Kizhi yamangcwaba. Karelia: iindawo ezinika umdla

Oko Russian akeva noko oko Kizhi umngcwabo Kizhi? Kakade ke, xa kukho baqhelene umbutho ubuntwana: imyuziyam eyodwa Sasungulwa inkcubeko yaseRussia North, kwisakhiwo lwamabandla log yantlandlolo Russian, ogama iindonga zakhiwa ngaphandle iinzipho. I-unique lomculo yokwakha i Church of kwenkulungwane XVIII, eyakhelwe kwisiqithi iinkuni, uthathwa yipropathi World Cultural Heritage ngokweempawu UNESCO. Kufuneka kuvunywe ukuba iRussia naphi na wahlala izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo kunjalo, imisebenzi intsomi lwezakhiwo ngamaplanga (nangona kwinkulungwane XIX baba baninzi kakhulu).

Akumangalisi, izisebenzi wayeqhelene imbali Karelia, igama imyuziyam, njengokuba umthetho, kukho into engaqhelekanga. "Iphi na umngcwabo ilizwi?" - kubuza umfana, uncoma iqwalasela emasangweni yeplanga enhle, iindonga log exabe, zobungangamela enamaxolo nkundla. "Kwaye ukuba le nto!" - wasabela ngokuthi Zhvanetskogo. Le umqondo wokuqala endala Russian yegama yamandulo. Ngo Karelia kwi XIII - XV eminyaka, wabizwa ngokuba kanye njengeziko solawulo, ngokuzenzekelayo ivela amashumi eziliqela okanye amakhulu kwiilali ezikufutshane. Kwaye lo umxholo elivumelana ubume njengeziko Kizhi emikhulu Spassky Kizhi.

Ngaphezu koko, le ngcamango ikhankanywe apha ngasentla ekuqalekeni okuncinci utshintshe intsingiselo yawo yokuqala. Oku "isekelwe" njenge iimpawu kwilali enkulu (akunyanzelekanga ukuba iziko lolawulo, kodwa ecaweni yayo emangcwabeni.) Oku kuphela ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII waba ibandla engasese kunye yamangcwaba ecaleni kwakhe.

Kizhi - isenzeko kazwelonke, uluntu

Njengoko imbali ibonisa, Kizhi Pogost malunga 130 iinguqulelo zokuhlala. Ngaphezu koko, le inkulu kubo - Velikaya Guba, Kosmozero, Sennaya Guba, Tipinitsy - kwaye kungoku ziindawo esebenzayo. iilali imbali enjalo zizityebi lwangoku Karelia. Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo lwemithombo wengingqi - ingakumbi abantu ukwazi. Ukuya ngenkulungwane XVIII kulo mhlaba kwenziwa isigqibo ukwakha na ukuba ngukumkani iziphathamandla kunye noluntu, inxalenye kuzo abarhwebi - kubathengi eziphambili. Iingcibi best bathatyathelwa ukwakhiwa iitempile ukuba sibonise intembelo ezilalini. Baba, njengoko umthetho, abantu "kunye ingcamango" kunye negama yokwakha ayakhayo ngokungathi ucula ingoma. injongo banela engavunywanga ngelithi okanye ivoti. Akunjalo, kwafuneka inkuthazo ukuze axabiseke: ukuhlonipha abantu, ibethelela ekuphawuleni kakhulu befanelekile. Eli xesha - nenqanaba "lwezakhiwo zoluntu" - ungatsalela umnxeba nokugqama izakhiwo Russian ngamaplanga.

uhlobo esasenza Karelia

ubume ezikhethekileyo kunye ubuhle bendalo odumileyo Karelia. Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo kule ndawo baziwa kakuhle. Imo yendawo lefowuni kunye niqinile edikeni-ehlathini. Hlathi Bukhula elulwalwa yasekuhlaleni. Domain Karelia ezinye eziphawuleka kakhulu eYurophu amachibi - Ladoga kunye kummandla we-17 700 km Fikelela ² Onezhskoye (9900 m ^2).

