Izinto kwiindawo zobunjineli. Ubunjineli obukhulu: izinto zokubeka

Ubunjineli bobuchwephesha yiyona ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu kwisebe loqoqosho lwesizwe. Inika iteknoloji kunye nezixhobo kuzo zonke iindawo zoqoqosho, kwaye ivelisa nezinto ezininzi zasekhaya eziyimfuneko ebantwini ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kule nqaku, iinjongo eziphambili zendawo yobunjineli bemishini kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwimveliso yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zichazwe.

Ubunjineli bobunjineli kubalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni uqoqosho loqoqosho

Ubunjineli bobugcisa buhlala kwindawo enkulu kwimveliso yezoshishino kunye nefuthe ekuphuhliseni onke amasebe oomsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Ikwahlula inqanaba lezesayensi kunye nezobugcisa kunye nokukwazi ukukhusela. Kwamazwe athuthukileyo, malunga ne-35% yomkhiqizo wekhaya owenziweyo uphantsi kobunjineli. Into ebonakalayo yemveliso yobunjineli bala mazwe yintlobo ehlukahlukeneyo yeempahla eziphezulu kunye nokukhuphisana kwayo.

Ukubunjwa kwesakhiwo somatshini esiyinkimbinkimbi kunye neempawu zayo

Ubunjineli bobugcisa bunesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kwaye sinamashishini angaphezu kwama-70. Iindawo zayo eziphambili zi-electronics, i-robotics, izithuthi kunye noomatshini bokulima, izixhobo zamashishini, ii-aircraft, i-locomotives kunye neenqwelo.

Isakhiwo sokwakha umatshini sinemibandela ebalulekileyo, apho indawo yendawo yokuvelisa ixhomekeke kuyo. Okokuqala, kule shishini, iqondo lokuphuhliswa kobuchule (umvelisi uvelisa uhlobo olulodwa lwemveliso) kunye nentsebenziswano (xa amashishini amaninzi asebenza kwimveliso yeempahla) ibaluleke kakhulu. Okwesibini, kukho izinto ezithile ezichaphazela indawo yobunjineli. Ngokuxhomekeke kubume boshishino, ukudibanisa kwabo kungahluka. Umzekelo, isityalo semoto sivelisa ukuhamba kwezothutho, kodwa sisebenzisa iinqununu ezathengwa kwamanye amabhizinisi ukwenzela ukuvelisa. Kule meko, inethiwekhi yentuthuko ephuculweyo yinto ebalulekileyo kwindawo yobunjineli bemoto.

Izinto kwiindawo zobunjineli

Abacumi baye bachonga izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela kakhulu indawo yobunjineli:

• Ukusetyenziswa kweMetro;
• Izibonelelo zabasebenzi;
• Isiseko esibalulekileyo;
• Inzululwazi yesayensi;
• Uxinzelelo lwasemhlabeni;
• Into yabathengi.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kuwo onke amashishini, izinto eziphambili ziindawo zobunjineli, ezifana nesayensi kunye nabasebenzi. Umlinganiselo kunye nenani leminye imiba nganye kwindlela yobunjineli ingahluka kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuphuhliswa kwengxube yezolimo kweli lizwe kunomthelela ekukhuleni kwemfuno yokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Ngaloo ndlela, kukho isidingo sokwandisa umatshini wezolimo. Izinto ezibonakalayo zendawo yamashishini aphezulu (ii-electronics, iikhompyutheni) zancitshiswa kwiindawo apho kukho inzululwazi eyaneleyo kwaye kukho ithuba lokuqhuba uphando lwezesayensi kunye nophando.

Ukwabiwa kwamashishini wokwakha umatshini

Imiba efanayo yendawo yobunjineli bemishini yamanye amazwe angabalulekile ngokukodwa, ngelixa ezinye zichaphazela kuphela. Ngokwalo mgaqo, i-economists yahlula onke amasebe okwakha umatshini ngamaqela amathathu: enzima, ephakathi kunye jikelele.

Ubunjineli obukhulu

Amasebe alolu hlobo loshishino lobunjineli abonakaliswe ngeendleko eziphezulu zetsimbi kunye nexabiso elithile labasebenzi. Ezi ziquka umveliso wokuphakamisa nokuthutha, ukumbiwa kwezimayini, izixhobo ze-metallurgical kunye neemayini, umatshini okhuni, ii-locomotives kunye neenqwelo, iinqanawa ezinkulu. Zonke ezi zikhokelo kwiinkalo zobunjineli bunzima. Izinto zokuba indawo yezo nkampani ziyisiseko esibalulekileyo kunye nomthengi. Ngoko, kwisakhiwo seendleko zokuveliswa kwezi zityalo, indleko yezinto eziveliswayo kunye nezinto ezivela kwizinto zivela kwi-40 ukuya ku-80%. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, zifumaneka kumashishini ase-metallurgical kunye ne-market.

