Izigwebo ubuhlakani. Yintoni na isigwebo, iintlobo izigwebo

Umgwebo ke luhlobo yokucinga, isingqiniso okanye akwalele nantoni na malunga ubukho bezinto, unxibelelwano phakathi kwabo kunye neempawu zazo, kwakunye ulwalamano phakathi kwezinto.

Imizekelo yeengxelo: "I iVolga aqukuqela kuLwandle lweCaspian," "AS Pushkin wabhala umbongo "I Bronze abamahashe", "ihlosi idweliswe kwiNcwadi oluBomvu," njl

Indlela esakhiwe ngayo esi sigwebo

Isigwebo kubandakanya le miba ilandelayo: intloko, isivisa, kunye lungu quantifier.

1. ZeziFundo (subjektum lat -. «Olufunyenweyo») - ukuze, njengoko kucacisiwe ngomgwebo, umxholo wayo ( «S»).
2. Isivisa (praedicatum Latin -. «Wathi") - usisithunzi tag into, oko wathi kwisifundo sokuphuma ematyaleni ( "P").
3. Esiqhumeni - umlinganiselo phakathi kwisifundo ( «S») kunye nesivisa ( "P"). Imisa ubukho / ukungabikho isihloko ipropati va njengesivisa. Mhlawumbi oku kubonisa, kwaye iboniswa yi "umgcana wentetho" okanye amagama 'indawo "(" ayikho ")," uye "," ukuba "," into ", kunye nabanye.
4. Quantifier (quantifier igama) uchaza umda ingqikelelo, apho mxholo umgwebo. Simile phambi sifundo, kodwa kwakhona ndingekhoyo ematyaleni. Luchazwa ngegama amagama afana "bonke", "abaninzi", "abanye", "hayi", "hayi", kunye nabanye.

iingxelo lokwenyaniso nolobuxoki

Isigwebo kunjalo kwimeko apho kukho nakuphi okubonisa, iimpawu kunye nobudlelwane izinto ezivunyiweyo / sikhatyiwe ekugwebeni, okwenyaniso. Umzekelo: "Zonke emginya - iintaka", "9 ngaphezulu kwama-2" njalo njalo ..

Ukuba ingxelo uqulathwe ku ekugwebeni ntiyiso, hi langutana ni esixhasayo lobuxoki 'ilanga lijikeleza umhlaba, "" A Kilo yentsimbi usinda ngaphezu kwekilogram yomqhaphu "kunye nezinye isigwebo okulungileyo isiseko yokuqiqa echanekileyo ..

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle ingqiqo-bexabisekile ezimbini, apho isigwebo isenokuba kuyinyaniso okanye bubuxoki, kukho kwakhona ukulandelelana multi emacala-. Ngokutsho ngokoMthetho yayo, umgwebo inokuba cwaka akuqinisekwanga. Ingakumbi kumayelana ikamva izigwebo ngamnye, "Ngomso kwenzeka / alwenzeki idabi yomkhosi wamanzi" (nguAristotle, "Kwi intsingiselo"). Xa sicingela ukuba esi isicelo inyaniso, lo ngomso ulwandle idabi Soze yenzeke. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukwenza oku. Okanye ngenye indlela: zisithi ukuba isigwebo mzuzu langoku bubuxoki, siya yenzani nakwenzeka eyimfuneko langomso ulwandle idabi.

Izigwebo kuhlobo kwingxelo

Njengoko yaziwa, uhlobo iingxelo iintlobo ezintathu izivakalisi: declarative, ukuphazamiseka nokubuza. Umzekelo, esi sivakalisi "Ndikhumbula umzuzu omangalisayo 'ibhekisa kudidi yokubalisa. Uyacetyiswa ukuba lubonisa ukuba isigwebo esinjalo babeya ukulandisa. Iqulethe iinkcukacha ezithile, ngokutsho isiganeko esithile.

Ngenxa yoko, isigwebo zogxininiso iqulethe umbuzo, ukufumana impendulo: "ntoni ikamva kum," Ngelo xesha ke uNdikhoyo uthi akukho nto kwaye akukho ndikukhanyele. Ngako oko, ibango ukuba isigwebo eso umbuzo ngokungachanekanga. isigwebo esoqobo, isimiso, ayiqulathanga naluphi na umgwebo ngenxa umbuzo ayikwazi ingafani ngenxa yenyaniso / falsity.

uhlobo Inkuthazo lwesivakalisi luqokelelane kwimeko apho kukho inkuthazo ukuze inyathelo, ukucela ban: ". Khawusuk 'ume, Thixo umprofeti, yaye uDavide, Niyibazele indlebe" Ngokumalunga isigwebo, ngokoluvo abanye abaphandi, ukuba ayiqukethanga iziphakamiso kolu hlobo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba iintlobo yezigwebo-senzi.

isigwebo quality

Ngokwemiqathango umgangatho, umgwebo zingaba affirmative (S P), kunye navumelanayo (S ayikho P). Kwimeko ye-affirmative womgwebo, nge isivisa ngokuxhomekeke edityaniswe kwipropati ethile (-wa). Umzekelo: ". ULeonardo da Vinci - Italian opeyintayo, ngokomakhi, nomkroli, Scientist, semvelo kunye umqambi kunye nombhali, ummeli likhulu Renaissance art"

