Inkqubo yelanga. Ukunyakaza okubonakalayo kwimizimba yasezulwini: imithetho yokunyuka kwamaplanethi

Ukususela kumaxesha okuqala, uluntu lwalunomdla kwiminyango ebonakalayo yezidalwa zasezulwini: ilanga, inyanga kunye neenkwenkwezi. Kunzima ukucinga ubungakanani bendalo yonke. Isistim sethu sobusuku sibonakala sikhulu kakhulu, solule ngaphezu kweeyure ezili-4 trillion ukusuka kwiLanga. Okwangoku, iLanga liyikhulu kuphela leebhiliyoni ukusuka kwezinye iinkwenkwezi ezenza i-Milky Way galaxy.

IMilky Way

I-galaxy ngokwayo ivili elikhulu elijikelezayo, lisuka kwi-gas, uthuli kunye neenkwenkwezi ezingama-200 ezigidi. Phakathi kwazo zilula iililigidi zeekhilomitha ezingenanto. Ilanga lalisetyenziselwa emaphethelweni enqwelomoya, ngesimo esifana ne-spiral: ukusuka phezulu kweMilky Way ibonakala njengeqhwithi elikhulu elijikelezayo leenkwenkwezi. Ukuthelekiswa nobukhulu be-galaxy, isimiso selanga sincinci kakhulu. Ukuba sicinga ukuba i-Milky Way ibungakanani baseYurophu, ngoko inkqubo yelanga ayiyi kuba mkhulu kunobumba.

Inkqubo yelanga

Ilanga kunye nama-satellites angu-9 aseplanethi ahlakazekile kwelinye icala ukusuka kwinqanaba le-galaxy. Njengoko iiplanethi zijikeleza ngeenkwenkwezi zazo, ngokunjalo iinkwenkwezi zijikeleza ngeendlala.

Ilanga liya kulufuna malunga neminyaka eyi-200 yezigidi kwijubane ezingama-588,000 ngeekure ukwenzela ukuba wenze ukulungelelaniswa okupheleleyo malunga ne-galactic yoxolo. Akukho nto ekhethekileyo ngeLanga lethu ihluke kwezinye ienkwenkwezi, ngaphandle kokuba i-satellite, iplanethi ebizwa ngokuba yiMhlaba, inabantu abanomdla. Ehlabathini lonke, imijikelezo ijikeleza amaplanethi kunye nemizimba encinci yezulu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-asteroids.

Ukuqala kokuqala kweenkwenkwezi

Umntu ubona ukunyakaza okubonakalayo kwimizimba yasezulwini kunye neentshukumo ze-cosmic okungenani iminyaka eyi-10 000. Ngexesha lokuqala iirekhodi kwii-annals zezidalwa zasezulwini zavela kwiYiputa yaseYiputa naseSumer. AmaYiputa ayekwazi ukuhlukanisa esibhakabhakeni ezintathu iintlobo zemizimba: iinkwenkwezi, iiplanethi kunye "neenkwenkwezi ezinomsila." Ngelo xesha, iimbumba zasezulwini zafunyanwa: uSaturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury kwaye, kunjalo, iLanga kunye neNyanga. Ukunyakaza okubonakalayo kwimizimba yasezulwini kukunyuka kwezi zinto, kucatshangelwe eMhlabeni, ngokubhekiselele kwinkqubo yoqhagamshelwano, kungakhathaliseki ukujikelezwa kwexesha. Ukuhamba ngokwenene kwamazimba e- cosmic ukuhamba kwabo kwithuba elingaphandle, elimiselwe yimikhosi esebenzayo kule mizimba.

Iindidi ezibonakalayo

Ukujonga esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku, ungabona ummelwane wethu osondeleyo - i-galaxy yeAndromeda - ngendlela yokuvutha. I-Milky Way, naphezu kobukhulu bayo, ingenye yeendila eziyizigidi eziyi-100 kwiindawo. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-telescope, unokubona ezintathu kunye neengxenye zethu. Amabini awo anamaGama amakhulu kunye neGellar Magellanic. Baye babonwa kuqala emanzini angasemzantsi ngo-1519 ngethuba lomqhubi wasePutukezi uMagellan. Le milambo emancinci iyajika ijikeleze iMilky Way, ngoko ke, ngabahlobo bethu abasondeleyo.

I-Galaxy yesithathu, ebonakalayo evela kuMhlaba, ne-Andromeda, ikude nathi malunga ne-2 million. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukukhanya kwe-stellar ye-Andromeda kudlula izigidi zeminyaka ukuze sisondele kuMhlaba wethu. Ngaloo ndlela, sicamngca le ntlupheko njengokuba bekuyiminyaka eyi-2 yezigidi edlulileyo.

Ukongeza kule miqolo emithathu ebusuku, ungabona inxalenye yeMilky Way, emele inkwenkwezi ezininzi. Ngokutsho kwamaGrike asendulo, le nkwenkwezi zeenkwenkwezi ubisi zisuka kwibhokhwekazikazikazi uHera, ngoko ke igama.

