KaNobel ibhaso yoncwadi: kuluhlu. Uncwadi Nobel Prize USSR neRashiya

I-Nobel Prize eyasekwa yi usomashishini, umsunguli kunye imichiza yinjineli evela eSweden, Alfred Nobel, kwaye igama njengentlonipho yokumbulela. Kucingwa odume kakhulu ehlabathini. Laureates bafumana imbasa yegolide, nto leyo ebonisa AB Nobel idiploma itsheki ngexabiso elikhulu. Le yokugqibela ubunjwe ubungakanani ingeniso, apho ufumana Nobel Foundation. Ngowe-1895, Alfred Nobel wenza intando yakhe, apho ikomkhulu yayo yafakwa ndisezintanjeni, ezitokisini-mboleko. Ingeniso ezibangela le mali kunyaka ngamnye yahlulwe ngokulinganayo libe ngamalungu amahlanu yaye uba ibhaso seempumelelo kwiinkalo ezintlanu: chemistry, physics, amalungu okanye amayeza, uncwadi kunye nemisebenzi ukukhuthaza uxolo.

I-Nobel Prize yokuqala Leencwadi yanikezelwa-10 Disemba 1901, yaye ukususela zikhutshwa qho ngonyaka ngalo mhla, nguye Isikhumbuzo sokufa Nobel. Nokukhutshwa abaphumeleleyo kwenzeka e Stockholm ngukumkani Swedish. Emva kokufumana ibhaso le-Nobel Prize for laureates ezincwadi kwiinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kunikela intetho ngalo mba yomsebenzi wabo. Le yimeko buyafuneka ngokufumana le mbasa.

Isigqibo malunga ngubani lawongwa ngebhaso Nobel e Literature, i-Swedish Academy ifumana, ngokusekelwe e Stockholm, kwakunye nekomiti Nobel ngokwayo, efundwayo kuphela inani izicelo, ngaphandle ukukhankanya amagama abo. Inkqubo ngokwayo ukhetho okuyimfihlo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba maxa wambi nabagxeki nomsindo kunye nabagxeki zisithi eli bhaso linikwa ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko kunokuba ngenxa yempumelelo zoncwadi. Le ngxoxo engundoqo, nto leyo enikwe ubungqina - ukuba bayicezele premium Nabokov, Tolstoy, Bohres Joyce. Nangona kunjalo, lo uluhlu lwababhali abafumene isekhona umxhelo. Of Russian Nobel Prize for Uncwadi Prize - ababhali ezintlanu. Funda ngakumbi malunga ngamnye kubo, bona ngezantsi.

I-Nobel Prize e Literature 2014 yanikwa izihlandlo ezili-107, oko Patrick Modiano, umbhali French kunye screenwriter. Oko kukuthi, ukususela ngo 1901, abanini amabhaso ababhali 111 (kuba amaxesha amane yena wawongwa ababhali ezimbini ngaxeshanye).

Ukuba udwelise bonke abaphumeleleyo ukuze bazi ngamnye kubo - nto kakhulu ixesha elide. Edume kakhulu yaye batyelela Prize Nobel uncwadi kunye nemisebenzi yazo wacela ingqalelo yakho.

1. William Golding, 1983

William Golding wafumana ibhaso ngenxa iinoveli yakhe edumileyo, ethi umsebenzi wakhe, kukho 12. kakhulu kakuhle aziwayo, "iNkosi Iimpukane" yaye "Ezi ziindlalifa" aphakathi iincwadi-yathengiswa kakhulu ezibhalwe Nobel Prize. I inoveli "iNkosi Iimpukane", ngowe-1954, yazisa udumo yamazwe yombhali. Abahlalutyi badla usithelekise kwinoveli "I Catcher kwi Irorho" yi JD Salinger degree of ngokubaluleka yalo kuphuhliso loncwadi nabacinga owayephila ngokubanzi.

2. Toni Morrison, 1993

Nobel Prize for uncwadi - abantu nje kuphela, kodwa abafazi. Ezi ziquka Toni Morrison. Lo mbhali American wazalwa kwintsapho kubasebenzi eOhio. Ukubhalisa Howard University, apho wayefunda iincwadi kunye ulwimi IsiNgesi, waqalisa ukubhala imisebenzi yakhe. I inoveli yokuqala, "The Bluest Iliso" (1970), sabhalwa ngokusekelwe ukuba ibali limenze waziva ngayo eyunivesithi isangqa lwababhali. Ngomnye imisebenzi uthandwayo Toni Morrison. Enye inoveli yakhe, "Sula," epapashwe ngowe-1975, wachongwa ukuba Award Book National eUnited States.

