhe. Xa ezininzi imiboniso ephambili ababhali ngokwesiseko akuvumelani kangakanani ukuba ngokubonakalayo kunciphisa ukuthembeka imisebenzi equlathwe ulwazi lwabo.

Ifilosofi kaSocrates: ekuqaleni

ngengqiqo Antique kaSocrates yaba Umkhuba entsha ngokupheleleyo kwaye emitsha kwasekwa izithethe zeentanda-Greece yamandulo. Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuvela umlinganiswa ezifana uSocrates Kungokwemvelo kwaye kulindeleke. Ngokutsho imithetho ethile iphela umlinganiswa ngamnye ivela ngexesha apho ifuneka khona. Ngapha koko, akukho intshukumo enye zonqulo zange avele esithubeni kwaye iya ndawo. Kufana imbewu yawa kumhlaba otyebileyo apho kuntshula baze bangavelisi siqhamo. izifaniso abanjalo kwenziwa yonke impumelelo yenzululwazi kunye izinto, njengoko zibekiwe ezininzi eziyimfuneko ukuze uluntu indawo kwezinye iimeko ngokupheleleyo ukutshintsha imbali emva impucuko xa iyonke.

Kunjalo wathi uSocrates. Xa BC Ngenkulungwane yesihlanu, ubugcisa kunye nenzululwazi phambili ngokukhawuleza. Njalo kukho iintshukumo ezintsha bulumko, nangoko ufumana abalandeli. E Athens, kwaba ezithandwa kakhulu kwaye baqhube nokhuphiswano lwe ubugagu okanye ingxoxo malunga nesihloko engxamisekileyo umdla-nkqubo lonke. Ngoko ke, akumangalisi ukuba ngengqiqo kaSocrates kwavela nenqwaba. Ababhali-mbali bathi, ngokutsho imibhalo uPlato, uSocrates wenza imfundiso yakhe ukruthakruthwano phakathi bulumko ithandwayo Sophists, Preti sezingqondweni kunye nokuqonda zomthonyama Athens.

Ngemvelaphi ngengqiqo kaSocrates

dialectics luluvo uSocrates kuchasene ngokupheleleyo kwimfundiso sophists ka ngakumbi ubukho bezinto zabantu "Mna" kwi lonke uluntu. Le ngcamango lidumile kakhulu zaseAttica kwaye ziphuhliswe ngamandla zobulumko zamaGrike. Bamela ukuba ubuntu akukho kukhawulelwe nayiphi imithetho, zonke izenzo zawo zisekelwe iminqweno kunye nobuchule. Ukongeza, kwintanda-bulumko ixesha egxile ngokuphelele ukukhangelwa iimfihlelo wendalo waphezulu. Izazinzulu ziye bakhuphisana bubuciko, bexoxa kwasekudalweni kwehlabathi, waza wafuna kangangoko kunokwenzeka kuxhotyiswa nengcamango abantu balingane kunye noothixo. I Sophists ayekholelwa ukuba lalwano kwi iimfihlelo aphezulu uluntu kunikela amandla amakhulu kwaye ibe yinxalenye into engaqhelekanga. Nangona ndandilele layo ngoku, umntu simahla kwaye axhaswe izenzo zakhe kuphela iintswelo zabo angasebenzi.

USocrates waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukukhangela wazoba zobulumko phezu kwabantu. Wakwazi ukuhambisa kummandla umdla waphezulu siqu elula. Ulwazi yomntu iba endleleni eyinyaniso, ukuba bafumane ulwazi kunye nesidima, awawabeka uSocrates phezu kwinqanaba elifanayo. Wayekholelwa ukuba iimfihlelo iphela kufuneka ihlale izithakazelo zaphezulu, kodwa umntu kufuneka bafunde ihlabathi lokuqala ngokwakhe. Kwaye ukuba bamenze lilungu kuluntu azithanda, ngenxa yokuba ulwazi kuphela kuya kunceda ukwahlula okulungileyo kokubi ilale kuyo inyaniso.

