KwiCerebellum ingqondo. Ubume kunye nomsebenzi kwiCerebellum

Cerebellum ( "ubuchopho amancinci") yi isakhiwo apho kwi inxalenye elingasemva ingqondo kwi emazantsi neuron Occipital kunye nomhlehlo temporal. Nangona kwiCerebellum yaye malunga ne-10% ye umthamo ingqondo, oko iqulathe ngaphezulu kwama-50% yenani lilonke luvo ngaphakathi kuyo.

Kuye kudala kwakholwa isakhiwo kwiCerebellum motor yabantu, kuba oko kukhokelela umonakalo ulungelelaniso kakuhle, nokugqwesa umzimba.

Lo mzobo ngentla ibonisa ingqondo. KwiCerebellum echazwa utolo.

Nantsi into ubuchopho encinane kwicandelo emnqamlezweni.

KwiCerebellum yi ingqondo owenza imisebenzi elandelayo.

Ukugcina ukulinganisela somzimba

KwiCerebellum kubaluleke kakhulu kukugcina ukulingana emzimbeni womntu. Ifumene data evela receptors vestibular kwaye proprioceptive, uze modulates imithetho ukuya luvo zokushukuma ngokungathi ubalumkise utshintsho kwindawo emzimbeni okanye umthwalo kakhulu kwi izihlunu. Abantu abane-Cerebellum eyonakeleyo ubunzima ekubaleni okanye imali eseleyo.

ukudidiyelwa ngemibutho

iintshukumo zomzimba Uninzi ebandakanya amaqela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo izihlunu ezisebenzisana kunye. It kwiCerebellum inoxanduva lokuququzelela iintshukumo emzimbeni wethu.

motor yokufunda

KwiCerebellum kubalulekile ukuba uqeqesho lwethu. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo kukhubazeko nokulungelelanisa iinkqubo ngeemoto ukwenza iintshukumo ngqo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo kwetyala kunye imposiso (umzekelo, baseball uqeqesho kunye neminye imidlalo ezifuna intshukumo yomzimba).

iinkqubo Cognitive (cognitive level)

Nangona kwiCerebellum lo kakhulu kuqwalaselwa ngokwemiqathango iminikelo yayo kwisixhobo ulawulo eshukumayo, nayo inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ethile ngokwasengqondweni, ezifana nolwimi. Le nemisebenzi kwiCerebellum yobuchopho okwangoku kufundwe kakuhle ngokwaneleyo kubo ukuze usixelele okuninzi.

Ngenxa yoko, kwiCerebellum ngokwembali ezijongwa njengenxalenye yenkqubo imoto, kodwa ayipheli umsebenzi wawo.

Isakhiwo kwiCerebellum

It iqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili eziqhagamshelene umbungu (ummandla eliphakathi). Ezi ndawo zimbini bazaliswe into emhlophe, into isale umaleko obhityileyo zenkqunto cortical ezingwevu (neuron cerebellar). Kwakhona kulo mbandela imhlophe ubukho amaqela amancinane umcimbi ezingwevu - i kernel. Ekupheleni kwale ntshulube yi intwana - ezi tonsils cerebellar. It inxaxheba kuququzelelo lweentshukumo, kuyanceda ukugcina ulungelelwano. Sinikezela sihlolisise isakhiwo kwiCerebellum.

KwiCerebellum yahlulwe ezininzi ezincinci, nganye eneyazo ngegama laso, kodwa nqaku liza kuxubusha kuphela nxalenye inkulu.

Lo mzobo ubonisa kwiCerebellum. La manani abhekisele ikhweyitha cerebellar nangaphezulu:

1 - lobe cipande; 2 - i ephakathi; 3 - Pons; 4 - share Klochkova-nodular; 5 - sibange posterolateral; 6 - nomhlehlo ngomva.

