Islam - yenye imiyalelo eziphambili Islam. US: inkcazo, iimpawu kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Mhlawumbi enye inkolo kwimbali yawo zange ukuphepha wanako ezakhokelela ukuyilwa trends ezintsha ngaphakathi imfundiso eyodwa. Islam kungekho ngaphandle: ngoku kukho isiqingatha elinesibini kweendawo yayo engundoqo ezithe zavela ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo naphantsi kweemeko ezahlukileyo.

Ngenkulungwane VII, iinketho ezimbini iimfundiso ukwahlula Islam: Cartoon kunye US. Kwathi ngenxa ukungangqinelani kwi imbambano transfer yobukhosi. Wavuka phantse nangoko ingxaki emva kokufa uMprofeti uMuhammad kaThixo, abazange bashiye imiyalelo kule amanqaku.

Umbuzo kwamandla

Muhammad ithathwa wokugqibela abaprofeti sa abantu abaye bakha unxibelelwano phakathi kwezulu nomhlaba, uThixo nabantu. Ukususela ekuqaleni Islam, amandla yezwe ndawonye ngokwenza ukusuka zonqulo, ezi ndawo zimbini ilawulwa ngumntu omnye - umprofeti.

Emva kokufa nguMprofeti uluntu zahlulwe phakathi kwiindawo ezininzi, ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukugqiba umbuzo yokosulela amandla. Shiism wanikela isimiso amafa. Islam - ekuhlaleni unelungelo lokuvota, ukunyula inkokeli zonqulo nezehlabathi.

Shiism

Shiites waphikelela ukuba urhulumente kufuneka abadlula ilungelo igazi, kuba kuphela isalamane yayichukumisa ubabalo oluhlakaziweyo phezu Mshumayeli. abameli yangoku akhethwe umzala omtsha Imam Mohammed kaThixo, ukubeka isithembiso sayo ukubuyisela ubulungisa eluntwini. Ngokutsho legend, uMuhammad wabiza Shiites abalandela umzalwana wakhe.

Ali Ibn Abu Talib olawula iminyaka emihlanu kuphela ubudala kwaye ayikwazanga ngeli xesha ukufezekisa uphuculo buqapheleke, njengoko igunya elongamileyo bekuyimfuneko lokukhusela. Noko ke, phakathi Shiite Imam Ali uba iwonga elikhulu nembeko: amarhamente indlela yongezwe rah Quran ozinikezeleyo uMprofeti Muhammad kunye Imam Ali ( "izibane ezimbini"). Enye amahlelo Shiite kunqulwa ngqo Ali, iqhawe Kwiintsomi ezininzi neengoma.

Bakholelwa Shiites

Emva kokubulawa yokuqala amandla imaam Shiite yadluliselwa koonyana Ali intombi Muhammad. nakwizibetho zabo naye ebuhlungu, Noko ke, babesithi, bababeke isiseko Shiite zamasilamsi Dynasty, obe phambi kwinkulungwane XII.

Iqela US, US, awubanga namandla kwezopolitiko, kodwa kugxila kwi yomoya. Emva yokuduka Imam elinesibini imfundiso "Imam Hidden", ngubani na oya kubuyela emhlabeni Orthodox Kristu.

Kungoku nje Shi'ism unqulo isimo Iran - inani labalandeli malunga ne-90% yetotali yenani labafundi bebonke. E Iraq kunye Yemen, malunga nesiqingatha sabantu ngqo Shi'ism. Nefuthe Shiites kunye eLebhanon.

Sunnism

US Islam - le ndlela yesibini ukusombulula imbambano amandla e-Islam. Abameli beli intshukumo emva kokufa Muhammad wagxininisa ukuba ulawulo omabini amacandelo zokomoya kunye nezehlabathi yobomi kufuneka buzinze ezandleni iUma - uluntu yonqulo, leyo ukhetha phakathi nenkokeli yalo.

ulema US - nakubagcini lwenkolelo - ezi ukubambelela ezahlukeneyo anenzondelelo ngokwesithethe, imithombo ebhalwe yamandulo. Ngoko ke, kunye iKurani a ngokubaluleka mkhulu Sunnah - iseti lweetekisi malunga umprofeti yokugqibela yobomi. Ngenxa yezi tekisi ulema yokuqala ziye uluhlu lwemithetho, iimfundiso, elandela leyo kuthetha ngendlela efanelekileyo. Islam - inkolo le ncwadi kunye isithethe ngaphantsi wenkolo.

Okwangoku, i-US - obanzi kunayo ngaphakathi Islam, nesigubungelo malunga ne-80% yabo bonke Muslims.

sunna

Yintoni Cartoon, oko kuya kuba lula ukuqonda ukuba ujonga imvelaphi kwekota. Sunnis - abalandeli i Sunnah.

Sunnah ngokoqobo eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "isampuli", "isampuli" wabiza ngokupheleleyo "Sunnah Messenger of Allah." It is a itekisi ebhaliweyo eliquka amabali amazwi nezenzo Muhammad. Osebenzayo, uphelelise iKurani, njengoko intsingiselo yalo Sunnah - umzekeliso amasiko nezithethe endala amanene. US Islam - yinto nje le migangatho ilandelayo uThixo eyamiselwa imibhalo yamandulo.