Kwinqanaba lamasebe obunjineli obunzima, indawo ekhethekileyo ibanjwe ngunjineli yamandla, eyenza i-generators, i-turbines, i-boilers, iinjinjini zomlambo kunye neempahla zaselwandle. Amashishini alolu hlobo lusetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwimimandla enezakhiwo eziphuhlisiweyo zakhiwo, apho abasebenzi abanezakhono abanezakhono. Ngokomgaqo ofanayo, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zokupaka kunye nokuxininisa kunye nezixhobo ezixakekileyo zomatshini ziphuhliswa. Njengomthetho, izixhobo ezinjalo ziveliswa ngamabhakethi amancinci ngokucela ubunjineli bamashishini belizwe okanye abazalwana belizwe langaphandle.

Okukufutshane nomthengi kufumaneka njengamasebe obunjineli bothutho njengemveliso yamagesi e-electric and diesel, iinqwelo kunye neenqanawa. Ngoko, ukwakha iinqanawa kuya kumachwebeni olwandle, nangona le shishini linenkinga. Inyaniso kukuba ukuba kwakhiwe iinqanawa zanamhlanje, kufuneka zixhobo ezizodwa. Ngoko ke, ukwakha umkhumbi kulungelelaniswa nomgaqo wokubambisana namanye amabhizinisi anikezela izixhobo, izixhobo kunye neendawo ezilungiselelwe iinqanawa.

Ubunjineli bokuzicwangcisa

Izinto eziphambili kwiindawo zobunjineli kweli qela ngabantu abaqeqeshiweyo kunye nezibonelelo zamandla. Iquka umveliso kunye nomxholo weziseko eziphantsi kunye neemfuno ezinkulu zabasebenzi.

Iqela lobunjineli obuphakathi kubandakanya amashishini afumaneke ngokubaluleka kunye nokuxhomekeka kwimpahla evela kumashishini amashishini. Ngokomzekelo, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zokuprinta, ukutya nokukhanya. Igosa eliphambili lobunjineli bobukhulu ngumveliso weemoto. Eli shishini livelisa i-motors, iibhere, izixhobo zombane, njl njl.

Ubunjineli obuphambili

Leli qela lokwakha umatshini liquka amabhizinisi axhomekeke kwimveliso yamatshini kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza kwinkqubo yeekhemikhali, ukucocwa kweoli kunye namashishini amahlathi. Kwakhona zizityalo ezivelisa iindlela kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini kwezolimo. Ngokwakheko lweendleko zemveliso zolu hlobo, inxalenye yeendleko ngumvuzo wabasebenzi (kufika kuma-30%), iindleko ezisele - izinto eziveliswayo, izinto kunye namandla. Ngaloo ndlela, indawo yamashishini kweli qela lixhomekeke kumbandela wabathengi, imarike yokuthengisa kunye nabasebenzi.

Umzekelo, qwalasela umatshini wezolimo. Imiba yendawo yeli candelo liyimfuneko yentengo yabathengi, isiseko sezinto ezibonakalayo, ubukho boxhumo oluthuthukile lwezothutho. Okuphambili ekuphuhliseni umatshini wezolimo unomlinganiselo wabathengi. Kususela ekufumanekeni kwemfuno yeetrektare, ukudibanisa kunye nezinye iimveliso zokulima ezixhomekeke kwimilinganiselo kunye nemilinganiselo yemveliso.

IJografi yobunjineli bemishini

Iinkalo zobume bobunjineli zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizoqoqosho kuwo onke amazwe, kuquka ihlabathi jikelele. Ngokomzekelo, iindawo ezininzi zaseCanada, iArgentina, inxalenye ye-Australia, ii-United States ziye zaziwa ngeenkulungwane ezininzi sele zihlala kwimimandla yezolimo. Kule ndawo kukho imfuneko ephakamileyo yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokusebenza kwezolimo kunye nemishini. Kwaye ukuhlaziywa ngokukhawuleza nokukhula kwabemi kumazwe amaninzi ase-Asiya kwathonya kakhulu ukufakwa kwintsimi yabo yamashishini athile ngokukodwa kwimveliso yendlu kunye ne-othomathikhi yomsakazo.