Izityalo ngoku ukuhlakanipha bees iirobhothi?

iinyosi ubusi Ordinary umungu isinye kwisithathu zonke izityalo agqitywe ngabantu kukutya. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba zinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu, enamandla esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi amathanga bee neonicotinoid-based waqalisa ukufa ukuzikhupha ngesantya esikhulu ezoyikisayo.

ukusongela

Iinyosi ofela bamawaka nabamakhulu amawaka ngenxa yokugula, yokulahlekelwa ziindawo zokuhlala ezikhuselekileyo syndrome neyentshabalalo ngamathanga - zesiganeko apho ziinyosi abasebenzi bashiye amathanga abo, beshiya ukutya kuphela ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukukhula leenyosi abatsha nokumkanikazi nokugcina impilo. Nwe intshabalalo syndrome kuyingozi kakhulu hayi kuphela imveliso yobusi, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo ezixhomekeke umsebenzi ngamathanga bee.

iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo neekhemikhali eziyingozi ityhefu kukhokelela ekubeni sisibini esithathwini ngaphezu iinyosi abasebenzi ezilahlekileyo emasimini awaba nako ukufumana indlela eya endlwini yazo. Ngaphambili, inani leenyosi elahlekileyo musa ngaphezu kwe-wesithathu.

Izizathu

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinambuzane eziyingozi kunye izinambuzane, ingakumbi neonicotinoid-based, kukhokelela ityhefu kunye nezifo leenyosi yomsebenzi. Kutsha nje kukho ubungqina lwenzululwazi ukuba izinambuzane neonicotinoid zihlobene kwinani lamatyala, syndrome neyentshabalalo ngamathanga.

Omnye unobangela zabadla ibalulekileyo Iinyosi ikutyela kunye nezinye kwamagciwane. Iziswa ivela India Varroa nemalanana Varroa kwaye kuyingozi hayi nje kuba ibangela nokudideka leenyosi, kodwa ke into yokuba kube lula kakhulu ukuba ukuqhelana naziphi na iinzame ukuba siyitshabalalise. Ezi ntwala musa ukuzibulala iinyosi zokusebenza, kodwa kwindawo zabo ngokutya igazi, ekhokelela yokuba wenzala inyamalala. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yoku, ithanga bee bakushiye.

imiphumela

Ityhefu ngenxa ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo kunye nezityalo amachiza, kwakunye nokuphuhliswa, isifo olutsha oluzinzileyo, ezinye iindidi iinyosi ziye yongezwe kuluhlu lweentlobo zezidalwa zisemngciphekweni wokuphela.

Disease, ukuziphatha ezingonelanga ukuphela leenyosi abasebenzi - kunokuba into lwehlabathi, kunye nobungakanani bayo nesantya kwanyanzeleka kungekuphela izazinzulu kodwa amagosa karhulumente ehlabathini lonke lokucingisisa nezinto esisongela yezolimo kunye eziphila. Isibakala sokuba kuphela iinyosi ezisemngciphekweni wokuphela, kodwa ezinye iintlobo amabhabhathane, kuquka savela.

amanyathelo okuthintela

Urhulumente US ukhuphe isicwangciso sikazwelonke ukuze sibe ukukhusela ezisasaza, njengako apho sihlelwe ngowama-2025 ukuze kuphunyezwe ezi ziphumo zilandelayo:

• ukubuyisela impilo amathanga honey bee;
• ukwandisa inani amabhabhathane-Eastern kookumkani abantu million 225;
• ukuphucula nokuhlambulukileyo ngamachiza hectares izigidi ezintathu umhlaba ukunika iindawo zokuhlala ezikhuselekileyo ezisasaza.

Noko ke, zisekelwe kumava kwiPhondo Ontario, Canada, ukuhlanjululwa komhlaba ukusuka neonicotinoids kusenokungabikho umsebenzi olula, kwaye ngo-2025 elingenakuba uvuvuzelo kwanele yokugcwalisa ndawo.

neonicotinoids ban

E Ontario, urhulumente wephondo ugqibe ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa izinambuzane eziyingozi nge-80% ngo-2017, ngenxa yokuba sele yabangela ukufa ezigidi iinyosi.

Xa etyalwe emhlabeni ukutyala imbewu iphathwa zinambuzane neonicotinoid, wenze yingozi ziinyosi nezinye ezisasaza iikhemikhali lonke ixesha lonke imila. Oku kuchasene nomvelisi indlela yokujongwa, owathi ukuba iikhemikhali sokudiliza Musani ukubaphatha kakubi eziphilayo.

