Inqanawa "Petropavlovsk": imbali, inkcazo kulwakhiwo, iimpawu. Ukufa ke wempi "Petropavlovsk"

"Petropavlovsk" - inqanawa, xa ephethwe yi-Russian Imperial Navy. Yena ke, inkokeli ye-1 Pacific kwadingeka, leyo wathabatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe Russian-Japanese. Ekupheleni kukaMatshi 1904 inqanawa yazika kufuphi Port Arthur, wasondela phezu sam yotshaba. ukufa kwakhe wayengomnye kumaphepha amaninzi buhlungu kakhulu kwimbali kwizithuthi Russian.

umkhumbi Construction

Isiseko kwezithuthi Russian lweBaltic kwi inkqubo yophuhliso okukhawulezileyo ngo-1890 kuye kwakho ukukhula nanto weenqanawa waseJamani. Kwiminyaka emihlanu emva kokuba uceba ukwakha abonakalisi-50, Zempi-10, kwakunye cruisers eziliqela kunye gunboats. Kwagqitywa ukuba igama yonke umkhumbi emva amadabi umkhosi neenqanawa Russian kwi XVIII kunye XIX eminyaka. Ngokukodwa, igama "Petropavlovsk" kwabangelwa kuloyiso eentloko ezaxhobela Russian akhusela kwizibuko Petropavlovsk e eKamchatka.

Inqanawa "Petropavlovsk" waqala ukuyakha Matshi 19, 1892, kunye nokubekwa esemthethweni senzeka ngoMeyi 7 eSt Petersburg. It wawuzinyaswe * uKhesare Alexander III. Emva kweminyaka nje emibini enesiqingatha, ezizezi-28 Oktobha 1894, oko bewuhlisele emanzini. iimvavanyo armadillo kwenzeka ekupheleni kuka-1897 kunye nasekuqaleni kuka 1899 Emva kokuba umkhombe yafakwa ngokupheleleyo Iingalo kuyimfuneko, wahlabela mgama uhambo lwakhe lokuqala ukuya eMpuma Ekude, apho iye yabonisa seaworthiness kwawo kwancamisa. Ngokubanzi, armadillo "Petropavlovsk" ngelo xesha kwakuthathwa wempi ngokunjalo-axhobe kwisantya kunokuba high ubuninzi 16,86 amaqhina.

Inqanawa "Petropavlovsk": Inkcazo loyilo

Le nqanawa, kwakunye uhlobo nezinye armadillos "Poltava", kwafuneka simise umzimba kunokuba engaqhelekanga: ibhodi ibekwe ngaphezu kumgangatho ephambili, njengoko yagcwala ngaphakathi. Lo msebenzi osemqoka becala okufana French iinqanawa. It ivunyelwe kakhulu kwanciphisa igobhogobho ngaphezu kwamanzi. Ubude kwamanzi yaba 112,5 m, ububanzi - 21.3 m, a nisindwayo intlenga - 8.6 m.

Inqanawa waba feed ajikelezayo kunye nemigangatho emithathu: lelingaphezulu, engundoqo, okanye ibhetri, kwaye ezantsi. Le lezindlu isiqu ngqo kunye nenkunzi yegusha, protruded yi-2 m. Oku kuye kwaxhaswa shpironom ngaphandle nangaphakathi kumgangatho vehicles. Inqanawa waba iimasti ezintathu: grot- kunye foremast, kwakunye umoya, ephakathi iiglasi ezimbini. Le yokugqibela wabo engaphantsi, leyo yeyona nkalo iphambili yale nqanawa (bona. Photo of the wempi "Petropavlovsk").

lebhola

Kule nkalo, le nqanawa ayahlukanga kwezinye iinqanawa kwiklasi enye. Yena waba ephambili isikrweqe ibhanti ukuphakama 2,29 m kunye ubude leemitha 73,15, apho ingabekwa kwamanzi, ngubani ilwelwe boilers, oomatshini kunye turrets ezantsi. Kwakumalunga 65% ye ubude emzimbeni wonke. zenza izikhali kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo enqanaweni ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ngoko ke, embindini inqanawa ukhuselwe isikrweqe ukuya 406 mm, kwaye iinqaba ephambili umlilo baxhotyiswa iipleyiti-305 mm.

