Inkqubo Multi-party - yinkqubo multi-party Russian ...

inkqubo Multi-party - kubi okanye ulungile? Izazinzulu Political lwamazwe ezahlukeneyo ayikwazi ngokucacileyo ukuphendula umbuzo. Kwelinye icala, oko kunika ithuba lokuba avakalise uluvo amacandelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kuluntu kwaye ukumkhusela ngamandla. Kwelinye - kukho ukudideka kubomi kwezopolitiko kwalo naliphi na ilizwe.

iinkqubo party

Phantsi iqela uyayiqonda ihlelwe, nxalenye esebenzayo yoluntu, nto leyo esekelwe nezilangazelelo zabo, baqulunqe inkqubo kwaye ijolise ukuliphumeza ngokusebenzisa inxaxheba ngamandla okanye amandla okumbophelela. Ubukho imibutho yezopolitiko kunye ngokuzibandakanya kwabo limisela inkqubo iqela le karhulumente. Kukho iindidi ezintathu iinkqubo ezinjalo. inkqubo Multi-party - lelokuqala kubo. Kuchazwa ngokuthi ubukho lwemibutho ngaphezu ezimbini yezopolitiko ukuba namathuba wokwenene ukuza ngamandla. inkqubo Party wabumba phantsi kolawulo liqela elinye kweli lizwe kunye urhulumente ukuba avale intshukumo kwiimanyano lezopolitiko eliphikisayo. Kwi-UK, i-United States, kukho inkqubo iqela-mbini. Nangona kula mazwe kukho umlomo malunga nokusekwa nokusebenza neminye imibutho, kodwa ithuba sengqiqweni ukuza ngamandla, ukuba ngamandla, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba utshintsho uninzi kwiNdlu yaBameli enye okanye enye yomkhosi lubalaseleyo yezopolitiko. Kukho uhlobo pendulum: amandla usasazwa ugqithiselwa ukusuka benkululeko ukuya babebambelele kunye umva.

Ukuvela amaqela Russia

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, oko kukuthi ukumiselwa kwenkqubo lentlaninge eRashiya. Le nkqubo waphawulwa ngezinto eziliqela iimpawu ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ndizekela kwasentloko, nokuba ngokungekho mthethweni, baqalisa ukuba zithethwa umbutho wezopolitiko ye revolution, abefundisi olukhulu. Ngoko ke, lo Democrats Social yabamba kwinkongolo yabo yokuqala ngo-1898. ubhaliso ngokusemthethweni amaqela yenzekile ngexesha lokuqala Russian Revolution, emva kokuba Manifesto odumileyo ka-Oktobha 17, 1905, nto leyo laqalisa nenkululeko yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko abantu yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Enye into kukuba indima ephambili ye nezazi xa kukho imibutho uluhlu olubanzi wabumba, abaninzi kuzo ezincinane ngokwaneleyo, lonke elo xesha kwakukho inkqubo yombutho kunye nokuchithwa van'wana. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo multi-party - oku uphawu lokwenyaniso ubomi kwezopolitiko eRashiya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Ekhohlo, ekunene kunye neziko

Njengoko sele kuchaziwe, kule nkulungwane yama-20, kwakukho amaqela elinesibini eliqela eRashiya, izifundo apho kunzima kakhulu. Ukuze siqonde ngcono ukuba inkqubo ebandakanya amaqela Russian, yonke imibutho yezopolitiko bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amathathu. Eyokuqala ngokugqibeleleyo, umbutho wotshintsho, okwabizwa ngokuba ekhohlo. Icandelo ekunene -, imibutho elondoloza zinkuni ngokuchaseneyo nayiphi ezintsha kunye notshintsho. Kuba centrists oluphezulu mibutho yezopolitiko kunye neenkqubo uNothozamile emva silinene, inguqu kancinane yoluntu.