Ethics kunye ngengqiqo kaSocrates ngokufutshane malunga main

Iimbono ezisisiseko uSocrates zisekelwe kumaxabiso ezilula zabantu. Waziva kwakufuneka asuse kakuhle abafundi bakhe ukuba bafune inyaniso. Emva kwale quest ngumsebenzi ophambili-bulumko. Le ngxelo kunye nokumelwa inzululwazi indlela olungenasiphelo ke utyekelo entsha ngokupheleleyo phakathi zo yamandulo eGrisi. Sobulumko ngokwakhe ingqalelo ngokwakhe uhlobo 'umbelekisi ", leyo yi okubi elula ikuvumela ukuba azalwe indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo acinga yomgwebo. USocrates akazange ayiphikise into yokuba umntu abantu banako omkhulu, kodwa ababesithi ulwazi kunye nokuqonda ngokwayo umkhulu kumele ukuba ukhokelele ekubeni imithetho ethile yokuziphatha kunye sikhokelo ajike abe iseti imilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Yiloo nto ke bulumko kaSocrates ukhokela umntu endleleni zophando, xa ukufunyanwa ezintsha kunye nolwazi ngamnye kwakufuneka kwakhona kukhokelela imibuzo. Kodwa le ndlela kuphela ukunika irisiti ezintle ezivakaliswe ulwazi. Sobulumko wathi ukwazi okulungileyo, abantu abayi kukwenza okubi. Ngaloo angazenza kwisakhelo, nto leyo eya kukunceda ukuba khona kuluntu, umzise inzuzo. izimiso zokuziphatha alohlukaniswa umntu, ukuba, ngokutsho iimfundiso kaSocrates, landela enye.

Kodwa ukwazi inyaniso nokuzalwa walo umbulelo kuphela ukuba ukuqwalaselwa ezininzi kwesi sifundo. Le mpikiswano kaSocrates ngesihloko esithile sisixhobo ukufumana inyaniso, ngenxa yokuba kuphela kwimbambano, apho iqela ngalinye uthi umbono wakhe, sinako ukubona kuzalwa ulwazi. Dialectics ifuna ingxoxo ukuqinisekisa inyaniso epheleleyo, yonke impikiswano uyalinandipha zithi, kwaye iqhubeka ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo injongo - ulwazi uzuza.

Izimiso dialectics

izinto abasemthethweni ngengqiqo uSocrates kakhulu ilula. Wasebenzisa kubo bonke ubomi babo, yaye ngabo baphikisa inyaniso abafundi bakhe kunye nabalandeli. Bangakwazi ingashwankathelwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo:

1. "Yazi wena"

Eli binzana yaba sisiseko bulumko kaSocrates. Wayekholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuqalisa nalo lonke uphando, kuba ulwazi ihlabathi ifumaneka kuphela kuThixo, kodwa umntu umiselwa neembila zithutha ngenye indlela - kufuneka afune ukwazi bona izakhono zabo. -Sobulumko babekholelwa ukuba inqanaba self-ulwazi ilungu ngalinye oluntu ixhomekeke inkcubeko kunye elungileyo lonke uhlanga.

2. "Ndiyazi ukuba ndazi nto"

Lo mgaqo ivuselela wakhetha uSocrates phakathi kwezinye iingcali zefilosofi kunye zo. Ngamnye kubo uthi umzimba ephezulu ulwazi kwaye ngoko bazibiza sisilumko. USocrates ayemfuna ngendlela akakwazanga ukugqitywa priori. Imida isenesazela umntu inga siwa uyidlulisele Infinity, ngoko ke nokuqonda kunye olutsha nolwazi kuba nje inyathelo endleleni eya imibuzo emitsha kunye uphendlo.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, nkqu yezihlabo Delphic wacinga uSocrates ukuhlakanipha. Kukho banentsomi othi, ndakuqonda ngayo, sobulumko yamangaliswa kakhulu kwaye wagqiba ukufumana phandle isizathu sokuba iimpawu kocengacengayo enjalo. Ngenxa yoko, udliwano-ndlebe oluninzi zaseAttica ingqalelo njengoko abantu abaninzi abakrelekrele, bafika kwisigqibo amangalisayo: yena yathatyathwa isilumko, ngenxa yokuba ndoqhayisa ulwazi lwabo. "Ndiyazi ukuba ndazi nto" - oku bubulumko iphezulu, njengokuba ulwazi ngokupheleleyo ifumaneka kuphela kuThixo kwaye ayikwazi ukunikwa umntu.

3. "Isidima - lwazi"

Le ngcamango kunzima kakhulu ukufunda kwizangqa zoluntu, kodwa uSocrates bangavele bathi imigaqo-bulumko. Waqiqa ukuba wonke umntu uzama ukwenza oko intliziyo afuna ngayo. Kwaye ufuna kuphela entle emangalisayo, ngoko ukuqonda zobuhle, leyo yeyona ezintle, oko kukhokelela ukuqaphela njalo yale mbono.

Sinokuthi ngasinye kwezi zivakalisi zingasentla kaSocrates kungancitshiswa ukuya iminenga ezintathu:

• self-lwazi;
• titsongahata bulumko yamaGrike;
• ngokoyisa ulwazi kunye nesidima.

Le ngengqiqo kaSocrates amelwe intshukumo sezingqondweni ukuqonda kwaye kuphunyezwe lo mbono. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi njongo kuhlala engasoze, kwaye umbuzo - umbuzo evulekileyo.

