Ingqalelo disorder. wokwehla Attention kunye ukungahlaliseki

Umlinganiswa yomntwana ngamnye eyahlukileyo. Omnye uthanda ukuba athule ekoneni ukufunda, ngoxa abanye bakhetha romps kunye nabahlobo. Kodwa yonke into umda, ukuze ngaxa ethile umama abantwana yokudlala kakhulu ndive eshotayo ingqalelo kunye ukungahlaliseki. Ngaba kufuneka ukuba simoyike?

ADHD - ntoni na?

Kids omele up - yonke unina uyazi. Kodwa umsebenzi kakhulu kunokuba phezu ngokwabo kwaye ezinye izizathu zonyango. Ingqalelo syndrome ngabantwana abafikelele kubudala bokuhamba isikolo samabanga kuthiwa oluntsonkothileyo neempawu ezithile ethintela ukuba zibuye ngempumelelo ulwazi. Ezi guys ukungxama, baphazanyiswa rhoqo, kunye nokunikela ingqalelo umsebenzi enye kuzo - yingxaki enkulu kakhulu.

inzululwazi yanamhlanje ithi ukuba esi sifo ongaphantsi isizathu esithile. Kwi-US kunye Canada ukwenzela iziphumo zokuxilonga kunye nokuhlelwa isetyenziswa kuzo zonke izifo zengqondo. Kodwa ukwenza nje ndisoyika kwaye ucinga ukuba oogqirha kulo mzekelo, zama ukudlulisela umntwana ukuba sisikolo semfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuba akukho sizathu. Noko ke, nazo ngoyaba le meko kwakhona kungafanelekanga ngayo - kungekho senzo neziphumo ezinye ezifana iingxaki umbandela wokudityaniswa eqhelekileyo eluntwini, ukonakala yokusebenza, kunye kwizakhiwo emva koko kuncothulwa, unxulumano olubi nabazali kunye nootitshala, njl . Ngethamsanqa, kukho bezisoloko iindlela ulungiso kulo msebenzi, kuquka amayeza.

imbali syndrome

Inkcazelo lokuqala karhulumente efana ingqalelo kunye ukungahlaliseki disorder, eyafunyanwa neerekhodi wengqondo waseJamani uHeinrich Hoffmann-Donner, yomhla we-1846. Noko ke, oko akuzange kwenziwe kwijenali yesayensi, kodwa kuphela kwincwadi abantwana abazahluleleyo unyana zezenzululwazi.

Sisihlandlo sokuqala esemthethweni le meko yenziwa i udokotela IsiNgesi George Steele ngo-1902, ugcine abantwana abanengxaki zokuziphatha, kuquka utyekelo ukushukumiseka ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nemisebenzi eyingozi. Yaba nguye lowo wacebisa ukuba asiyiyo na nandzu ngumzali embi, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo luvo. Ukususela ngoko ke waqalisa ukufunda olumandla ADHD. Ntoni na, akucaci kangaka kude.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-omabini, abantwana mobile kakhulu kwaye saa baqala ukwenza isifo 'encinci nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ", kodwa 80s zokuqala le ngcamango kunokuba ebanzi iye ngokwahlukeneyo zabelwe' ingqalelo intsilelo isifo". Unyango lukwafumanise, kodwa ukuthetha ngayo ngokwahlukeneyo.

uhlobo

Ngowe-1990, ulwahlulohlulo kuye kwandululwa, leyo zahlula xa uqala kuqala, obubonakala ezimbini iphambene malunga yinto enye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, baye babizwa HD ADD. Iqela lokuqala kwakukho abantwana motor disinhibition yoxinaniso amahlwempu, ukungxama kunye nzima ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabo. Kule izigulane eseleyo, phezu koko, kukho hypoactivity, silale, ukudinwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nelahleko ingqalelo.

ukwanda

Kunzima ukutsho ukuba ongxamisekileyo ngxaki, ezinxulumene ingqalelo disorder kuba akukho imigangatho efanayo diagnostic. Kumazwe ahlukeneyo akhoo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu: eUnited States - 4-13%, eJamani - 9-18%, eRashiya - 15-28%, e-UK - 1-3%, e-China - 1-13%, njalo njalo. d. ukuba azithathelwa abadala akhawunti neengxaki ezifanayo, ngoko amanani lokwenene kuba ochukumisa ngakumbi. Kuyaqapheleka ukuba phakathi amantombazana, le ngxaki azixhaphakanga kunokuba phakathi amakhwenkwe. Le ADHD yokugqibela kwafunyaniswa amaxesha 3 rhoqo.