3. Dzhon Steynbek, 1962

imisebenzi edume Steinbeck kaThixo - "East-Eden," "iidiliya zengqumbo," "yeempuku kunye vavanuna." Ngowe-1939, le inoveli "iidiliya zengqumbo" yaba ethengwa, ethengisa iikopi phezu 50,000, kwaye namhlanje inani labo ngaphezu kwama-75 ezigidi. De kwangowe-1962, umbhali ukhethwe mbasa izihlandlo ezisibhozo, kwaye wacinga ukuba anibufanele zokuwonga ezinjalo. Nabagxeki ezininzi US waphawula ukuba Iinoveli kamva ithambile kakhulu yangaphambili, waza waphendula kakubi ngalo msitho. Ngo-2013, xa declassified amanye amaxwebhu ze-Swedish Academy (apho kugcinwa kuyimfihlo ngamehlo abomvu iminyaka engama-50), kwaye kwacaca ukuba umbhali yawongwa ngenxa yokuba kulo nyaka "kakuhle beziphethe kakubi."

4. Ernest Hemingway, 1954

Lo umbhali enye abaphumeleleyo ezilithoba ibhaso ngenxa iincwadi, leyo yena yanikezelwa hayi umsebenzi lilonke kunye nemveliso ethile, ezizezi inoveli "Indoda Endala kunye Sea." Yinto umsebenzi eyapapashwa okokuqala ngowe-1952, bazisa umbhali ukuya elilandelayo, 1953, yaye enye imbasa yodumo - i owazuza Prize.

Kulo nyaka mnye ikomiti Nobel Hemingway ziqukwe kuluhlu lwabavotelwa, kodwa uphumeleleyo yesahlulo baba ngelo xesha, Winston Churchill, lowo ngelo xesha sele eneminyaka engama-79 ubudala, yaye ke ngoko kwagqitywa ekubeni uqhubeke ne ibhaso le Prize. Kwaye Ernest Hemingway waye winner obungasifanelanga yesahlulo kwi ezayo, ngo-1954.

5. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 1982

Nobel Prize for Leencwadi ngowe-1982, kubandakanywa kumanani Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Yena umbhali wokuqala Colombia ngubani imbasa Swedish Academy. iincwadi zakhe, phakathi leyo kufuneka iqaqambise "Chronicle of Ukusweleka Ezaxelwa", "Ukwindla kasolusapho" yaye "Uthando Xesha kholera," waba imisebenzi yathengiswa kubhaliwe iSpanish, kwimbali yawo. I inoveli "One Hundred Iminyaka Wedwa" (1967), nto leyo olunye winner Nobel Prize, uPablo Neruda, ngokuba mkhulu emva ingawenzi ' "Don Quixote" indalo inoveli ngeSpanish, iguqulelwe ngeelwimi ezingaphezu kwama-25, yaye ukusasazwa ngokubanzi imveliso yaba ngaphezu kwama-50 iikopi million.

6. Semyuel Bekket, 1969

Nobel Prize for Leencwadi ngowe-1969, yanikezelwa kuSamuweli Beckett. Umbhali Irish yenye ngabameli abadumileyo kwimpucuko. Yaba nguye lowo, ndawonye Ezhenom Ionesku waseka edume "Bekubonela ezitenxileyo." Semyuel Bekket wabhala imisebenzi yakhe ngeelwimi ezimbini - IsiNgesi nesiFrentshi. Umntwana edume usiba wakhe play 'Ilinde Godot ", ebhalwe ngesiFrentshi. Imisebenzi elandelayo sebali. The main abalinganiswa kulo mdlalo elihlalwa Godot, nto leyo ifanele ukwena elithile khona zabo. Noko ke, akazange avele yena, ngoko ke umfundi okanye umbukeli kufuneka isigqibo ukuba ukuba umfanekiso.

Beckett asithandayo nokudlala itshesi, baphumelela namabhinqa, kodwa wayonwabile ebomini kunokuba esekusithekeni. Nokuba eze kwitheko, akazange avume ukuya Nobel Prize, ngokuthumela endaweni yakhe umvakalisi yakhe Jerome Lindon.