Revolutionary Party of Russia

Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, uluntu Russian waye sintyumpa inani ephikisanayo ezinzulu ezivelayo ngokunxulumene nophuhliso yongxowankulu. zibizwa ngokuba "imiba engundoqo" kwi historiography yesizwe. Ezi ziquka ezolimo okanye umlimi umbuzo, umsebenzi, umbuzo kwamandla nakuzwelonke. Kunjalo, yonke imikhosi yezopolitiko kufuneka ibonise iindlela eziphambili zokusombulula ezi ngxaki. Olukhulu kakhulu kule umqondo kwiBolsheviks - le RSDLP (b), ubiza inguquko bobusoshiyali, phantsi kwesizwe komhlaba kunye namashishini, nokupheliswa kwipropati yabucala kunye lenguqu ukuya socialism hlobo. Thought inkokeli kunye nomququzeleli yaba Vladimir Ulyanov ezaziwayo-kakuhle (uLenin). I Mensheviks baba ngaphantsi olukhulu - RSDLP (m), elizifumana ukuba ibali na izmolola umgubo apho kuyimfuneko ukubhaka socialism ikeyiki. Inkokheli yabo, Julius Martov wakhuthaza yoohlohlesakhe-Democratic Revolution kunye nesisombululo ngokuthe ngcembe ukuze imiba engundoqo. Indawo olulodwa awayephantsi Socialist-mbuso kwibhloko ekhohlo (SRs) ngubani kubekwe ngokwabo njengoko abavikeli abalimi, abo bangena izithethe ukulwelwa. Bona wakhuthaza ngokwasentlaweni belizwe, okt ukutshintshwa kuluntu yayo. Yena elikhokelwa uViktor Chernov SRs. Kunye nezi zinto, kwakukho nezinye amaqela Russian revolution ezifana Popular ngamaSoshiyali, Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, maximalists, Trudoviks kunye noluhlu olubanzi namaqela eentlanga wotshintsho (i-bund, Revolutionary Ukrainian Party, kunye nabanye).

party zobunene

Njengoko inkqubo multi-mbutho eRashiya iye yaphuhliswa kunye ukubhaliswa ngokwasemthethweni amaqela zobunene centrist. Kwi-First kunye lwesiBini State Dumas elona nani likhulu, kodwa hayi uninzi enkulu, wathabatha kabini, abo ibizwa ngokuba centrists ekhohlo. Afuna ukusikwa kwenxenye nempahla ziwela obuxhasa abalimi kunye umda ukumkani yiPalamente kunye siseko, ezinye iinguqulelo. Inkokeli recognised institution of the kabini yaba mbali Pavel Miliukov. Umkhosi zopolitiko ezingundoqo nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba yesithathu neyesine Dumas yaba Octobrist Party, ogama abameli wavuma kubaluleke gqitha kwimbali kupapasho-Russian ngomhla we-17 Oktobha. Alexander Guchkov, intloko intshukumo, wamkhusela umdla ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba ezinkulu, apho kulindeleke ukuba ukubazolisa lizwe kunye nokukhula kuqoqosho. Octo ukuze ngokuba benkululeko angqingqwa.

block ilungelo

phezulu kakhulu kwi isakhiwo, kodwa encinane ezaziqhutyelwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela yaba icandelo elifanelekileyo kwezopolitiko. Monarchists, i Amakhulu Black, i babebambelele - oko konke ngazo. Russian uMlawuli Nicholas II yaba lilungu Wawongwa amaqela eziliqela, nangona ezahlukeneyo kwigama kodwa waba eqhelekileyo inkqubo yezopolitiko. umongo yawo ukubuyela lobuzwilakhe mda, kwimfundiso, kwaye bakhusele umanyano Russia. Hayi ukuqaphela Yokuqala State Duma, inxalenye elondoloza yoluntu akukho amalungiselelo yaye abazange bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo. Kodwa iziganeko emva lubonise ukuba sinako ngokwenene umhlala le kumzabalazo esemthethweni yezopolitiko epalamente. Abameli "Union Mihaila Arhangela", "Union of Abantu Russian" kunye nezinye iintshukumo inkxaso ngokupheleleyo umgaqo uNicholas II. Yaye abachasi bakhe basebenzisa iindlela zobundlobongela, ezifana noqhankqalazo.

Ukupheliswa kwenkqubo elakhiwe

Emva kokuba iiBolsheviks beza amandla 25 Oktobha 1917 inkqubo elakhiwe ngokuthe liwela eRashiya. Okokuqala ngaphandle lezopolitiko nkundla monarchist umbutho, Octo, ngoNovemba kwathiwa kwavalwa i kabini. De iminyaka embalwa baqhubeka amaqela olululo, kuquka azinakuze eziyintloko iiBolsheviks baba SRs, owazeka uninzi lezihlalo kunyulo jikelele kwiNdibano neqela. Kodwa ukuthetha phandle nxamnye uLenin nabaxhasi bakhe ngexesha leMfazwe Civil and ngoko nangoko emva kokugqitywa kwalo kwakhokelela kumzabalazo nongenanceba nxamnye iqela zezopolitiko kwiBolsheviks. Kwiminyaka 1921-1923 e Soviet Russia, iqela yeenkqubo zenkundla nxamnye iinkokheli Mensheviks kwaye SRs, emva koko lilungu le kwamaqela kuthathwa ukuba anyeliswe nesiqalekiso. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo multi-pati USSR wayengekho. Ukugunyazisa ukubusa yembono zezopolitiko iqela elinye - Communist Party.