ubungqina

Uncwadi zesayensi yabelwa ukuya iintlobo 100 ezahlukeneyo yoboniso Uphawu ukuba ADHD. Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuze sihlale sinjalo: yehle yoxinaniso, ukungahlaliseki notyekelo imisebenzi etshabalalisayo. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ukuba silale jikelele kunye hypotonia nazo ukuthetha malunga omnye iintlobo le ngxaki. Kwakhona, ngokubanzi, kusenokubakho memory ukuphazamiseka, iintshukumo ukuba likhoboka lento ethile, ukunqongophala kwezakhono self-uncedo kunye nophuhliso lwezakhono entle motor, nazigqibo, impulsivity, kukutshintshatshintsha ezibukhali kwaye rhoqo, ukuba nochuku nexhala. , Kuyo nayiphi na imeko ebona ukuba ukuziphatha komntwana yahluke gqitha koko nendlela ukwenza phantse zonke iintanga zayo, kunokwenzeka yaye kuyimfuneko ukuba udibane nogqirha, ubuncinane uxolo lwam lwengqondo.

oonobangela

Ukuba ngaphambili izizathu zale yokuziphatha wachaza izikhewu kwezemfundo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje saqalisa ukuthetha ngento yokuba ingqalelo kunye ukungahlaliseki ukuze usukele iimpawu uphuhliso ephilayo, ezizezi - luvo. Isibakala sokuba ingqondo iyaqhubeka lokubumba okanye emva kokuzalwa. Ngaphezu koko, eli xesha esebenzayo yomsebenzi wakhe iwela wesibini ukuya kwiminyaka sesihlanu yobomi. Kakade ke, le nkqubo kuyaqhubeka kwaye emva koko, kodwa bonke CNS nokwanda kwenzeka ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo.

Kwelinye icala, ndibukele abantwana ADHD wabonisa ukuba, ingakumbi YONGEZA-iintlobo ngexesha ekusonjululweni oxakekileyo nayiphi na ingxaki lifinyele ukujikeleza igazi nomhlehlo ngokungqalileyo ebuchotsheni. Kwaye okukhona umntwana wayezama ingqalelo umsebenzi, kokukhona yokwaliwa accentuated. Enye ingcamango edibene nokudluliselwa hypoxia ezingekazalwa, ezithe zasebenzisana kule minyaka ngale ndlela. Kukho kwakhona ithiyori ukubaqononondisa lo meko zokugxojwa catecholamine ukutya. Ukhona ke ayekholelwa ukuba olu phawu esizalwa, besithi utshintsho uphawu kubume zofuzo. Noko ke, nangona uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, impendulo ngqo lo mbuzo "ADHD - it" ngokwemiqathango Pathogenesis igcina ingaziwa.

ekuxilongweni

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, iindidi iimpawu zibe ukuthini ingqalelo disorder. Yaye ekubeni akukho kweempawu zesi sifo, ukongeza iingxaki zokuziphatha, okwangoku ichongiwe, oogqirha banyanzeleka ukuba bathembele emhlabeni iyaxokozela kakhulu. nkqubo ohlangeneyo kokuxilongwa ayikho eUnited States naseKhanada wasebenzisa iikhweshine zabo, yaye yeHlabathi Old - lo. Kule nxalenye iinqobo zombini iimeko ne ukuziphatha yabantu abanempilo ngokugqibeleleyo, kodwa, umzekelo, kakhulu saa abantwana. Iimpawu ubudala kokuya esikolweni kakuhle it qinisekisa ukuba ubuntu kungenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, ukuze uxilongo kufuneka wenziwe zeengcali abanobuchule kakhulu nabanamava.

Noko ke, ezinye emibuzo kwimeko intandabuzo akukho iGavdos. Xa lokufunyaniswa ADHD lisetyenziswa umfanekiso, electroneuromyography kunye amadlozi spectrometry, kwakunye phantse zonke eziqhelekileyo EEG, electroencephalogram. Konke oku kuyanceda ukuqonda ngcono iimeko apho ingqalelo intsilelo waphawula.

unyango

Techniques sokulungisa imeko ukungahlaliseki kunye ingqalelo disorder zahlulwe zibe amayeza kunye ukuphumla. Eyokuqala becala phesheya, oomama Russian abaninzi yokugqibela abangafuniyo ukusebenzisa umntwana kanye ngaphezulu zidla asondele kakhulu. Abazali eYurophu naseMelika, ngokuchaseneyo, zidla babesebenzisa iindlela ezingezo-amayeza, kodwa xa amachiza abanamandla.