Ngaphantsi kwe-70 km ukusuka kwikomkhulu layo, isixeko Petrozavodsk, akramnceleyo ngasemanzini of Lake Onega, nguye kwisiqithi Kizhi (in Russian "Kizhi" omdala lithetha "isiqhazolo".) Le lali elikufutshane endleleni eya imyuziyam bokwakha, kubume belizwe emalunga Medvezhegorsk p-kakuhle, - ilali Velikaya Guba.

Wamkelekile Kizhi!

Yonke imihla, i-museum bokwakha luvuleleke kubo bonke abo banqwenela ukuba kumtyelela ehlotyeni ukusuka kwisibhozo ukuya kwisibhozo, ebusika - ukususela 10 ⁰⁰ ukuya 16 ^00. Ngokwembali, isiqithi Kizhi nga kubizwa indawo yokuzinikela, eyasetyenziswa yokuthumela iholide ngokwamasiko zamaKristu. kuhamba ngeeholide abalimi, uze emva koko ihlelwe mkhosi.

Isiqithi nohlobo Ukongeza eyahlukileyo kwimisebenzi wezandla zabantu, uyathandeka iindwendwe nezo iziqithi onamatye gulfs aluhlaza phakathi kwabo. Ukuba usebenzisa inkonzo imephu, ungabona: Kizhi kwimephu ye eRussia wayamene nezwe yi ezindleleni. Nangona kunjalo, i-siqithi, ngenxa yothutho amanzi afumaneka ngokubanzi. Amakhulu amawaka abakhenkethi Russian angaphandle kunyaka ngamnye tyelelo kule ndawo emangalisayo. Hi ndlela leyi, kwisakhiwo ngaphambil, i kwaye bobugcisa Kizhi lelokuqala imyuziyam open-air, wavula eRashiya.

Ukuba isigqibo ngenxa yokulwa motor-nqanawa ukusuka St. Petersburg ukuya elikomkhulu nakubugcisa yamandulo, kwisiqithi ikhadi Kizhi uya kufumana isipho. Ukususela ngoMeyi ukuya kuDisemba, kwaye apha ungafumana ukuba i "Meteor" yaye "ezinomsila", nokumkhanyela, nokubuya umva Petrozavodsk ukuya Station Water.

Navigation phakathi ngabakhenkethi ukusuka iindevu (elifikeleleka ngemoto) unikezelo amaphenyane ngoosomashishini. vnenavigatsionny mnandi efanayo ngexesha xa chibi bubambene, kusetyenziswa ukuya Ukuskiya, exotic zokuhamba - dog sledding.

wokungenisa Russian

Ukufika kwi siqithi, iindwendwe bayakwazi ukukhetha enye Iihambo ezintathu iiyure ezimbini. Lokuqala - on the nesakhiwo esikhulu bokwakha (isangqa elincinane). Injongo ukuphonononga abantu Russian kwaye Karelian bokwakha ngomthi yesibini (isangqa esikhulu). Eyesithathu wazisa nasemizini siqithi. amaqonga ezintathu mboniso "Pryazhinskoye Karelia", "Russian Zaonezhye", "Russian Pudozh" ezinza kwiidolophana zasekuhlaleni. Iilali nelembali Fossa kunye Vasilyevo nabo unique izakhiwo bokwakha.

Ulawulo Museum ahlelwe ngokutsha ezongezelelweyo, enonxibelelwano, ukhenketho ezininzi weendawo iindwendwe zonke Kizhi. Architecture, Kakade ke, lo bethanda ukuba abakhenkethi zasekuhlaleni, yaye hayi kuphela Russian, kodwa zivela phesheya. Ke kaloku, izakhiwo zonqulo yamandulo siqithi, ukuqalela nge-imi- 50 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, zincediswa ebuyiselweyo ngokutsha izakhiwo log eziyimfuneko ukuze zoku-. Ngoko ke, ukongezelela mboniso engundoqo, iindwendwe ungabona imeko apho oku kwenzeka kwisiqithi ngokomoya noqoqosho nobomi abalimi. Kuba ujule phakathi kwakhe umphefumlo kwilali Russian of XVII - XVIII iinkulungwane, ulawulo Museum-Reserve umbutho 'Days of yobugcisa, intsomi fun nemidlalo' izenzo lwemveli kunye yeqonga ngenkcazo, yezandla enobulungisa, kwaye ekupheleni kwehlobo uqala Kizhi waxhasa.