Ukuqulunqwa kwenkqubo lentlaninge eRashiya yanamhlanje

Ukuwa inkqubo yiSoviet yezopolitiko waba ixesha perestroika kwenziwa M. S. Gorbachevym. Enye into ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa inkqubo multi-party eRashiya yanamhlanje yaba isigqibo ukupheliswa Article 6 Soviet siseko, yamkelwa ngo-1977. Iqulethe a esikhethekileyo, ehamba indima ubuKomanisi kwi kurhulumente, yaye, ngokubanzi, kwakuthetha lwe iqela elinye kumandla. Emva mdibi, waba mdibi ngo-Agasti 1990, uMongameli Russian iye yavalwa zonke yintshukumo CPSU kwindawo yayo. Ngeli xesha, inkqubo entsha multi-party ethathe imilo eRashiya. Wokuqala wayo simanyene bubukho kukho inani elikhulu imibutho yezopolitiko ayahluki kakhulu enye kwenye izimvo zabo kwicala elinye. Abaphengululi abaninzi baye baphawula isiseko olude emxinwa zentlalo yesininzi, ngoko sizibiza ngokuba "yesiqalo". iintshukumo yesizwe ngokubanzi kwi republic, eyaziwa ngokuba "Popular Front".

Zezepolitiki ezisemqoka

Kwi-sharing 90 phakathi kwemibutho emininzi yezopolitiko ukuchonga isitshixo eziliqela, eyaqala ukuqhuba nezinye zokulwa nganye nezihlalo kwi Duma. Kunyulo ngowe-1995 oko kuchaziwe iinkokeli ezine, nenokuthi onokuwoyisa ngayo umqobo kwisihlanu ekhulwini ngalinye. Ezi imikhosi efanayo yezopolitiko ziimpawu inkqubo yangoku multi-iqela eRashiya. Okokuqala, lo ngowona ndawonye ekhokelwa yinkokeli osisigxina, liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wenza abe ngumgqatswa kaMongameli, - Gennadiem Zyuganovym. Okwesibini - i Enesisa Democratic Party, kunye nentloko efanayo rhoqo eliqaqambileyo - Vladimir Zhirinovsky. unit amaxesha Governmental eziliqela ukutshintsha igama kwi mashumi yokugqibela ( "Ikhaya lethu Russia", "United Russia"). Kaloku indawo sesine imbeko, wabamba iqela "Yabloko", elikhokelwa Grigoriem Yavlinskim. Noko ke, ukususela ngo-2003, yena wayengakwazi onokuwoyisa ngayo umqobo iyafakwa unyulo yaye ukususela abe yinxalenye yomzimba ummeli womthetho. Uninzi amaqela eRashiya bobabo kwicala centrist, ukuba zineemfuno ezifanayo kunye neenkqubo. Ekhohlo nasekunene ukuba aziwa kuphela yesithethe.

ezinye izigqibo

Uninzi abahlalutyi bezopolitiko bayavuma ukuba le nkqubo multi-party - alikho ukhetho best uphuhliso lwezopolitiko kweli lizwe. States nenkqubo iqela-ezimbini enokuxelwa kwangaphambili kakhulu kuphuhliso zazo kunokwenzeka ukuba siphephe ngokugqithiseleyo, ukuze kulondolozwe ngokulandelelana. inkqubo Multi-party - yingcamango eye zombini ingqiqo zomthetho kunye nezenziwayo. Kwimeko yokuqala, kukho imibutho emininzi ngokusesikweni, kodwa ithuba sengqiqweni ukuza ngamandla, kukho enye okanye ezimbini kuphela. Inkqubo yokwenene lamaqela lubonisa ukuba akukho amandla ezopolitiko Awukwazi ukufumana isininzi yasepalamente. Kulo mzekelo angalawuliyo umbutho okwethutyana kunye esisigxina.