Kuzanskiy uNikolay: intanda ngokufutshane kunye biography. Iingcamango ezingundoqo bulumko Nikolaya Kuzanskogo ngokufutshane

Omnye sobulumko enkulu, sesayensi wezopolitiko uNikolay Kuzansky wazalwa kumazantsi eJamani, kwidolophana Cuza ngo-1401. Njengoko elivisayo, Nicholas wabaleka wemka ekhaya emva neyokudinga bakhe Count nezikhuselekileyo Theodoric von Manderscheid, ngubani ukubukelwa naye ubomi. Yezizathu umgcini wathumela ukuba bafunde Holland. Apho, esikolweni "abazalwana ubomi oluqhelekileyo", wafunda isiGrike kunye nesiLatini, wayexakeke ukugqabaza nokukopisha iincwadi Ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo. Emva kokuphumelela, wabuyela eJamani yaye waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe kwiYunivesithi yase Heidelberg.

UNikolay Kuzansky bulumko, biography kwaye abe

Ukufika wasePadua ngo-1417, uNikolay Kuzansky waqalisa ukufunda umthetho Canon. Kodwa omnye umthetho ulutsha abanetalente akazange ngokwaneleyo, waqalisa ukufunda amayeza nemathematika, ngokwemimandla nangeendlela ngeenkwenkwezi, imbali yendalo kunye nenzululwazi. Padua wadibana abahlobo bakhe elizayo uPaolo Toscanelli kunye Yulianom Tsezarini, bona wabethelela Nicholas njengokufuna bulumko kunye noncwadi.

Wafumana isikhundla sayo ubugqirha of umthetho ongcwele, ngo-1423 uNikolay Kuzansky waya eItali, apho wadibana Chancellor waseRoma Podzho Brachcholini, abanomdla ukuwutyhalela yayo alibamba. Emva kokubuyela eJamani, waqalisa ukufunda imisebenzi kwemfundiso kwi Cologne. Ngowe-1426, njengokuba umbingeleli, wamiselwa njengonobhala isithunywa kapopu, Cardinal Orsini, yaye kamva waba Umphathi ibandla Koblenz.

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-15, igunya yamaKatolika iCawa kuphe- yi feuds ezininzi phakathi Cathedral kunye Pope, izinduna kunye nabefundisi kwakhokelela kuqhekeka ehlabathini ibandla. Ukubuyisela impembelelo weBandla efunekayo guqula, Iikhadinali abaninzi wacebisa ukunciphisa impembelelo kapopu uzizimase amandla yecawa. Le ndlu yecawa ngowe-1433 waza waya uNikolay Kuzansky, owathetha ngenxa ukuhluthwa upopu njengowongamileyo.

Uhlaziyo Nikolaya Kuzanskogo ecaweni norhulumente

iingcamango Reformative ekusetyenzwe ngazo zombini icawa kunye karhulumente xa iyonke. Kuzanskiy uNikolay, ogama ifilosofi kubonakala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala "On kwemvume amaKatolika," wabuza uxwebhu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Umnikelo of Constantine, wathi ukutshintshwa ibandla, hayi kuphela ngokomoya kodwa amandla zexeshana yi-noMlawuli uConstantine. UNikolay Kuzansky kwakhona wavakalisa ingcamango ecetywayo ngaphambili Ockham, kwintando yabantu, lingana kurhulumente kunye nebandla. Kwaye nabani na umlawuli - ongumthwali intando yabantu. Kwakhona ecetywayo ukwahlula amandla Abefundisi kunye karhulumente.

Phantsi Usongo lokuhlasela amabutho Turkish kwamaGrike amaByzantine kwabanjwa iintetho umbutho iicawa yasempumalanga nasentshonalanga, nto leyo eza kunye uNikolay Kuzansky. Apho wadibana ne-Vissarion kunye Plethon eyaziwa ngelo xesha Neoplatonists, badlala indima enkulu kakhulu ekubumbeni kwimbonakalo elizayo le-bulumko.