Amanani zivumelana:

1 - vermis cerebellar; 2 - nomhlehlo cipande; 3 - sibange Main; 4 - saseNtla; 5 - sibange posterolateral; 6 - share Klochkova-nodular; 7 - nomhlehlo ngomva.

ingxenye kwiCerebellum

iintanda ezimbini ezinkulu ebaleka mediolaterally, neuron cerebellar wahlulwe nezabelo ezintathu. fissure Posterolateral esahlula iqhekeza Klotchkov-nodular zobuchopho emzimbeni, kwaye ufa ephambili ezakwabiwa ngayo umzimba yobuchopho zibe cipande kunye ngomva kwesibindi.

Brain Cerebellum sagittally ahlulwe aba kwiindawo ezintathu - i zifaka ezimbini ezahlulwe sisithuba nakumndilili (worm). Kwandlelwe indawo oluphakathi phakathi kwe zifaka ezimbini (imida ecacileyo morphological phakathi kummandla eliphakathi kwaye akukho zifaka osecaleni, kwiCerebellum Amygdala iphakathi impethu kunye zifaka).

nuclei cerebellar

Zonke kwiCerebellum Imiqondiso ingqondo edlulisela ngoncedo eziba anzongonzongo cerebellar. Ngenxa yoko, umonakalo eziba cerebellar na isiphumo esifanayo umonakalo uwonke zonke kwiCerebellum. Kukho iindidi eziliqela umphakathi:

1. Eziba wentente - ngumongo kakhulu ebekwe medially ye kwiCerebellum. Befumana imiyalezo evela afferents (amaza-luvo) ye kwiCerebellum, carrier vestibular, somatosensory, ezikhalayo, kunye nolwazi olubonakalayo. Yenzelwe ikakhulu kulo mba ezimhlophe kwale ntshulube.
2. umbono olandelayo nuclei cerebellar ziquka nje ezimbini iintlobo umphakathi - ungqukuva kunye probkovidnye. Baya kufumana imiyalezo evela ommandla eliphakathi (worm) kunye afferents kwiCerebellum ukuba awuthwale emva, somatosensory, ezikhalayo, kunye nolwazi olubonakalayo.
3. ingxenye Dentate la likhulu kwiCerebellum yaye zicwangciswe ecaleni uhlobo odlulileyo. Befumana imiyalezo evela kwi zifaka kwicala kunye afferents kwiCerebellum nadlulisela ulwazi ukusuka neuron (a nuclei ingqondo nge ibhulorho).
4. nuclei Vestibular ezingaphaya kwiCerebellum, xa lo Oblongata Medulla. bona ngenxa yoko ngokungqongqo eziba kwiCerebellum, kodwa kucingelwa ukuba ezisebenza ngokufanayo, ukuba ezi nuclei, ngenxa yokuba izakhiwo zabo efanayo. nuclei Vestibular ukufumana imiyalezo evela nodular Klotchkov-iqhekeza kwaye ukusuka ekulo vestibular.

Ukongeza kwezi imiqondiso, zonke umphakathi nakuzo zonke iindawo kwiCerebellum kufumana ekhethekileyo isantya ekhoyo somnquma kuthathelwe le Oblongata Medulla.

Khankanya ukuba indawo zomzimba nuclei cerebellar bahambelana imimandla uthinte, ukusuka apho bafumana imiyalezo. Ngenxa yoko, umongo oluphakathi ilahlwe Shart pulses ifunyenwe impethu ibekwe phakathi; kwicala probkovidnye kunye nuclei ungqukuva ukufumana ingcaciso evela phesheya kommandla esiPhakathi (umbungu efanayo); kunye engundoqo inkoliso gear icala ifumana imiyalezo evela kwenye okanye ezinye ikhweyitha ye kwiCerebellum.

Imilenze kwiCerebellum

Ulwazi eziba kunye eziba kwiCerebellum usasazwa ugqithiselwa nge emilenzeni. Kukho iindidi ezimbini ngeendlela - afferent kunye efferent (ukuya kwiCerebellum nokubuya, ngokulandelelana).