Ngaphezu kokuba ibhanti engundoqo isikrweqe wamde; ibide zizicatshulwa iinqaba eziphambili. Ububanzi balo 127 mm, ukuphakama - 2,29 m, kwaye ubude -. Malunga ne-50 m Ukongeza, kwinqaba kunye barbettes eziphambili Umlilo yomelezwa isikrweqe 254 mm ubukhulu, kwaye umlinganiselo --127 mm amacwecwe. Kodwa ezine guns-152 mm kwaye abazange babe naluphi na ukhuselo, ukongeza nesingxobo kwicala eqhelekileyo.

zokudubula

Armadillo ukuvuleka guns eziphambili emelwe imipu ezine zibekwe ngababini kwi zangasemva baqubuda iinqaba. ukujikeleza yabo nesikhokelo indlela nkqo yenziwa ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi, nezikhali feed - esebenzisa actuators zombane. guns Medium-ukuvuleka yayiquka ngemipu elinambini Kane, ezisibhozo kuzo kule turrets gun-mbini, kwaye abanye ibekwe phakathi kwabo.

zokudubula wam ubemelwe 38 sekhe Hotchkiss yaye saa kuwo wonke umhlaba wenqanawa. ukubetha ngemipu Baranowski yayinemipu ezimbini. Kuxobekeka kwezo meko, ukuba sifakelwe zozibini ivili kunye kwikholam ethi-kuxhaswa zizisu.

Russian-Japanese imfazwe

Ebusuku, kaJanuwari 27, 1904 le wempi "Petropavlovsk" kunye nezinye iinqanawa ezakha wePasifiki kwadingeka, waba phezu ugqogqo kufuphi ePort Arthur. Ngequbuliso le fleet Russian yahlaselwa abonakalisi Japanese, leyo udubule kuye torpedoes 16. Kwathi kanti, butho waba olungalungiselelwanga ngokupheleleyo ekutshintsheni iziganeko awaba nako alwe ngempumelelo utshaba.

Kulo ukudideka elandelayo, ilele yokuba yeSpark Admiral babengenako ukukholwa ukuba imfazwe kunye yaseJapan, yaye phantse iyure wayalela ukuba ukutshintshela imiyalezo evela kwi flagship "Petropavlovsk" nemfuno ukuba ukuvula umlilo. Kwaye ngeli xesha inomzimba utshaba kwafuneka knock out le Cruiser Russian "Pallada" kunye armadillos "Retvizan" yaye "Crown Prince".

Kusasa, amandla Japanese engundoqo eziquka cruisers ezilithoba, kwaye Zempi ezintandathu, eziquka iinqanawa Admiral H. Togo eyaqala kufuphi ePort Arthur. Benza utshaba butho Russian, eyathatha imizuzu engekho ngaphezulu kwama-40. Emva koko, lo yaseJapan lweMedia. Le mpi engazisi iziphumo ebonakalayo nayiphi na amaqela alwayo, nangona iinqanawa ezininzi yonakele. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho kwaye inqanawa "Petropavlovsk". Izisa a oonokrwece ezimbalwa, kodwa abazange umonakalo omkhulu, ngoko aluchaphazeli lupwa nako wenqanawa.

Ingqwayi entsha butho,

Ngemihla yakudala zemfazwe ngenxa yokhokelo engathethekiyo Admiral yintlantsi zezithuthi Russian salahleka imikhumbi yawo. Emva emsebenzini wakhe wamiselwa butho alimwi Vice-Admiral S. O. Makarova, owafika ePort Arthur ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1904 wavusa iflegi kwi Cruiser lokuqala "Askold", ize ke idluliselwe kwi-wempi "Petropavlovsk".