Abantu bokwakha ngamaplanga - ilifa Karelia

Kizhi yenye inkulu eRashiya iindawo zolondolozo bokwakha, unekratshi kakhulu Karelia. Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo abantu Russian izakhiwo kulo mmandla, nangona kunjalo, ayixhomekekanga kuphela exposure wathi; apha bona kwakhona zimelwe kwisiqithi Lake Ladoga (Valaam Monastery). Bakhe babeke watyelelwa abalawuli Russian. Kukho watyelela Alexander Dumas. Uninzi artists Russian enkulu (Vasiliev, Kuinzhi Shishkin), iimbongi nababhali (Tiutchev, Leskov, Shmelev) bafumana ukhanyidelo apha. Ngokufutshane, Karelia imaphu kunye izinto (hayi bokwakha nje - kukho kwakhona zolondolozo lwendalo kunye iipaki zesizwe) iya kunceda abakhenkethi ukuba ukhethe inkqubo yazo umdla.

iicawa lomculo

Kodwa emva isihloko iphambili kweli nqaku. Ukohluka Kizhi bubonwa kuphela abaninzi-angqukuva yoTshintsho Church ehlabathini, wakha indlela zemveli ngenxa Russia - ngaphandle isikhonkwane enye. Ecaleni kwakhe ukuba enze iinkonzo ebusika (emantla emva kokuba yonke) olunye itempile mnogokupolny, eshushu, - Church of kuMoses, lo Virgin. Isakhiwo wesithathu ibalulekileyo lomculo elimangalisayo le belfry Kizhi. Around ezi zinto zintathu intsomi lwezakhiwo Russian ngoku kwakhona kocingo, kodwa ezenziwe iinkuni, njengokuba kwakunjalo ekuqaleni, kunye nezinkulu.

Ngokwembali ucingo omkhulu onamandla yinto efunekayo ebalulekileyo nomda Sweden yamangcwaba Russian. Inkqubo eyodwa kunye izakhiwo ngentla omnye iinqaba yabalindi - Izindlwana isiqithi Kizhi, zibekwe kwiindawo angumqondiso ezingqonge isiqabu siqithi.

Legend womzobi Nestor

Eli bali ngale Lacy izakhiwo emangalisayo iinkuni usafuna ufuna ukuqala nge lamandulo. Emva Kizhi Pogost - ilizwe amavo, enye yazo esazisa ukuba umntu italente oluphawulekayo, ukudala ummangaliso yokwenene eyenziwe ngumntu - kwicawa emangalisayo 22-angqukuva. Siye abakhi amandulo ukuba ndiwumise kwakhona, okanye i "imithi usapho ezukileyo", akukho status karhulumente. Inxitywa nzulu kwiinkulungwane nengxelo ekhaphayo engobomi zabo kunye namagama. Kodwa ke igama inkosi Russian Akumangalisi Nestor nangoku esekhona.

Ngokutsho legend ethandwayo, ebona indawo ukwakhiwa Church of Kumbi, ngoyaba lihanjiswa kulo ngaye kuyalelwe ilizwe phakathi kweengqimba zamafu omlilo. Apha prolamyvayas phakathi kweengqimba zamafu (in twisiseni iindlela ubuchule), ngokudlula Kizhi umngcwabo, wabhaqa incwadi engcwele, ukufunda ikhutshwa phandle imini nobusuku.

Xa imisebe ekuphumeni master kwelanga, wakhangela phezulu kwincwadi amaphepha phakathi amathontsi umbethe kumfanekiso ingca wabona ikamva ibandla ... ngoko isaziso njengoko wamthethisa wathi: "! Building uya kuba apha"