Sunnah ukuba iziqu e Islam, kunye Koran, uqeqesho yayo unikwa indima ebalulekileyo kwimfundo zenkolo. Shiites - kuphela Muslim - ukwala igunya Sunnah.

flow US

Sele kwinkulungwane VIII, umahluko ezindabeni zokholo, kwasekwa imigca emibini Cartoon: murji'ah kunye Mu'tazilites. Ngenkulungwane IX, kuthe kwakhona intshukumo Hanbali, ayifani nje kuphela ukubambelela ngokungqongqo umoya kodwa kwincwadi izithethe zonqulo. Hanbalis wabeka kwenkululeko ecacileyo obuvunyiweyo ezingavumelekanga, kwakunye elawulwayo ngokupheleleyo ubomi Muslims. Ngaloo ngokuyifumana ukusulungeka yokholo.

Elinye ixesha de kube iMini Yomgwebo

Murji'ah - "otkladyvateli" - akazange isigqibo umbuzo kwamandla, waza wacela ukuba uwubeke kwintlanganiso Allah. abalandeli flow Ugxininiso phezu ngokunyaniseka ukholo kuThixo, Nguwo lowo umqondiso kuzo a Muslim oyinyaniso. Ngokutsho kwabo, a Muslim uhlala efanayo emva kokuba isono ukuba ilondoloza ukholo olunyulu Allah. Kwakhona, isono sakhe akayi obungunaphakade; uthe wayikhulula ngentlawulelo ukubandezeleka wakhe ashiye esihogweni.

Amanyathelo okuqala wezakwalizwi

Mutazality - AmaSebe - wavuka murji'ah intshukumo yaye yeyokuqala ukuyilwa wezakwalizwi Islamic. Isambuku abalandeli zaye kakuhle ofundileyo Muslims.

Le mutazality ephambili inzala yakhe yayigxile umahluko utoliko amalungiselelo athile Koran, ngokuphathelele uhlobo kaThixo nawabantu. Bethetha umba inkululeko ngokuthanda yoluntu kunye ngaphambili.

Kuba umntu Mu'tazila ngubani uye wenza isono engcwabeni, sikwimeko eyanelisayo - akakho elizinikeleyo, kodwa hayi embi. Oko ke isiphelo Vasila Ibn Ata, umfundi eyaziwa kule wezakwalizwi ngenkulungwane VIII, ingqalelo ekuqaleni ukuyilwa Mu'tazila intshukumo.

Sunnism and Shiism: iiyantlukwano

Umahluko ophambili phakathi Shiites kwaye Sunnis - oko umbuzo malunga umthombo wamandla. Eyokuqala lixhomekeke ngegunya kukaThixo osenonnogo yi ngasekunene nomini, okwesibini - kwisigqibo yesithethe kunye noluntu. Kuba Sunnis ezibaluleke kubhaliwe iKurani, i Sunnah, kunye neminye imithombo eziliqela. Ngenxa yesi sizathu senza yaqulunqa imigaqo esisiseko yembono, ukunyaniseka oko kuthetha ukuba ukulandela ukholo lokwenyaniso.

Shiites bakholelwa ukuba Imam kufezwa ngokuthanda kukaThixo, kanye njengokuba amaKatolika kubhaliwe elenziwe ngokomfanekiselo Pope. Kubalulekile ukuba umbane ilifa, ekubeni kuphela abo bahlobene ngokwegazi nalowo wokugqibela uMprofeti uMuhammad, kuthwala intsikelelo kaThixo. Emva yokuduka amandla lokugqibela Imam sakhutshelwa ulama - izifundiswa zezakwalizwi, abenza njengommeli adibeneyo ufakele Imam Shiites njengoKristu kulindeleke ngamaKristu.

Umahluko kwakhona kuyabonakala kwiindawo ukuba amandla Shiite wengqesho ngokomoya ngeke zihlukaniswe kwaye buzinze ezandleni yinkokeli omnye. Sunnis uNojaji ukwahlulwa emigangatho yokomoya zezopolitiko nempembelelo.

Shiites ukwala igunya neenkokheli ezintathu zokuqala - nakumaqabane Muhammad. Sunnis, kwelinye icala, cinga ukuba uba- abanqula zamasilamsi elinambini eziqhelekileyo kangako kunye umprofeti. Kukho kwakhona kwisikhundla sokuba umthetho Islamic, awathi kuphela isisombululo jikelele abantu anegunya kubaluleke kwimibandela yonqulo. Ngokusekelwe kule kunye Sunnis, ukukhetha umlawuli ephakamileyo ivoti ekuhlaleni.

Kukho kwakhona umahluko yokunqula Shiites kunye Sunnis. Ngoxa ethandaza, kunye nabo kunye nabanye kwi amaxesha 5 ngemini, kodwa ukuma ngezandla zahlukile. Kwakhona, Shiites, umzekelo, kukho isithethe self-bake, kungekhona eyamkelwa Sunnis.

Sunnism and Shiism namhlanje - ikhondo oqhelekileyo Islam. Ngaphandle limi Sufism - inkqubo iinkolelo limangalisa kunye zonqulo, kwakheka kwi ngokusekelwe ukwenjenjalo ngokuthobeka kwentliziyo, kukulahlwa ubomi yehlabathi kunye nokunamathela ngqongqo ngokwemithetho yokholo.