Ideas malunga yeenguqulelo kundululwa ukuba uNikolay Kuzansky,-bulumko, iingcamango ezingundoqo zichazwe ngokufutshane, Kakade, kunzima - ukuba iphefumlelwe yempembelelo xesha, ukuphikisana zayo, le kumzabalazo utyekelo ezahlukeneyo. Kuphela asakhulayo sengqondo feudal ebomini, isekhona ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimbono aphakathi kunye nendlela yokuphila. Rise yokholo, kuphilwa ngokugqithiseleyo, ucela ukuba zife inyama, oko neze zidityaniswe echwayitile era. umdla tha ukwazi imithetho yendalo, uvavanyo yemfaneleko zemathematika kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi ngqo, impembelelo yamandulo kunye neentsomi - oku yaba ifilosofi le Renaissance. UNikolay Kuzansky ithabathe inxaxheba ebandleni kunye nobomi kwezopolitiko, kodwa kwangaxeshanye wachitha ixesha elininzi kwizifundo zesayensi.

Intanda-Renaissance, pantheism. UNikolay Kuzansky, uBruno

Nolwazi Ambrogio Traversari, noLorenzo Valla, Silvio Piccolomini (elizayo UPope Pius II) eyaziwa nabantu belo xesha ochaphazelekayo kwimbono yehlabathi Nikolaya Kuzanskogo. Ethetha imibhalo bulumko yamandulo, wafunda kwi-Proclus kunye uPlato.

Ubunzulu umsebenzi ngeenkwenkwezi, cosmography, imathematika, izinto ezifanayo ezinxulumene ngayo nabantu, ezifana umhlobo wakhe Toskanelli. Philosophy Infinity Nikolaya Kuzanskogo, ehambelana kunye nexesha. imigaqo Scientific ifuna isifundo esithe imathematika, ukubala, yokulinganisa, zalishumi. wakhe othi "Ngomhla amava wokuhlaziya 'inyathelo lokuqala kufika kwixesha elitsha inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Xa umsebenzi uNikolay Kuzansky luchaphazela physics yokulinga, amandla, statics, uyakwazi ukuba tie kunye nangezenzo. Waqala wadala imephu eendawo of Europe, kwakunye kuphuculo olucetywayo kwikhalenda uJulian, nto leyo nangoku walungisa kamva, kodwa ke kuphela emva kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu.

Ifilosofi Nikolaya Kuzanskogo kunye UGIORDANO Bruno into efanayo. Ideas on ngokuma, kwakukho iimbono ezintsha kakhulu Copernicus, balungisa indlela uhlobo iimfundiso kaBruno. Zashiya a lot of imisebenzi lwenzululwazi yezenkolo, intanda, imixholo yonqulo nezopolitiko, simanyene yi ingcamango efanayo iphela engenasiphelo. Inguqu ukusuka isithethe medieval kubonisa ifilosofi Renaissance. UNikolay Kuzansky kuphuhlisa ingqiqo imida, wasebenzisa ukuba bachaze uThixo manani geometry.

UThixo ihlabathi, yaye ihlabathi nguThixo. Imfundiso ulwalamano

Ingxaki ephambili kwindlela yokucinga Nikolaya Kuzanskogo waye lulwahlulo ihlabathi noThixo, Theocentricism intanda yakhe yayintsha ngokupheleleyo kwemfundiso ephakathi. ulwazi ngenkqubo yomfundi uThixo kuwo wamelana ingcamango "ngokungazi bafunda", nto leyo wamnika igama umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala-bulumko.

nalwazi Academic akuthethi ukulahlwa kaThixo kunye nolwazi ihlabathi, oku uyalahlwa ukuthandabuza, yaye ukuvakalisa ngokupheleleyo nolwazi ngokusebenzisa ekuqiqeni yokufunda. Philosophy kufuneka uqhubeke kwimiba kaThixo ihlabathi, ivela ekungazini iingqiqo incommensurable kunye neengcamango malunga into. Pantheism kwi intanda-Renaissance uNikolay Kuzansky licacisa kuphela ukusuka kwindawo yonqulo lwembono, kodwa ukususela kwi-bulumko. Ukuchongwa kaThixo xa ewonke ehlabathini undoqo bonke, yenza isiseko-bulumko lakhe. Oku kwenza ukuba kude unqulo nguwe uThixo, iingcamango lula malunga ngokomoya yaye azihluphe izinto zonke.