Xa i-ibandla ummangaliso yakhiwa ukusuka iibhodi ngokukhethekileyo ekulungele pine, nespruce, Aspen, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa lezikhonkwane, bayinqule Nestor wenza isenzo engaqhelekanga, ngokungathi ngokukrwela lobungcali umgca ezifunyenweyo. Phambi kokubhiyozela yokumisela wenzala labo laya kuma kwawo kunye izembe bakhe abathembekileyo angcwalisiweyo, wakhangela Kizhi umngcwabo, ibotshelelwe kwi nebomvu iribhoni emnqamlezweni. Emva koko yaphosa izembe kwi edikeni waza wawisa ukuba Church of the Kumbi - le tempile ezintle ehlabathini, yaye oko soze yenzeke. Kwixesha elizayo, iitempile womzobi abaninzi ukuba sakhiwe, nangona izicelo ezininzi. Ngoko wagqiba ekubeni - ukufumana kude umsebenzi inowuthi eliphezulu kakhulu. Xana na ukuba kuza Master lokwenyaniso?

ibandla le Kumbi

Le tempile imitha-37, owasekwa ngo-1714, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba kukho icawa, wenze ukuba libe. Kuye kwakhiwa endaweni owandulela ibandla ngomthi, wayitshisa umphezulu. Kumhlaba isakhiwo i "octagon" --kabini ezisibhozo isakhiwo log kunye una ezine, ngokukhomba onke amacala. On top of the elisezantsi "octagon" wafaka ezimbini, kodwa ezincinane ubukhulu. Isakhelo esezantsi ukwakweli isiseko abangekaphuhli - ilitye Zabirko. iikona Ngaphandle bahlabeka "kwi oblo 'ngaphakathi -" paw "pine. Amakhuba "Umphanda" lwesakhiwo iintloko zenziwa ka-Aspen. oku Zonke - iintlobo iinkuni yendawo ezikhulayo kwisiqithi Kizhi. Karelia kwakhona iconography ekhethekileyo nice "Iincwadi Northern". Kule ndlela, iperi icon yokuqala Preobrazhenskaya Church ( "Inshorensi" yaye "Inguqu», XVII ubudala) ngubani kuqala zinokuhonjiswa esibingelelweni, ibekwe yesihloko eso basinqumla osempuma ngokusebenzisa nokuba esime pentagon. Yena - I ezine-anamanci ehonjiswe icons ezimbini.

Le refectory indlu log ecaleni kwisakhiwo esikhulu. Sika ngophahla octagons ezihonjiswe izahluko mabini anababini. Kucacile esi sakhiwo eqhelekileyo ukuba wonke ummi weRiphabliki Karelia. Kizhi Island ngokoqobo spiritualized eli bandla, mhle ngokulinganayo kuvela macalana onke.

Church of kuMoses, lo Virgin ebusika

Le tempile yakhiwa kwenkulungwane enesiqingatha-kamva, balandele kakuhle ngenxa yoTshintsho Church - ngo-1764. Ingcamango ekwakhiweni kwayo - kuqhubeka umjikelo inkonzo Orthodox kwi ubusika (heatable ibandla). isakhiwo sayo elimiswe yi labazobi othandwayo se yendalo icawa ukwakhiwa zasehlotyeni. Yena mnogokupolna asibhozo izahluko zayo zifumaneka ngeenxa yesithoba, eliyinhloko. Nakuba kunjalo, kuzo zonke ifomu yalo bavakalelwa ukuba ibandla - ukubonakaliswa zokwakha le Kumbi. sezulu kakhulu ezichuliweyo ngayo kuphela yesibini igxininisa ezahlukileyo zakhiwo wezakhiwo lubalaseleyo.

Le ibandla kwi Kizhi kwisiqithi eyakhiwe lokubhalela ebambekayo ngakumbi ilula. It lihombise mhlawumbi gables kuphela ibhanti ukuba isakhiwo unamazinyo.