Kule nyanga izayo inqanawa phantsi umyalelo amaxesha amaninzi S. O. Makarova waya elwandle emsebenzini ngaphandle icebo zijike ezidibeneyo. Kwenye yezi ntsuku phakathi Japanese kunye Russian butho kumlo yenzekile iiyure ezimbini, Noko ke, ngenxa ezinkulu kakhulu imigama projectiles asifikeleli le thagethi yeyela emanzini. Kuphela kanye ivolibholi baphume emkhombeni "Uloyiso", kwibhodi kuzo guns ehlala ihleli, wakwazi ukuba ukonakalisa wempi utshaba "Fuji".

isicwangciso ezinobuqili

Japanese Admiral H. Togo iphuhlise isicwangciso ukuvala kwizithuthi Russian kwi izibuko of Port Arthur ngu-mlilo-iinqanawa. Eli licebo lakhe ukuseka cwaka kwindawo eneziqhushumbisi yaye uze awele butho ngqo Russian, lo bait wawuza kuba iyunithi, eliquka cruisers eziliqela.

Esi sicwangciso lwaqhutywa ebusuku-31 kuMatshi. iinqanawa Russian nezirhwexu squad Japanese, kodwa akazange ababulale kuye. Bazithabatha kukungcwalisela abonakalisi zabo uthumele S. O. Makarovym ekuthiwa ubusuku kwindawo Elliot Island. Kungekudala emva kokuba iinqanawa ezimbini elwandle - "Last" yaye "Abakhaliphileyo" - ngandlel esindile unit main, waza wahlulelana, yaye bonke baqalisa ukwenza ngokuzimeleyo. Emva kokuba iziqithi ezinqwenelekayo uze wakuba ungakufumani utshaba ngeli xesha, ababhuqi ezintandathu Russian wabuyela ePort Arthur. Emva kwabo "eyoyikekayo 'ebumnyameni, wathabatha ngamava Japanese ngenxa wakhe waza naye. Ke kaloku kwafika kusasa, kwaye kwafunyaniswa umtshabalalisi Russian lutshaba, ngoko nangoko bahlaselwe. Ngexesha idabi emfutshane, abatoli kwaye zitshone. Ukuze ukumnceda ithunyelwe Cruiser "Bayan", ngubani ikwazile ukugcina oomatiloshe kuphela nje ezimbalwa.

Ukufa ke wempi "Petropavlovsk"

Musa ukulinda lonke butho kunye wayalela kuhlasela trawl S. O. Makarov phezu wempi ephelekwa "Poltava" kunye nezinye cruisers ezine kusasa waya kwindawo nezikhukula ngumtshabalalisi "esibi". Eli xesha wakwazi ngaphandle naziphi na iingxaki ukuze kuthintelwe utshaba uchul '. Ngeli xesha kwi elundini kwabonakala cruisers ezimbalwa Japanese, sisiphi i "Petropavlovsk" wavula umlilo. Iintshaba waqala abhenele empumalanga, kodwa kungekudala aid yakhe imikhosi yakhe ephambili. Ebona oku, iinqanawa Russian waya ePort Arthur. Kuba ezimbini wempi bajoyine kwindlela kubo - "Peresvet" yaye "Saphuma". Emva koko, S. O. Makarov kwakhona ndagqiba kwelokuba bafudukele kufutshane utshaba saya ngqo kuqhunyiswe isiza Japanese.