Xa Iogann Venk icala Nikolaya Kuzanskogo e eretizm, ezithethelela, wavakalisa imfuneko ukwahlula uThixo - unqulo lwesifundo, kusekelwe embonweni yonqulo ihlelo esivela kuThixo - into zokufunda. Ngenxa yoko, uNikolay Kuzansky, wabeka uThixo imbono yakhe bulumko, kungekhona nje ingxaki zenkolo. Kulo mzekelo, libhekisela umlinganiselo izinto ogqityiweyo ihlabathi kwilizwe esingapheliyo, original.

Ezingeyomfuneko kungavulwa eliphezulu ngokupheleleyo, indawo yokuqala of reference

UThixo, lowo ke ndabona kukulahlwa ngokupheleleyo izinto zehlabathi - ekuqaleni ke umntu, esiphezulu epheleleyo. Oku sisiqalo yonke kunye ewonke zonke njalo-ibango Kuzanskiy uNikolay. Ifilosofi livela isibakala sokuba uThixo iqulethe yonke enye into. Kwaye mkhulu ngaphezu kwabo bonke.

It is a ingqiqo elibi uThixo owakunyusayo uNikolay Kuzansky, intanda yakhe ngokunxulumene ugiba ukungabi yayo, idibanisa kunye nehlabathi. UThixo kwabonakala ukuba kwande ihlabathi, yaye ihlabathi kuThixo. Esi sikhundla seliza pantheism, ekubeni uThixo ezichongiweyo nendalo, uxolo kunye ngokwemvelo ngaphakathi kuye, kanye njengoko yena buqu.

Ukuze inkqubo abalinganiswa Kuzanskiy uNikolay, kwintanda-bulumko edulusele kwi inguqu ukusuka waphezulu ngemihla, isebenzisa igama elithi "ukuthunyelwa". Kukodwa kuthetha ukuba woko kukuzibophelela, oku kukhokelela owayebaqonda kakuhle umanyano ehlabathini, ukutshatyalaliswa concepts oluneqela elinegunya.

Indlela ukuchaza sisazinzulu efana uNikolay Kuzansky,-bulumko, iingcamango ezingundoqo apho afakwe kwi ingqikelelo undoqo leyo iluhlobo lwencwadi isongiwe ngaphakathi kutyhileka uxolo lukaThixo kwaye kukho intshukumo, ixesha nexesha - ngephanyazo, kunye nokusasazwa komgca - ingongoma. Xa mfundiso sisiseko kuqondana dialectical izichasi ihlabathi noThixo. Creation, ngentetho evakalayo njengoko deployment inokuba okwexeshana, kuba indalo - lo ubukho bukaThixo, yaye obungunaphakade. Ngenxa yoko, indalo ngokwayo, awubonisi ngemfuneko yethutyana ukufumana hayi isicwangciso kaThixo, njengoko efundiswa unqulo.

Ngokuma kwizimvo waseCusa. Ingqiqo Infinity wendalo kunye waphezulu

Iphela khona njengoko uthixo deployment isigxina, ukususela apho kuphela, ezona ndawo ingundoqo, inokuba ikhona karhulumente oluhle kakhulu kulo amisiweyo, elinye igama, i yonke uthixo kunokuba kuphela ngendlela ulinganiselwe. Oku ngu mda - isalathisi engundoqo otherness kaThixo indalo. Njengoko zimelwe yi uNikolay Kuzansky, intanda ichaza ngokufutshane ingxaki kwaye kufuneka kulungiswe. picture ngenkqubo yomfundi zehlabathi, xa hlabathi lidaliweyo, eziqhutywa ngexesha silinganiselwe ukuya nokungakwazi kwe-imizimba yasezulwini, yaye bunxulunyaniswa wamaKristu uThixo hayi imfundiso, leyo enikezelwa uNikolay Kuzansky idibana. Philosophy, iingcamango ezingundoqo apho afakwe kwindawo ukukhulelwa pantheistic waphezulu kunye ngemihla, ucacisa ingqikelelo kaThixo kunye ihlabathi usisazinge obusekelwe ngaphakathi kuyo kwaye akukho ngexesha elinye yonke.