Amaninzi ugqirha ikhetha izicwangciso ezimbaxa zamaqela abantu mziba, uxinezeleko, lakhula tricyclic kunye nootropics. Ukuziqhelisa jikelele, ukuze ibe ngempumelelo ukunyanga ADHD wabonisa amachiza amabini: "Ritalin" yaye "Amitriptyline" kunye analogue zabo.

unyango Non-amayeza kwakhona liphumelela ukusetyenziswa kwayo echanekileyo ayiguquki. Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuhlaziya umfanekiso ebomini bomntwana ngokwemigaqo kwisangqa yakhe abahlobo kunye nemisebenzi. Umdlalo kungcono ukukhetha uzolile, ngaphandle icandelo olomeleleyo iimvakalelo, kunye namaqabane abo - elungeleleneyo nengenaziphazamiso. isicelo Unyango ngempumelelo, apho uqeqesho sengqondo yomntwana malunga bume yokufunda. A kwamnceda iiseshoni ADHD ekukhuthazeni yokuphumla kunye ukudambisa amaxhala. Kwiimeko ezithile, hayi akufuneki ukuthanda kunye nosapho unyango - uphononongo lubonisa ukuba akubonakali ingqalelo disorder ebantwaneni kwandisa umngcipheko ngokudandatheka koomama amaxesha malunga 5.

Nangona ukuba zombini ezi nkqubo okulungileyo abo, iziphumo kakuhle nangoku kuzuzwe zombini.

ukuvimbela

Ngaphandle kokwazi ngenxa yezizathu ezithile ezibangela ingqalelo disorder ebantwaneni, kunzima ukuthetha malunga amanyathelo okuthintela kuyo. Kakade ke, ukuba iyavakala koomama esweni ngenyameko imeko yabo emva ukuzala - uphuhliso umntwana. iingcaphephe abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba iimpawu ADHD kunokubonwa kwiminyaka malunga 3-5, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu kunyaka wabo wokuqala bezelwe. Ekubeni efumanise ezi mpawu singaqala iindlela ulungiso ngokungqinelana unyango non-drug - kuyo nayiphi na imeko ukuba akukho inkwenkwe. Omnye kuphela ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba abantwana ingqalelo intsilelo waphawula kunokuba iyinqaba umsebenzi ubuchopho: emva kwemizuzu 3-5 lomsebenzi ke kufuneka ikhefu.

Outlook

Njengomthetho jikelele, ukuba elivisayo ingqalelo intsilelo ngandlela phezu. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba ADHD akuthethi kufuna unyango kunye ugijima ngokwalo. It igcwele nokungahoywa ukuba yoluvo, iingxaki zengqondo. Ngeminyaka 14-15 umntwana ukufumana phantsi ukuzithemba, izikhewu kulwazi, ukungabi abahlobo. Ngenxa yokuba kule xesha, yaye ke yena uya kuhamba ngokusebenzisa ixesha nzima wena, ukuba uhlobo lobunzima, okanye ukushiya iimpawu ADHD ngaphandle ingqalelo, kuba oko nzima kakhulu ngakumbi lithathelwe lwentlalo. Ukongeza, uphononongo lubonisa ukuba 30-70% yezi okanye ezinye iimpawu kwezonyango onaso iqatshelwe ubudala nangaphezulu.

Disorders ku abadala

Ewe, oku kwenzeka kuphela kunye nabantwana. Ngokwahlukileyo inkolelo ethandwayo, ADHD - akukho uphawu ngakumbi yobudala pre-school okanye lokufikisa, le Uxilongo linokusetyenziswa abadala. Oogqirha mathidala ukuba ayamnkele, ukubhala off disorganization, ukulibala kunye nokubambezeleka rhoqo kwi yokugcina kwesimilo kunye nokunqongophala kokuzimisela. Kodwa ke, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe, ngo-30-70% yamatyala ebantwaneni une ADHD okanye iingxaki kuya kwenzeka kamva.

Iimpawu umsebenzi ukwaluphala, Noko ke, hamba umkhondo wazo, ukuze ukuphazamiseka ingqalelo lungabonakaliswa hayi kangaka njengomntwana:

• "Hang" ngexesha ityala okanye ingxoxo;
• yoxinaniso othile;
• ubunzima ugxininisa umsebenzi;
• ukukhohlwa ezikhalayo, iingxaki lokwanda ingcaciso efunyenweyo ngomlomo;
• ukusoloko ngoyaba iinkcukacha, nokuba ezibalulekileyo.

Kukho elinye icala le ngqekembe. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu ADHD nagaxeleka ezilingweni ekuthiwa karhulumente kwama-ingqalelo. Ngelo xesha bacinge ngazo naziphi na into enye ungenza umntu silibale ngayo ixesha neminye imibandela. Ke ukuba ukungahlaliseki, ngokuqhelekileyo abadala libekwe ngaphantsi kakhulu.