Yokungena etempileni ngokwemveli ibekwe ecaleni lasentshonalanga, ngokulandelelana, nesibingelelo - ukuya ngasempuma. Zibandakanyiwe kwi sicatshulwa kuqala, uze emva koko kwi refectory. Injongo yale gumbi yindawo eyahlukileyo incoko ibandla zokuphila ukuphehla imiba yezoqoqosho kunye namanye, inokuzigubungela inani elikhulu labantu. Apha kwakukho iimvavanyo labagwebi, waphinda umyalelo kakumkani. Oku kulandelwa, enyanisweni, igumbi ngokwayo itempile, enikelwe ukuzalisekisa inkonzo umthandazo - indlwana. Oku - kakhulu eliphangaleleyo kunye ebanzi, umthamo wayo ukhandwa isakhelo, elidityaniswe ngokutsho scheme ngezantsi - "kwesitya", phezulu - "octagon". Lixhotyiswe tyablovym iconostasis. Isibingelelo kufakwa kwigumbi lesine wasempumalanga. It is a isakhelo pentagonal, ngexesha ukuphakama leyo eyakhelwe isakhiwo evuthelweyo - komgqomo, ephelisa intloko ngolwesithoba Church of kuMoses, lo Virgin. Zonke iingcango zetempile apho eholweni nesibingelelo - mbini; kwigumbi kunye refectory - ezine (ukukhanyisa zendalo). I-ngaphakathi kumsonto propyl nge ezihonjiswe, le nto engundoqo apho - umnqamlezo Orthodox.

belfry

Le lomculo yokuyilwa ngobugcisa kwayo Kizhi yi kakuhle zincediswe kwenye kunye isakhiwo sesithathu - hipped intsimbi inqaba. Ukuqhuba ngayo zemveli ukuba ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo yeplanga: ezantsi "kwesitya" top "octagon". zontathu (by ukudibana) lahlulwe isakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi. "Chetverik" besika nasentla, nasezantsi zokungena, nganye mayixhotyiswe nevaranda. Bevela empumalanga nasentshonalanga, kukho psevdoportaly enhle, ukuphindaphinda ifomu wejaji. Le tier obuphantsi, "kwesitya", yahlulahlulwe esi sicatshulwa, ngezinyuko pyatimarshevuyu kunye indlu yangasese. Ngentla "octagon" nguye inqaba intsimbi, ngaphakathi apho - 9 iintsika. Esi sakhiwo ebekwa kunye cupola Orthodox Ploughshare umnqamlezo ngaphezulu.

ukubuyiselwa Current

Ngoku Kizhi yamangcwaba esiku nokubuyiselwa, azinikele tercentenary le Kumbi Church, lubhiyozelwe 2014. Ngeli xesha kwenziwa malunga nama-70% le projekthi. Kuphela sihlelwe kwiminyaka 3-4. Eqondisa iziko wezakhiwo "Zaonezhie" ukuvelisa umsebenzi Vitaly Skopin. Kunye nale nkampani nayo isebenzisa umchweli Centre myuziyam kunye nenkampani St. Petersburg "ALEKON". Kulo nyaka uphelileyo, iKomishoni UNESCO, bafika kwisiza imisebenzi kunye badumisa umgangatho wabo, afanelekele kuyo njengoko ngamazwe esamenza abasebenzi.

Ngaphambili icawa womelezwa ifreyim yesinyithi. Yiyiphi, enyanisweni, wayigcina ekutshatyalalisweni. Ekuqaleni, abakhi Wazomeleza isiseko kunye kummandla ongezantsi, ezinkulu, ngokuba inqanaba sabo refectory. Okwangoku, umsebenzi wenziwa phezu kumanqanaba yesine yesihlanu. Abakhi mhlawumbi kugcina iinkuni zembali, itshintsha i enesiphako omtsha ngenxa yokubola okanye ukhukhuliseko. Kukho 35% kuphela, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iBandla elihlaziyiweyo le Kumbi nge-65% iya kuba umthi zembali.

isiphelo

Iziko yamandulo Spassky Kizhi, ibekwe kwi Kizhi kwisiqithi ngokwanelisayo compact, ngoku uza lesigaba sokuvuselelwa. Isizathu soku ke ulwazi olukhulayo uluntu ngokubaluleka kokugcinwa ekuqhubekekeni yelifa zembali, ekugqibeleni, iingcambu zakhe.

Indlela ukudala Zaonezhye ngokomoya, isimilo sabantu abahlala kuyo? Kakade ke, ngokuhambelana creative impucuko factor, apho kamva ekuthiwa Pushkin omkhulu laconically - "umoya Russian".
Yaba nguye lowo olwakha ezizodwa ngexesha elinye of intsomi bokuzoba, nto leyo ebonisa ezikhumbuzo yokwakha izakhiwo ngamaplanga, ihonjiswe kwisiqithi Kizhi (photo iqhotyoshelwe).