Isithuba phakathi umntu, yaye umntu kuThixo

Ngokusekelwe kule ngcamango wayefanisa uThixo kwisithuba zendalo, eli hlabathi isangqa yayo, kodwa iziko layo yonke. Kodwa ihlabathi ayikho ongenasiphelo, ngenye wanga yena ukuba alingane noThixo, kwaye kule meko bekuya kuba onale kwiziko, bekuya kuba isiphelo yaye, ngokunjalo, ekuqaleni, oko kuya kuba kude kufuphi. Oku kubonisa yehlabathi njengako Kuthi evela kuThixo, ucacisa uNikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy, iingcamango ezingundoqo ungenza ngokufutshane chaza engaphele ndawo, ngokuxhomekeke phezu kaThixo nikhetha baqalisa lokuzigoqa esenzeka kubukho ngokwasemzimbeni lomhlaba. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, sinokugqiba ngayo yonke. Kubonakala, Umhlaba akanguye embindini ihlabathi, yaye umtya ezingakhankanywanga kunzima ukuzilungisa imizimba yasezulwini, ngokutsho Kuzanskiy uNikolay.

Le ngefilosofi ngokuma ilungelo ogqwetha ilizwe elo ngaphambili ingqalelo embindini iphela, uThixo uba embindini zonke, kwangaxeshanye ichaza isindululo Yomhlaba. Yalahla indawo esembindini kunye nokungakwazi bomhlaba, angezanga inkqubo intshukumo lwemizimba esibhakabhakeni sele bezikhulule kunye ukukhukhumala belizwe, wavula indlela yophuhliso ngokuma kunye geocentricism evinjwa isizathu ubhalo.

Le ukuwaqonda waphezulu, nalwazi yenzululwazi

Kokutshabalalisa imbono yonqulo iphela, yona leyo uphawu le Neoplatonists, uNikolay Kuzansky alubanga ehla uthixo, uhle ukuya kwinqanaba efundwayo, kodwa ibonakalisa umongo aphezulu waphezulu. Ngaloo ndlela, ihlabathi kubonakala ngathi indalo ofezekileyo kaThixo, nto leyo evumela ukuba ubone ukongama kukaThixo kunye zobugcisa. Perishability yezinto zonke Awunakufihla indlela ngabafo kwenjongo kaThixo. Ubuhle zehlabathi, leyo kwachazwa uNikolay Kuzansky, kwintanda-bulumko unxulumano kunye nomanyano kwindalo iphela ugwetyelwe. Xa kwasekudalweni kwehlabathi, uThixo wasebenzisa geometry, arithmetic, ngeenkwenkwezi, umculo kunye bonke ubugcisa abaqeshwe umntu.

Hi yehlabathi ngokucacileyo kuchazwe umntu - indalo inkulu kaThixo. Oku kungqinwa uNikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy, ingcamango esisiseko apho iqulethwe ingcaciso yazo zonke izinto ezintle, oko kukuthi owadalwa nguThixo, oko ngokusondeleyo onxulumene nasekufundweni ngokuma kunye ontology pantheistic. Umntu uthathwa indalo ephakamileyo kaThixo. Uyibeka ngaphezu kwabo bonke ngokuzenza kwinqanaba elithile kwiqela elinegunya, singatsho ukuba kubonakala ukuba beengcamango. Ngenxa yoko, nguye umntu njengowongamileyo, engena kwihlabathi liphela.

Yintoni uphawu yonke ebalulekileyo: nokutsala izichasi kunye awasiwisayo yobukho bomntu. Ukuthobela ubuninzi liqengqiwe kuThixo nesithuba Infinity Developed ziboniswe uhlobo womntu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-ziyancipha ihlabathi. Oku obugqibeleleyo kuyinto waphezulu, nto leyo abayinqobo kuluntu xa iyonke, hayi umntu. Man, waphakamisa ukuya nqanaba liphezulu, abe mnye nayo, kungaba uthixo efanayo, waqonda uThixo umntu.