Iiplanethi ezibonakalayo ezisemhlabeni

Iiplanethi ziyizidalwa zasezulwini ezijikeleza ngeSizwe. Xa sibona iVenus ekhanyayo esibhakabhakeni, kungenxa yokuba likhanyiswa yiLanga kwaye libetha inxalenye yelanga. UVenus yiNkwenkwezi yaseNkwenkwezi okanye i-Morning Star. Abantu bayabiza ngokuhlukileyo, kuba kusihlwa kwaye kusasa kukho indawo ezahlukeneyo.

Njengeplanethi, iVenus ijikeleza ngeLanga kwaye iguqule indawo yayo. Kuyo yonke imini, kukho ukunyakaza okubonakalayo kwamagumbi asezulwini. Inkqubo yokulungelelaniswa kwezulu ayinceda kuphela ukuqonda indawo yeenkwenkwezi, kodwa ikuvumela ukuba wenze iitshathi zeenkwenkwezi, ujikeleze isibhakabhaka ebusuku ubhekele ukuziphatha kwezinto eziphezulu.

Imithetho yokunyuswa kweeplanethi

Ukudibanisa imibono kunye neengcamango malunga nokunyuka kwamazimba esezulwini, abantu bavelise iipatheni zegalaxy yethu. Iingqapheli zenzululwazi zanceda ukucacisa ukunyakaza okubonakalayo kwezidalwa zasezulwini. Imithetho yokunyuswa kweplanethi, eyayifumaniswe nguJohannes Kepler, yayiphakathi kwemithetho yokuqala yeenkwenkwezi.

Isibalo sesibalo seJamani kunye nesayensi yeenkwenkwezi saba nguvulindlela kwesi sihloko. U-Kepler, sele efunde imisebenzi yeCopernicus, ebalwa ngeendlela ezihamba phambili, echaza ukunyakaza okubonakalayo kwezinto ezisemkhathini-i-ellipse, kwaye yazisa imithetho yokuhamba kweeplanethi eyaziwayo kwihlabathi lezesayensi njengeemithetho kaKepler. Amabini azo achaza ukuhamba kweeplanethi ngokujikeleza. Bafunda:

1. Nayiphina iplanethi ijikeleza kwi-ellipse. Kwesinye se-foci yaso kukho ilanga.

2. Ngamnye wabo uhamba kwinqwelo ehamba phakathi kwelanga, ngelixa amaxesha athile i-radius vector phakathi kwelanga kunye neeplanethi ibonisa indawo ezilinganayo.

Umthetho wesithathu udibanisa idatha ye-orbital yeeplanethi ngaphakathi kwenkqubo.

Amaplanethi aphantsi naphezulu

Ukufunda ukunyakaza okubonakalayo kwimizimba yasezulwini, i-physics iyahlula ngamaqela amabini: aphantsi, aquka iVenus, i-Mercury, kunye neyona ephezulu-iSaturn, Mars, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus kunye nePluto. Ukuhamba kwale mibutho yasezulwini kwimihlaba kwenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwinkqubo yokuhamba ngokubonakalayo kwamaplanethi aphantsi, banokutshintshwa kwesigaba njengenyanga. Xa uhambisa amaplanethi aphezulu, uyabona ukuba ayitshintshi izigaba, bahlala bejongene nabantu abanekona eliqaqambileyo.

Umhlaba, kunye no-Mercury, Venus no-Mars, beliqela leeplanethi zangaphakathi. Benza iinguqulelo ngeenxa zonke kwiLanga kunye neentshukumo zangaphakathi, ngokungafani neeplanethi ezinkulu ezijikelezayo ngeendlela zangaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, i-Mercury, ephindwe ngama-20 amancinci kunoMhlaba, ijikeleze i-Sun kwi-orbit yayo yangaphakathi.

IiCompet kunye neemeteorite

Ehlabathini lonke, zikhona, ngaphandle kweeplanethi, iibhiliyoni zeibhloko zebhola ezijikelezayo, ezenziwe ngegesi eqiniweyo eqingqiweyo, ilitye elihle kunye nothuli, i-comets apho ihlabathi lizaliswe khona. Ukunyakaza okubonakalayo kwezidalwa zasezulwini, ezimelelwe yi-comets, ziyabonakala kuphela xa zisondela kwiLanga. Emva koko umsila wakhe uqala ukutshisa kwaye uvutha esibhakabhakeni.

Eyona edume kakhulu kubo yi-comet yeHalley. Yonke iminyaka engama-76, ihla ukusuka kumjikelezo wayo ize ihambele ilanga. Ngeli xesha, liyakubonwa kuMhlaba. Kwanesibhakabhaka sasebusuku ungaqwalasela i-meteorites ngendlela yeenkwenkwezi ezindizayo-ezi zizinto ezihamba phambili ezihamba kwiNdalo ngokukhawuleza. Xa bewela kwintsimi yokudakalisa komhlaba, bahlala becima. Ngenxa yesantya esiphezulu kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nevulophu yomoya yoMhlaba, i-meteorites iyatshisa kwaye ihlukane ibe ngamaqhezu amancinci. Inkqubo yokutsha komlilo iyakwazi ukubonwa esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku ngendlela ye-tape ekhanyayo.

Ikharityhulam kwi-astronomy ichaza ukunyakaza okubonakalayo kwamagumbi asezulwini. Iklasi ye-11 sele isele yaqhelana nemithetho apho kukho ukunyakaza okunzima kweeplanethi, ukutshintshwa kwezigaba zenyanga kunye nemithetho ye-eclipses.