1. umlenze Lower cerebellar (ekwabizwa ngokuba umzimba intambo) iqulathe ikakhulu imicu afferent ukusuka Oblongata Medulla, kunye efferents nuclei vestibular.
2. Avareji umlenze cerebellar (okanye igxalaba ibhulorho) iquka afferents ezivela eziba kwi-Pons.
3. unyawo engaphandle cerebellar (okanye kufuphi nokuhlangana igxalaba) ngokuyintloko iqulathe imicu efferent ukusuka eziba cerebellar kwaye ezinye imicu afferent ukusuka phecana spinocerebellar.

Ngoko ke, ulwazi apha kwiCerebellum ezosulela kakhulu ngokusebenzisa peduncle asezantsi nalawo cerebellar aphakathi, kunye kwiCerebellum of ezosulela kakhulu ngokusebenzisa umlenze cerebellar eliphezulu.

Kukho zibonisiwe ngokweenkcukacha yinxalenye kwiCerebellum. Umfanekiso idlulisela nkqu isakhiwo ingqondo, ngakumbi ncam, isakhiwo ephakathi. amanani:

1 - nucleus wentente; 2 - kwaye probkovidnye core ukulenza; 3 - nucleus dentate; 4 - grubokie nuclei cerebellar; 5 - le colliculus ophezulu ephakathi; 6 - bigeminum asezantsi; 7 - ephezulu iseyile ingqondo; 8 - ephezulu emlenzeni cerebellar; 9 - peduncle eliphakathi cerebellar; 10 - umlenze obuphantsi cerebellar; 11 - tubercle core obhityileyo; 12 - umqobo; 13 - ezantsi ventricle yesine.

units Cerebellar elisebenza

iiyunithi yokwakheka ezichazwe ngasentla, bahambelana iiyunithi ezintathu ezinkulu olusebenzayo kwiCerebellum.

Arhitserebellum (vestibulotserebellum). Le ndima iquka isabelo Klochkova-nodular kunye uxhulumaniso wayo eziba lateral vestibular. Le vestibulotserebellum phylogeny yeyona ndawo zindala kwiCerebellum.

Paleotserebellum (spinotserebellum). Oku kubandakanya ummandla eliphakathi le neuron cerebellar kunye ngumongo kwentente, yaye probkovidnye core ukulenza. Yintoni siyaqonda njani igama, samkele Imiqondiso ezisisiseko phecana spinocerebellar. Yena inxaxheba ukudityaniswa kolwazi oluvo imiyalelo iimoto, ukwenza kukhubazeko lonxulumelwano motor.

Neotserebellum (pontotserebellum). Neotserebellum lelona candelo likhulu ezisebenzayo eziquka ikhweyitha osecaleni cerebellar kunye kwahlelwa dentate. Igama layo livela unxibelelwano olubanzi kunye neuron nge eziba kwebhulorho (afferents) kunye thalamus ventrolateral (efferents). Uye inxaxheba ekucwangciseni ixesha lokuhamba. Ukongeza, eli candelo ebandakanyeka kwinyathelo umsebenzi cognitive ye kwiCerebellum ebuchotsheni.

Histology le uthinte cerebellar

Amaxolo ye kwiCerebellum wahlulwe ngeengcamba ezintathu. Umaleko engaphakathi, granular, ezenziwe 5 x 1010, iiseli ezincinane ambathe lidibane ngohlobo granules. Umaleko eliphakathi, Purkinje cell umaleko iqulathe elinye iqela elikhulu iiseli. Umaleko engaphandle, ezinto ezenziwe axons kunye luvo iiseli granule weseli Purkinje kunye nezinye iintlobo eziliqela cell. iseli Purkinje layer yenza umda phakathi granular kwaye izaleko eziphilayo.