Loo ezitshatileyo zabantu kunye ngemvelo yobuThixo kunokwenzeka kuphela kuNyana kaThixo, uYesu. Ngenxa yoko, ithiyori ye umntu onxulumene ngokusondeleyo Christology, nokuba - kunye nokusetyenziswa e-worldwork theory iqhutywe uNikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy ngokufutshane nangokucacileyo ucacisa ukuba indalo ogqibeleleyo ngokupheleleyo uThixo uNyana kwamakhaya endalo kwabantu, ezifana isithuba ukwimeko liwa, eziqulathwe kuThixo. Esikulo kuKristu yobuntu akupheli, kodwa lunqongophele ngamnye, oko sinako. Ngaloo ndlela, umntu ezingenakuphela - ezisikelwe ukuba. Ukuchongwa yomntu bukaKristu Nikolaem Kuzanskim wamnceda yisa ingcamango ekudalweni indoda ezendeleyo ngeemfundiso zecawa. Ucinga abantu ekubeni hayi nje indalo, kodwa uMdali, le nto ifanisa umongo walo nguThixo. Oku kungqinwa ekukwazini ingqondo yomntu ukuqonda ihlabathi akupheli, ukuba bafunde izinto ezintsha.

Le ngefilosofi pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo kunye nabalandeli bakhe

Ngenxa ifilosofi sombono ezinxulumene pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo ngolwalamano phakathi kolwazi kunye nokholo. Isiseko le mfundiso wabeka phantsi isithuba imboniselo njenge incwadi ivela kuThixo, apho uThixo wazityhila ulwazi lwabantu. Ngoko nkolelo ukuqonda ngu waphezulu liyancipha, ibekwe umntu. Kodwa ke, kwelinye icala, kuqatshelwe uhlobo eyandisiweyo, ulwazi kaThixo - kwimeko ingqondo yomntu, zibe indawo ngokholo eyimfama. Ukunqongophala kolwazi uNikolay Kuzansky ngokungafaniyo Eyokuqiqa ka yengqondo, leyo kunika uluvo yomtsalane izichasi. ulwazi olunjalo ubiza umbono ngokwasengqondweni okanye intuition, ulwazi zingqondweni, lo ienjini, ngamanye amazwi, ukungazi zenzululwazi.

Umnqweno siqonde intsingiselo, ukungakwazi siqonde yobukhulu bendawo bonisa izinto phahla. Yaye inyaniso lunikelwa injongo ethile, kodwa alinakuzuzwa, njengoko kwingqiqo, ukufunda akakwazi ukuyeka, kodwa inyaniso ayiphele ndawo. KaCusa wayecinga ukuba ulwazi babantu isalamane, wayaneka nolwazi zonqulo. Ngenxa yoko, nayiphi na inkolo kuphela kude kufutshane inyaniso, ngoko umele unamathele ukunyamezelana yonqulo eli ligatya inzondelelo yonqulo.

A sobulumko ngezikhundla, njengomntwana onengqondo, okanye imbuka?

Iimbono basic wazibonakalisa Nikolaya Kuzanskogo ukuba undiqhamisile kakhulu uphuhliso oluqhubekayo ifilosofi okuqhubekayo. Igalelo ukuba uphuhliso nenzululwazi yendalo, nobuntu, wenze i sobulumko esidumileyo le Renaissance. Imfundiso ngengqiqo, nokutsala izichasi kwamenza uphuhliso yimibono German yaqhubeka bulumko engamakhulu 18-19.

elinamandla embonweni ihlabathi waba ngokuma, ingcamango yokuba i wendalo ongapheliyo, nokusilela ngesangqa kunye neziko. Kamva saqhubeka umsebenzi ngumlandeli kuwo, UGIORDANO Bruno.

Ukuqonda umntu kaThixo, umdali, wanceda ukunyusa ukubaluleka abantu kuwo. Yena badumisa babenobuchule yomntu kulwazi mda, nangona, enyanisweni, yaba aluhambisani ngoko ntetho ibandla komntu kubonwa eretizm. Uninzi lweengcamango Nikolaya Kuzanskogo ngokuchasene inkqubo feudal kwaye kwawasingela phantsi amagunya zeCawa. Kodwa yena lowo wabeka isiseko bulumko Renaissance kwaye iye yaba ummeli obalaseleyo inkcubeko ngexesha lakhe.