7. Uilyam Folkner, 1949

Nobel Prize for Leencwadi ngowe-1949, waya uWilliam Faulkner. Naye ekuqaleni wala ukuya Stockholm ngenxa mbasa, kodwa ekugqibeleni wamcenga intombi kuyo. US uMongameli Dzhon Kennedi wamthumela isimemo isidlo ecwangciswe imbeko Nobel Prize. Noko ke, Faulkner, ubomi bakhe ingqalelo ngokwakhe "umbhali kwaye umlimi", ngamazwi akhe, uyala ukwamkela esi simemo, becaphula ukwaluphala.

Iinoveli edume kakhulu futhi ithandwayo umbhali le "Sound kunye Fury" yaye "Njengoko Ekufeni." Kodwa ke impumelelo yezi zenzo andizanga kwangoko, kuba ixesha elide, kwaba ngenkankulu ithengiswe. I inoveli "The Sound kunye Fury," epapashwe ngo-1929, kule minyaka yokuqala-16 emva kokubhengezwa wokuthengiswa kusasazwe iikopi amawaka amathathu. Noko ke, ngo-1949, ngexesha zokufumana Nobel Prize umbhali, le inoveli bekusoloko imodeli yoncwadi lwamandulo of America.

Ngo-2012 bafika e-UK ngaphandle a okhethekileyo kulo msebenzi, apho okubhaliweyo yashicilelwa 14 imibala eyahlukileyo, oko kwenziwa ngokwesicelo umbhali ukuba umfundi uqaphele iinqwelomoya ixesha ezahlukeneyo. inoveli Limited hlobo yaba iikopi 1.480 kuphela wathengisa ngoko nangoko emva kokuba zikhutshiwe. Ke kaloku ixabiso le editions ncwadi enqabileyo kuqikelelwa kwi malunga 115 lamawaka engange.

8. Doris Lessing, 2007

Nobel Prize for Leencwadi ngowe-2007, iye yanikezelwa Doris Lessing. Lo mbhali kunye imbongi evela UK wafumana ibhaso xa eneminyaka engama-88 ubudala waza waba ngumnikazi kwalo. Waye umfazi elinanye (13), waphumelela Prize Nobel.

Lessing akazange ithandwa kakhulu phakathi abagxeki ukususela wayengayi wabhala kwizihloko ezinxulumene ngokucinezela imiba yezentlalo, oko wayedla ngokuba iimfundiso Sufi buvuvu, eshumayela kukulahlwa kwawo izinto zehlabathi. Noko ke, ngokutsho phephancwadi The Times, lo mbhali kuthatha indawo yesihlanu kuluhlu lwe ababhali ezinkulu yaseBritani-50, epapashwe emva 1945.

Umsebenzi uthandwayo Doris Lessing ingqalelo le ethi "I Notebook Golden", yakhululwa ngo-1962. Abanye abagxeki bathi ukuba iisampuli iprozi yamandulo amalungelo, kodwa umbhali eyona nale mbono isala.

9. Alber Kamyu 1957

Nobel Prize for Literature, wabamkela ababhali isiFrentshi. Omnye wabo, umbhali, intatheli, umbhali, imvelaphi eAlgeria, Alber Kamyu, i "isazela Western." umsebenzi yayo idumileyo ipapashwe ngowe-1942 eFransi, ibali "Le Ulikheswa". translation IsiNgesi, intengiso owaqala ngo-1946, yaye sele kwiminyaka embalwa, inani leekopi ekuthengiswe ngaphezulu kwe-3.5 million.

Albera Kamyu ukubizwa njengabameli ebomini, kodwa yena akazange avume lo kwaye ngamandla wakhanyela inkcazelo enjalo. Ngoko ke, xa intetho kwi-Nobel Prize, waphawula ukuba emsebenzini wakhe bafuna ukuba "ukuphepha ubuxoki obabuvakala kwaye sixhathise ingcinezelo."

10. elis Manro, 2013

Ngo-2013, batyunjwe i-Nobel Prize for uncwadi iqukiwe kuluhlu kwalo elis Manro. Representative of Canada, oku novellistka ezanyulwa uhlobo ibali elifutshane. Bhala nabo, yena waqala ekuqaleni, le minyaka elivisayo, Noko ke, ukuqokelelwa wakhe wokuqala usebenza phantsi igama "dance elichwayitileyo izithunzi" lwapapashwa ngo-1968, xa umbhali ukuba sele eneminyaka engama-37 ubudala. Ngowe-1971 kwabonakala ingqokelela elandelayo, "ubomi amantombazana kunye namabhinqa," nto leyo abagxeki ngokuba "inoveli imfundo". eminye imisebenzi yakhe zoncwadi ziquka iincwadi: "Yaye ngubani na, enyanisweni, nto?" "lo mbaleki," "Hewana Jupiter kaThixo", "ulonwabo olukhulu kakhulu." Ngokutsho komnye iingqokelela zayo, "Le ntiyo, ubuhlobo, sisathandana, uthando, umtshato," epapashwe ngo-2001, nokuba baya Canadian umboniso ebizwa ngokuba "simke kuye", uyalele uSara Polli. Uninzi incwadi ithandwayo umbhali ithathwa i "Indlela of Life", epapashwe ngo-2012.