9 yr. 43 imiz. Matshi 31, 1904 Ekuveleni wenqanawa "Petropavlovsk" kunye dubulo yayo lomkhumbi. Yena kwalimala impumlo yakhe ende komlilo ephambili, kangangokuba kupakwe emthethweni. Kuqhuma amandla ukuba eyaphoselwa ngaphandle kwaloo nqanawa impumlo-305 mm uqoqo, benza kunye iiglasi zazo. Ukongezelela, kwakukho ngokuwa foremast, abatshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo kwisisu semoto kunye iibhulorho ngqwayi. Wempi chu safaka isaphetha wayo, yaye kungekudala waduma, kwaye dubulo yokugqibela enamandla - a yasha boilers. Emva koko, le nqanawa yophuka ukhawuleze waphuma, waya phantsi kwamanzi.

imiphumela

Izikhephe, ezazithunyelwe kukuhlangula amaxhoba, ndikwazi ukugqitha abantu abamalunga nama-80 kuphela. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho kumthetheli-NM Yakovlev nomzala ka Nicholas II, Grand Duke KIRILL Vladimirovich. Kodwa S. O. Makarov ezilishumi kunye namagosa elinesibhozo-scale beenqanawa babulawa. Kuqhuma kuphinde kwabulawa oomatiloshe ngaphezu amathandathu, anamakhulu. Ukongeza, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ababekhwele kweso sikhephe ngelo xesha, yaye uV Vereshchagin - eyaziwa artist, ngubani wafa wempi "Petropavlovsk" kunye nabanye abasebenzi. Umsebenzi wakhe ukwenza imizobo ngexesha leli phulo, nto leyo ke iya kuba luncedo ukubhala imifanekiso elizayo.

Kukuqhushumba le wempi "Petropavlovsk" saba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu ezachaphazela imisebenzi yokulwa kulo lonke Pacific kwadingeka. Nje ukuba weenqanawa ezilahlekileyo enye Zempi kakhulu, ngoko ethe yalahleka, yaye umququzeleli abanetalente kunye nentloko sisigcina-Port Arthur - Admiral S. O. Makarova, nto leyo uyathandwa kakhulu kwaye nehlonitshwayo ngabasebenzi bakhe. wayengazange akwazi ukufumana i-replacement elingana de ekupheleni kwemfazwe Russian-Japanese. Kwenzeka ukuba ubungqina ukufa wempi yaba yinjineli kwaye Umsunguli MP ukubola. Esi siganeko kunye wamnika ingcamango ukudala lwabiwo iinqanawa, ngomaleko zam kwamanzi.

memory

Ekupheleni kukaJuni 1913 phambi koMlawuli Nicholas II e Kronstadt wenza lesikhumbuzo ku S. O. Makarovu. Umbhali kule projekthi lo nomkroli L. V. Shervud, ngubani kubonisiwe phezu kwamanqwanqwa ukufa wempi "Petropavlovsk". Ngomhla iminyaka eyi-100 Intlekele eSt Petersburg yamiselwa nebhodi, eyayinomfanekiso amagama onke 635 amalungu abasebenzi kule nqanawa. Ngaphezu koko, kwimbalelwano ndlwana. Nikolaya Chudotvortsa etempileni elwandle uMsindisi phezu kwamanzi abe yobhedu imbasa yokukhumbula. Ke kwabo banomdla ngeenqanawa, babe nethuba lokuba ngabanini izandla ukwenza wempi "Petropavlovsk", apho umzekelo kube lula afumaneka kwimithombo zizodwa.

search

Ekupheleni konyaka-2011 elihlala Russian-Chinese uhambo search, zazisebenzela ukuseka indawo ngqo enqanaweni odumileyo ukufa yasekwa. Ukukhangelwa wempi "Petropavlovsk" eyayibanjelwe e-China kummandla Lushun (owayekade ePort Arthur). Amalungu hambo kuLwandle Yellow yafunyanwa ngumntu uluhlu yesinyithi kokuba ubude kunye ububanzi malunga 90 ukuya ku-13 m. Iingcaphephe badla ukukholelwa ukuba le ngozi ngexesha wempi "Petropavlovsk" imfazwe Russian-Japanese. Emazantsi ezinye izinto kwafunyanwa ukuba akwazi ukuqinisekisa le liyavumelana, kodwa okwangoku akukho uwunyusile kumphezulu.