Ipenseli yamachiza kunye namanye amapensela: izicelo zabo

Ekubeni ipenciloni yokubhala kunye nokudweba yaqulunqwa, iimvo zakhe ziye zatshintsha rhoqo kwaye ezintsha zenziwe. Ziziphi iepensele ezingekhoyo ngoku: umbala oqhelekileyo, zeziphi iibhodi zeekolo ezenza izifundo; I-Wax kunye nekhokelo, esetyenziswe kwipayipi engcali; "Elula" - imifanekiso kunye nokwakhiwa kwejometri (ukukhokela kwabo kuqulethwe igraphite kwaye, ngokuxhomekeke kobunzima, ubhala kwimibala yemibala ukusuka kumgca omnyama ukuya kumnyama); Iikhemikhali - zisetyenziselwa kwiiofisi zokudibanisa imisebenzi emininzi yokudweba; Iipencilisi ezicokisekileyo ... kwaye zonke zazo zisetyenziswe kwiimilinganiselo ezihlukeneyo kuthi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zobomi.

"Nahimichili"

Ipencil yekhemikhali - ukuveliswa kwayo yaba yinto ekhoyo ekufumaneni, ukukopisha, ishishini lokuthengisa. Bangakwazi ukubhala, ukupenda, ukupenda iphepha lokubhala, ukwenza amanqaku angapheliyo nangaphezulu. Ngaphantsi kweempahla "zembatho" zokhuni kwiziko lokubhala ngepencilisi ekhethekileyo. Ngomumo owomileyo, ushiya ukukhanya kwiphepha, imibala engabonakaliyo kunye namanqaku. Kodwa isalathiso sokukhokela kufuneka sanyulwe ngamanzi okanye nangelwimi - utshintshi lombala, luqala ukubhala amanqatha, ngokugqamile, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukususa kwiphepha. Oku kungenxa yokuba ipenisi yamakhemikhali ibandakanya idayi echithwa phantsi kwefuthe lomswakama. Isiphumo esifanayo siya kufumaneka xa isitya esomileyo sithathwa phezu komhlaba omanzi wephepha elifanayo. Iidayi zongezwe kwintonga yi-rhodamine (yenza iirekhodi ezivela kwi-pink eqaqambileyo ukuya kwi-shadow tone)., I-eosin (nayo iphinda iluhlaza okombala, iphendulela ibe yibomvu), i-yellow (egciniweyo ephuzi). Ezi zongeziweyo zeemigodi zenza ipencilithi yamakhemikhali ingagxininisi kuphela, kodwa kwakhona, ukudibanisa imibala eyahlukeneyo eyongezelelweyo neyongeziweyo, ukwandisa uluhlu lwebala lohlobo lwayo.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lemashumi mabini, ukuthandwa kwamapenisi ekhemikhali kwaqala ukuhla Nangona kunjalo, nangoku ngoku badibana nazo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso. Bafaka imibhalo okanye imida yemizobo kwiglasi, i-plaster, i-ceramic, isinyithi kunye nezinye izinto. Ubunzima beepencilisi ze-polymeri zokumakishwa kukhethwe ngokuxhomekeka kohlobo lomhlaba oza kusetyenziswa. Kwaye ihlonipho yokuveliswa kwepencilisi yokuqala yowesi-Edson Clark, owathi unelungelo lobunikazi bakhe ekupheleni kweminyaka eyi-1866. Ngomnyaka we-1928 wafezekiswa kancinci - ibhaluni elincinci ngamanzi lalifakwe kwipenisi yamakhemikhali ngokwayo, kwaye xa kwakufuneka ukuba unqabise intonga, umbhali wayeyicinezele. Ngomdaka, umswakama weza intonga, kwaye ukuphendulwa kwamadayiti ngamanzi kunye nephepha kwakulungele!

Ipencil kunye nezonyiso

Ngeenjongo zokonkcenkceshela, ipensile yobugcisa isetyenziselwa ukwenza iifom. Ubume bawo buhlala bunzima, kodwa bunzima kakhulu, kuba kungekhona nje iinki kodwa kunye neefestile zifakwe nge pensile, kwaye isikhumba kwiibophezelo sikhathazeka ngokulula kwaye sidinga unyango olubi. Ukukhokelela kwipenisile, ngaphezu kweentlobo zee-color pigments, izinto zendalo: i-glyceride e-oli-palm-based, i-oil castor egcwele i-humidity, yenza umsebenzi onomdla; Izinyosi, i-fruity kunye nezinye iintlobo zeex, ezizinzileyo kunye nokubonelela ukuqina nokuqina ixesha elide; Iimpawu eziphelisa ukuphendulwa komzimba.

Isixhobo sobugcisa sobugcisa

Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ipensela yamalahle. Njengoko sele sele icacisiwe ngamagama, intonga yenziwa ngamalahle kunye nokudibanisa kwincindi yeoli yeflekisi. Esi sinyanzelo sinika amalahle ubuninzi obuninzi kunye nombala we-saturation, ukunamathela okukhulu kwiifayili zephepha. Umzila oshiywe nguye unothambile kunye nomsila omnyama ngomthunzi we-resin.

Ngenxa yokubunjwa kwayo, ipensela yamathambo ilungile ngokufanayo kwimifanekiso yesibini kunye nokudweba kwinguqu yokugqibela. Ukusebenzisa oko, umculi unokubonakalisa zombini umthunzi omnyama kunye okhanyayo. Ukukhethwa okukhethekileyo kwipensile kukuba kususwa kalula kwiphepha, kushiywe kungekho mzekelo.