Munro udla ngokuba "waseKhanada yaseChekhov", njengoko iindlela ezi nabalobi. Kanye umbhali Russian, oko esibonakala ngokoqobo engqondweni kunye nokucacisa.

Uncwadi Nobel Prize of Russia

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abanini yesahlulo ababhali ezintlanu Russian. Eyokuqala kwezi yaba kaNobel I. A. Bunin.

1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933

It is a umbhali Russian ezaziwayo-kakuhle eyimbongi, inkosi iprozi zinjalo, i ilungu Wawongwa i-St Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Ngowe-1920, uIvan bafudukela eFransi, yaye xa enika iwonga waphawula ukuba Swedish Academy wenza ngobukroti kakhulu, ewonga umbhali-amazwe. Phakathi abaviwa yaye idwelisiwe yaye omnye umbhali Russian, Mxim Gorky, Noko ke, ngenxa ikakhulu ukuba zikhululwe yoshicilelo ngexesha ethi "The Life of Arseniev" ntofo amaxolo nangoku malunga Ivan ngenxa bhaso kulo nyaka.

imibongo First Bunin waqalisa ukubhala eneminyaka engama-7-8. Kamva, ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe edumileyo: inoveli "The Village", nengqokelela "Suhodol", ethi "John Rydalets", "Le Gentleman evela San Francisco", njalo njalo Xa 20 zabhalelwa. "Rose waseYeriko" (1924) kunye ' sunstroke "(1927). Kwaye ngo-1943 Kwathi nokuzikhanyisa phezulu nobuchule Ivan Alexandrovich, yingqokelela yamabali "Dark iindawo". Le ncwadi kwanikezelwa isihloko nje omnye - ukuyithanda "mnyama" kunye icala ebumnyameni, njengoko umbhali wabhala kwenye yeencwadi zakhe.

2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958

Nobel Prize for Uncwadi ukusuka eRashiya ngowe-1958 zifakiwe kuluhlu yayo Borisa Leonidovicha Pasternaka. Imbongi lawongwa ngebhaso kweli xesha linzima. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba bashiye phantsi isisongelo links Russian. Nangona kunjalo, iKomiti Nobel wachaza ukusilela Pasternak njenge unyanzelekile, ngo-1989, wanika imbasa kunye idiploma emva kokufa zombhali unyana wakhe. Le noveli odumileyo "Gqirha Zhivago" eyinyani umnqophiso yokuluka Pasternak. Lo msebenzi yabhalwa ngo-1955. Alber Kamyu, uphumeleleyo ngowe-1957, wathi kule ncwadi uncoma.

3. Mihail Aleksandrovich Sholohov, 1965

Ngowe-1965 M. A. Sholohovu wawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel Literature. Russia iye kwakhona yaba ihlabathi ukuba liye ababhali abanetalente. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe yoncwadi njengommeli ngokoqobo, ebonisa ukuphikisana sinzulu imisinga yobusoshiyali ubomi, Sholokhov, kunjalo, kwimisebenzi ethile ufakiwe. Ngexesha Nobel Mihail Aleksandrovich Prize intetho, leyo kuqatshelwe ukuba kwiincwadi zakhe bafuna ukuba badumise 'abasebenzi hlanga, abakhi kunye namaqhawe. "

Ngo-1926 waqalisa inoveli yakhe enkulu "nenzolo aqukuqela i Don", yaye ndayigqiba 1940, kudala ngaphambi kokuba wawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel Literature. imisebenzi Sholokhov kaThixo yapapashwa iziqwenga, kuquka i "Makube aqukuqela i Don". Ngowe-1928, ngenxa ngokuyinxenye ukukhuthaza A. S. Serafimovicha, umhlobo kaMikayeli, eendaba waba inxalenye yokuqala. Oku yapapashwa kunyaka olandelayo umqulu yesibini. Le wesithathu yapapashwa kwiminyaka 1932-1933, uye, ngoncedo nenkxaso ye Gorky. Elesine nezokugqibela, eyashicilelwa ngowe-1940. Le noveli kubaluleke kakhulu Russian, nangenxa uncwadi ehlabathini. Iye iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi, saba isiseko opera odumileyo Ivana Dzerzhinskogo, kwakunye yimveliso ezininzi kumabala emidlalo kunye neebhanyabhanya.