Amacandelo zinambuzane ezo zifumaneka kwi lomhlaba kunye nezityalo. Ukongeza, imizila ezi khemikhali zifumaneka nkqu emasimini, musa ukusebenzisa zinambuzane. Eyona nto kukuba iinyosi ngexesha uvuvuzelo athwale ezi izinto ukusuka kwisityalo esithile ukuya kwesinye, ngaloo ukusasazeka imichiza. Kodwa oku kwanezincomekayo. Ezi izinto eziyingozi ke zithunyelwe yeenyosi, leyo kakubi yonke le koloni.

kubuchwepheshe

Nangona oorhulumente uzama ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezisebenzayo nezifanelekileyo, abaphandi zange ingahlali ebukele. Bona ke ngenkuthalo nifuna ezinye iindlela zokusombulula le ngxaki.

Abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard udale irobhothi encinane, ubukhulu ngumcinga, onako ukuthatha off ndawonye umgama omfutshane ngaphezu komhlaba.

iinkcukacha ezintsha uyilo ziye zapapashwa kulindixesha Science and zimele irobhothi entsha inyathelo elinye ngaphezulu endleleni eya ukufunyanwa, ukukwazi ukugcina yendalo kunye nezolimo. robot entsha ngeke nje ukuthatha off ndawonye phezu komhlaba; kodwa wayenokwenza ubunzima ngaphezu kuyilo ngaphambili.

Izazinzulu ababesebenza iinguqulelo ezidlulileyo le Robo-BEE, wajamelana eziliqela kobunzima, njengoko kunzima kakhulu ukwenza irobhothi ukuba kube mhlophe ngokwaneleyo ukuba zidade emoyeni aze umonakalo isakhiwo ubuncwane kule mbali. Nakuba kunjalo, ngenxa inkqubela yakutshanje, izazinzulu siqinisekile ukuba, banikwe inkxaso-mali baya kuba nako kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo ukwenza iirobhothi enobuchwepheshe-phambili leyo umungu izityalo endaweni iinyosi.

Namathuba okuba iirobhothi yaMaxwebhu

Ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente bamazwe ezininzi kakhulu ukhathazeke kakhulu malunga usongo kwezolimo kunokuba ngokwabo iinyosi, amathuba mali yeeprojekthi buchwepheshe kwandisa kakhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, lo Robo-BEE de isisombululo efanelekileyo. Abazange ayikwazi ukusebenza njengoba njengekoloni yeenyosi okanye wonke. Ukuba ngokwenene ukuthatha indawo iinyosi, ezi robhothi kufuneka babe nako ukwenza umsebenzi ngokuzimeleyo nje kuphela, kodwa ngokulungelelanisa kunye nezinye iirobhothi, oko ke kumele emakhulwini ubuncinane amawaka. Ukongeza, ezi robhothi kufuneka uzithathe kwaye bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo, okanye ukusilela okanye ukulahleka iirobhothi ezininzi ziya kuboniswa umsebenzi iqela lonke.

Konke oku kunzima kakhulu ukuba bacinge malunga nokuphucula, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba izazinzulu inyanzelise ukuba Robo-iinyosi kufuneka ibe kuphela njengecebo lokugqibela yaye urhulumente kufuneka wayeyixhalabele kunye nolondolozo lwempilo iinyosi ubusi zihlala kunye nomzabalazo kunye syndrome neyentshabalalo ngamathanga.

Indlela ukugcina iinyosi?

Eninzi kuphando lwakutshanje oonobangela wokubhanga leenyosi simanga kanga ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinambuzane kunye namanye amachiza ayingozi.

Wapapashwa Juni sifundo ngu Harvard zizazinzulu neonicotinoids ixhulumanisa ngqo syndrome neyentshabalalo ngamathanga kwaye uthi ukuba esi sifo ayikho kuphela unobangela kwekhono of amathanga bee, kodwa inokubangela ukufa leenyosi. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba neonicotinoids zezona Yinxalenye uthandwayo zinambuzane.

Zinambuzane, fungicides kunye izitshabalalisi zibangela umonakalo noqhekeko ukuya amathanga inyosi naphi iikhemikhali mihla zisetyenziswa. Olu phando, olupapashwe kwijenali Nature, uthi iinyosi phantsi kwempembelelo lweekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa kushishino kwezolimo, kabini njengoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba yokulahleka kwaye awukwazi ukufumana indlela eya indlu, ngokuchaseneyo iinyosi ukuba bahlala kwimimandla enempilo. Ukongezelela, abo bantu abangakwaziyo babuyele kweli thanga, ezilahlekileyo imveliso kubuthwa umungu.

Enye bubungqina obubonakalisa ukuba iikhemikhali okungenza ziphele leenyosi, inkangeleko ngokwezelizwe syndrome intshabalalo ngamathanga. Esi sifo kuqhelekile kwiingingqi apho ukusetyenziswa zinambuzane zinambuzane.

Iinyosi ziye bamfumana efile emasimini, ebonisa iimpawu ityiwe chemical. Maxa wambi ityhefu nto kangangokuba ngumcinga awukwazi ukufumana amandla ukuba abuyele endlwini yazo kwaye afele khona.