Ngomgwebo ezimbi, kwelinye icala, ipropati kususwa ukusuka isifundo: ". Theory yesakhelo 25 kaYakobi Vicary akanayo isiqinisekiso sokuhlola"

achaza oluninzi

Izigwebo ubuhlakani inokuba eqhelekileyo (ephathelele zonke izinto ngalo eklasini), zabucala (abanye babo) kwaye iyunithi (xa ethetha ngalo mbandela, kukho mnye kuphela). Umzekelo, oku Kungaphikiswa ukuba esinjalo isiphakamiso njenge "Ebusuku bonke neekati grey 'kuyibiza inkangeleko ngokubanzi, kuba kuchaphazela onke amalungu ikati (umxholo umgwebo). Ukwamkelwa "Ezinye iinyoka asingabo ezinobuhlungu" - umzekelo umgwebo zabucala. Ngenxa yoko, umgwebo "Dnieper Omangalisayo ngemini ezolileyo" libe linye, thina sithetha umlambo othile, ekhoyo ngendlela enye.

izigwebo ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo

Kuxhomekeka isakhiwo, isigwebo ibe luhlobo lwe ezilula okanye ezimbaxa. Isakhiwo isigwebo elula iquka amagama amabini amaqhina oqhagamshelwano (SP): «Book - umthombo wolwazi". Kukho kwakhona izigwebo kunye nengqiqo mnye - xa yesibini kwakuthetha kuphela: "Kwaya mnyama» (P).

ifomu nzima ukhandwa ngokujoyina umgwebo eziliqela ezilula.

Ucalulo izigwebo ezilula

izigwebo Simple ubuhlakani ibe ezi fom zilandelayo: attributive, umgwebo kunye nobudlelwane, ebomini, ethumayo.

Uphawu (property-isigwebo) wathumela imvume / ukwalela kweso sifundo kwiipropati ezithile (iimpawu) imisebenzi. Ezi zakhe ifomu categorical kwaye imibuzo, "inkqubo mammalian nervous ibandakanya ingqondo wobuchopho, umnqonqo kunye iindlela luvo ephumayo."

Xa imigwebo malunga ubudlelwane ezithile phakathi kwezinto. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba umxholo spatio-temporal, imbangela, njl Umzekelo :. "umhlobo Old ngaphezu ezimbini ezintsha", "Iperoksayidi lighter icarbon dioxide ngu 22."

isigwebo ekuphileni - le yinto ubukho / bikho zesifundo (ngokubini obo buphathekayo kunye efanelekileyo): "Akukho mprofeti kowabo", "I iNyanga yisathelayithi Umhlaba."

Ethumayo isiphakamiso - luhlobo oluthile imvume, kuquka ubukho mqhubi ethile zizilabalabi (kufuneka okulungileyo / embi, akubanga eyaziwa / ayaziwa, kubhaliwe esalelweyo, ndiyakholwa, kunye nabanye.). Umzekelo:

• "Russia kufuneka ukuqhuba utshintsho yemfundo" (kutshintshwe alethic - ithuba, imfuneko into).
• "Wonke umntu unelungelo lokhuseleko lomntu" (kutshintshwe deontic - yimimiselo yokuziphatha wokuziphatha zentlalo).
• "Ukutyeshela kwempahla karhulumente kukhokelela kwilahleko yayo" (axiologic kutshintshwe - enxulumene eziphathekayo kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha).
• "Sikholelwa msulwa yakho" (kutshintshwe epistemic - ukuthembeka kolwazi).

izigwebo Complex kunye neentlobo neziqhagamshelanisi

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, izigwebo complex Ziqulethe uluhlu ezilula ezimbalwa. Njengoko unxulumano ubhalo phakathi kwazo iindlela ezifana:

• Ihambisana (a ʌ b - ukuqhagamshela izigwebo). Xa Wayegweba Abantu conjuncts unesiqhuma se "yaye", "Ukuphunyezwa amalungelo nenkululeko yomntu nommi akayi kungqubana amalungelo nenkululeko yabanye."
• Disjunction (avb - hlula izigwebo). Njengoko izinto usemthethweni somgwebo-amagatya zisetyenziswa njenge Umatshini - ngokudibene "okanye". Umzekelo: "Ummangali unelungelo lokuba ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa ubungakanani yebango."
• Ingongoma (a → b - isigwebo-effect). Ukuba ukuyithumela yabelwe kwi isakhiwo nzima umgwebo ngenxa yoko, ke kunokuthiwa ukuba isigwebo amayela implicative. Njengoko Umatshini esetyenziswa ngokohlobo Unxulumano ezifana 'ukuba ... emva koko ". Umzekelo: "Ukuba ngalo kumqhubi miss umbane, ucingo kumo," "Ngaba ufuna ukonwaba - yonwaba".
• Ukulingana (a ≡ b - umgwebo twatse). Kuthatha indawo kwimeko apho amaxabiso ye kunye b ezifanayo (mhlawumbi zombini yinyani okanye zombini bobuxoki): "Umntu wadalwa ukuze ulonwabo, njengentaka ukubhabha."
• Kuphika (¬a, eligama - umgwebo-inversion). umthombo nganye linxulunyaniswa ingxelo compound amazwi omkhanyelayo yokuqala. Ngokusebenzisa "hayi" esithengiswayo. Ngako oko, ukuba ingxelo yokuqala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "Inkunzi uyiphendula ukukhanya elibomvu," (a) - ukwalela kuya kuvakala ngathi: "Inkunzi akaziphenduli ukukhanya okubomvu" (¬A).