Noko ke, asolwa zokuveza Sholokhov (kubandakanywa A. I. Solzhenitsyn), ucinga ukuba inxalenye enkulu yomsebenzi sele ngokutsha ukusuka ngqangi F. D. Kryukova, umbhali Cossack. Abanye abaphandi baye yaqinisekisa zabhalwa Sholokhov.

Ukongeza kulo msebenzi, wadala kunye Sholokhov "Virgin Umhlaba Ukupheqa" ngowe-1932, umsebenzi ukulanda imbali collectivization kwimeko-bume Cossack. Ngowe-1955 kwafika Kwisahluko sokuqala umqulu yesibini, yaye emsileni ngasekuqaleni 1960.

inoveli wesithathu yapapashwa kuka 1942, "Alwa kwilizwe labo."

4. Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, 1970

I-Nobel Prize e Literature ngo-1970, iye yanikezelwa A. I. Solzhenitsynu. Aleksandr Isaevich nalamkela, kodwa kwitheko lokunikezela amabhaso abo baye ke bengasenabuganga, kuba wayesoyika urhulumente waseSoviet, leyo kuthathwa isigqibo weKomiti yeNobel njenge "ezinobutshaba kwezopolitiko." Solzhenitsyn wayesoyika ukuba angabi nako ukubuyela ekhaya emva kolu hambo, nangona Nobel Prize for Leencwadi ngowe-1970, wafumana, ukuphakamisa iwonga lwelizwe lethu. Xa umsebenzi wakhe, wamchukumisa imiba elibukhali kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, ngokubonakalayo walwa ubukomanisi izimvo zalo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kwamandla Soviet.

Phakathi imisebenzi eziphambili Aleksandra Isaevicha Solzhenitsyna ziquka: "Ngenye imini Ivana Denisovicha" (1962), eli bali "Matryona", lo inoveli "I-Circle Lokuqala" (kubhalwa ukususela nge-1955 ukuya 1968), "I Gulag Archipelago" (1964-1970). Umsebenzi wokuqala epapashwe ibali elifutshane "One Day kwi Ivana Denisovicha", owayebonakele enkarhini lowu "Yehlabathi Elitsha". Le ncwadi yavusa umdla omkhulu kunye neempendulo ezininzi ukusuka kubafundi, leyo waphefumlela umbhali ukudala "I Gulag Archipelago." Ngowe-1964, eli bali yokuqala Aleksandra Isaevicha wawongwa Prize Lenin.

Noko ke, emva nje konyaka, walahlekelwa indawo koogunyaziwe Soviet, kunye nemisebenzi yakhe wavalwa print. inoveli yakhe "I Gulag Archipelago", "I-Circle Lokuqala" yaye "Umhlaza Ward" apapashwa kwamanye amazwe, apho ngo-1974 umbhali lobumi, waza wanyanzeleka ukuba izwe. kweminyaka Kuphela-20 kamva, wakwazi ukubuyela ekhaya. Ngowe-2001-2002, kukho umsebenzi omkhulu Solzhenitsyn kaThixo "iminyaka emakhulu mabini Ndawonye". Aleksandr Isaevich wafa ngo-2008.

5. iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky 1987

Abanini ye Nobel Prize for Leencwadi ngowe-1987, wazibandakanya ezintlwini I. A. Brodskim. Ngowe-1972, umbhali kwanyanzeleka ukuba kwamanye amazwe ukuya US, ngoko encyclopedia lonke nokuba libiza kwalo yaseMelika. Phakathi ababhali abathe bawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel, nguye lo mncinane. lyrics zakhe, yena baba nengcinga ihlabathi iqumrhu yenkcubeko nobuntu, kwaye ubonise imbono eliqingqiweyo umntu isifundo ulwazi.

Iosif Aleksandrovich wabhala kuphela Russian kodwa kwisihobe IsiNgesi, izincoko, ukuhlalutya uncwadi. Ngoko nangoko emva kokupapashwa kwi West incwadi yakhe yokuqala, ngowe-1965, Brodsky weza udumo ngamazwe. Phakathi ncwadi ilungileyo umbhali zezi: "louay asikuko", "Inxalenye Yokuthetha", "Landscape uyayiphelisa indawo yayo ngomkhukula," "Ukuphela a yeXesha Beautiful", "Yekani entlango" kunye nabanye.