Indlela kaSocrates

Dialectics, okudalwe sobulumko yamaGrike, iquka indlela ukuthatha umendo self-ulwazi ukufumana inyaniso. It has a izixhobo ezimbalwa ezingundoqo, nto leyo unanamhla ziye zasetyenziswa ngempumelelo zobulumko imisinga ezahlukeneyo:

1. indida

Ngaphandle ukukwazi ukuba bahleke ngokwakho akunakwenzeka ukuba bafikelele ukuqonda umxholo. Ngapha koko, ngokutsho uSocrates, nenkani self-isiqinisekiso ukuchaneka abangaphangeliyo uphuhliso kwengcinga kwaye ayenzi mathandabuzo. Ngokusekelwe indlela uSocrates, uPlato elubala ukuba oku bulumko evela emangele. Iyakwazi ukwenza kwamathandabuzo umntu, kunye nenkqubela ngaloo kakhulu kwindlela ukuba ndingubani. Le ngengqiqo kaSocrates isicelo kwiincoko zesiqhelo kunye nabahlali base-Atena, ngokufuthi kwakhokelela ekubeni nkqu bazithembe kakhulu ulwazi lwabo yamaGrike baqalisa ukuba ukuphoxeka kuye ngokwakhe efanayo. Kunokuthiwa ukuba le nkalo indlela kaSocrates efanayo kumgaqo yesibini ngengqiqo.

2. maieutics

Maieutics ukuze kuchazwe inyathelo wamva Okuphoxayo kukuba, apho umntu ivelisa inyaniso neendlela ukuba iqondakale. Kuqeqesho kukhangeleka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• abantu balahle nekratshi labo;
• abafumana angala waphathwa kwaso kukunyaba;
• eza ukuqonda imfuneko ukufuna inyaniso;
• It icanda impendulo indlela kwimibuzo ebuzwa ekunciphiseni;
• impendulo nganye entsha kwenza kuvele umbuzo olandelayo;
• emva uthotho lwemibuzo (abaninzi kubo singachazwa kwi dialogue ngento) ungubani inyaniso yabo ezelwe.

USocrates avakalisa ukuba intanda - kuba yinkqubo eqhubekekayo nje abe ixabiso static. Kule meko kungenzeka ukuba ukuqikelela i "ukufa" lo bulumko, nekungoku ingxamele engqongqo.

Maieutics ke alohlukaniswa incoko. Ukuba eze ulwazi, kunye uSocrates wafundisa nabalingane bakhe abalandeli ukuba bafune inyaniso ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukuze wenze oku, imibuzo elungileyo kwaye kubaluleke ngokulinganayo kwaye kwabanye, yaye kuye. Kwezinye iimeko, kodwa lo ngumbuzo uzibuze iya isiba wokugxeka kwaye kukhokelela kulwazi.

3. Induction

A isici esasenza iingxoxo kaSocrates kukuba inyaniso ingenakufikeleleka. Yinjongo, kodwa bulumko ngokwayo efihlakeleyo intshukumo kule njongo. Nkanuko ukufumana kwaye kukho ngengqiqo kwi ngokubonakala ngqo kulo. Ukuqonda, ngokutsho uSocrates - oku ke nokwenziwa inyaniso, ezifana nokutya, kodwa kuphela inkcazelo na izinto eziyimfuneko kunye nendlela eya kuyo. Kwixesha elizayo, umntu ulindele ukuhambisa kuphela phambili, nguwuphi na ukumiswa.

Dialectics: zokukhula nophuhliso

Le ngengqiqo kaSocrates yaba yeyokuqala kwaye, umntu usenokuthi, inyathelo zendalo kuphuhliso bulumko entsha. Oku kuvele kwi BC ngenkulungwane yesihlanu yaye kamva waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ngenkuthalo. zigaba eyayikuyo ngengqiqo kaSocrates ezinye zobulumko kuphela ukuba abambe abathathu, kodwa eneneni zazimele uluhlu nzima ngakumbi:

• ifilosofi bamandulo;
• ifilosofi ephakathi;
• ifilosofi Renaissance;
• ifilosofi Modern;
• intanda-classical German;
• ifilosofi Marxist;
• ifilosofi Russian;
• bulumko mihla Western.

Olu luhlu ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa ukuba le ndawo eyenziwe kuyo yonke amanqanaba zembali apho uluntu lidlulile. Kakade ke, akukho elowo kubo ngengqiqo kaSocrates wafumana negalelo emibi kuphuhliso, kodwa bulumko mihla idibanisa nayo uninzi kula magama amagama abakho kamva ukufa enkulu sobulumko yamandulo yamaGrike.

isiphelo

USocrates igalelo kuphuhliso bulumko mihla yesayensi gqitha. Wadala indlela entsha yenzululwazi ekufuneni inyaniso kunye namandla oluntu wajika ngokwakhe ngokumnika ithuba lokufunda zonke iinkalo yakhe "Mna" kunye nokuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka esithi: ". Ndiyazi ukuba ndazi nto"