iiseli Granule. ezincinane kakhulu, exineneyo wapakisha iiseli zemithambo-luvo kuyo. iiseli Cerebellar granule akhawunti ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha zemithambo-luvo kuyo yonke ingqondo. Ezi seli kufumana inkcazelo evela kwimicu mossy yaye sisiphi kwi iiseli Purkinje.

iiseli Purkinje. Bona enye yezi ntlobo ezigqamileyo leeseli kwengqondo mammalian. Bakha luvo fan enkulu ezicukucezwe zancinane branched iinkqubo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba umthi phantse okuntlandlo-mbini dendritic. Ukongeza, zonke iiseli Purkinje utsaleleka ngaxeshanye. Le fowuni ine-ezibaluleke olusebenzayo.

Ezinye iindidi iiseli. Ukongeza iintlobo eziphambili (granular kunye neeseli Purkinje) neuron cerebellar kwakhona iqulethe interneurons iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kuquka Golgi cell korzinchatuyu kunye neeseli stellate.

uphawu

Xa neuron cerebellar yinto elula, beyenza uphawu ipateni transmission ubunakho, nto leyo efanayo kulo lonke kwiCerebellum. ulwazi Ngemvume ukuze kwiCerebellum enokwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini:

1. ifayibha Mossy ekuveliseni eziba kwebhulorho, umnqonqo, brainstem kunye nuclei vestibular, ukuba adlulisele imiqondiso nuclei cerebellar kunye neeseli granular kwi uthinte cerebellar. Zibizwa imicu mossy ngenxa inkangeleko 'tufted' ekuhlanganeni kwabo kunye iiseli granular. ifayibha nganye mossy innervates amakhulu iiseli granulosa. iiseli Granular thumela axons phezulu ukuya kumphezulu amaxolo. Ngasinye Umzobo wesi bamasebe nwebu beemolekyuli ngokuthumela amaza kumacala ahlukeneyo. Ezi zesandla phezu zomzimba, ezibizwa ngaxeshanye kuba kuqhutywa kunye pleats le neuron cerebellar, ngendlela ekwenzeni leesynapse kunye iiseli Purkinje. ifayibha nganye ukufana ithe yahlangana amakhulu iiseli Purkinje.
2. ngefayibha Laz kwenziwa kuphela kwi umnquma kunguhata kwaye ekudluliseleni pulses nuclei cerebellar kunye neeseli Purkinje kwi uthinte cerebellar. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba sikhwele ngenxa nokuvela Umzobo wesi kwaye azithandele ngeenxa zonke luvo leeseli Purkinje - njengomdiliya ukukhwela. Iseli nganye Purkinje ifumana imiyalezo sinamandla kakhulu nje ukuba ukukhwela ukusuka ifayibha enye. Ngokungafaniyo kwimicu mossy neerhali ngaxeshanye, ifayibha ngalinye inxibelelane manway 10 iiseli Purkinje embindini, ukwenza leesynapse kunye nama-300 weseli nganye.

iseli Purkinje ngumthombo kuphela transfer yolwazi evela neuron cerebellar (phawula umahluko phakathi kwiiseli Purkinje, ezithwala imiyalezo evela kwi ngumonzakalo kwiCerebellum kunye cerebellar nuclei, leyo zichaze zonke iinkcukacha kwiCerebellum).

Ngoku sinengcamango yokuba yintoni kwiCerebellum ebuchotsheni. umsebenzi wayo emzimbeni ngokwenene kubaluleke kakhulu. Mhlawumbi wonke ngokwayo ayekwimeko kunxilwe? Ngoko ke, utywala unamandla kangangokuba uchaphazeleke iiseli Purkinje, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba, eneneni, umntu ulahlekelwa imali yakhe, ungabi nako ukuhamba ngokuqhelekileyo ngexesha ukunxila okanye utywala.

Nakuba kule sinokugqiba ukuba kwiCerebellum enkulu (emi malunga ne-10% ye-mass ebuchotsheni iyonke) ugcwalisa indima enkulu emzimbeni womntu.