INdlu yeeNgingqi zaseBrithani enkulu: umyalelo wokubunjwa, ukubunjwa

IPalamente yaseBrithani enkulu yiyena yamalungu amaninzi ase-estate-representations emhlabeni. Yayisungulwa ngo-1265 kwaye kukho utshintsho oluncinane kunamhla. Ipalamente yesiNgesi inamacandelo amabini: uluntu kunye namakhosi. Iyokuqala, nakuba ibizwa ngokuba yizantsi, iqhubeka idlala enkulu, nokuba ingabalulekanga, indima ephalamende yaseBrithani.

"Ngaphambili" yamalungu emele ehlabathini

IPalamente yaseBrithani enkulu yiyona nto bayayibiza ngayo. Sekusebenze iminyaka engama-800! Cinga nje ngento! Kwimbali yehlabathi, awona amaninzi amaninzi anokuziqhayisa ngobude bokuba khona. Ngeli xesha, ipalamente yelizwe yahlala ingatshintshi kakhulu kwaye ngowe-1265, namhlanje iqukethe amakamelo aphantsi nephezulu, kunye nekosi. Imbali yelizwe ayixhomekeke ngokungenakulinganiswa nalo mzimba womzimba, kuba njengokuba (ilungu) liye lafezekisa. Imithetho nemimiselo, utshintsho olubalulekileyo yimisebenzi yepalamente. Iyakuchukumisa uluvo loluntu, kunye nezenzo zikaRhulumente. Kwiminyaka emininzi, iPalamente yeNgesi ibe yinkalo yobomi bezobupolitika baseUnited Kingdom.

Ngaloo nto iphantsi okanye akunjalo?

Ukuba silandela inkqubo yeenguqu zepolitiki kunye neqondo lokupembelela kwamagumbi, kuya kuba nzima ukufikelela kwisigqibo malunga nobukhulu bendlu engaphantsi. Kulo gumbi ukhetho lwenziwa, abafaki zicelo bafika kulo kuphela kwinkqubo yokhetho kwaye ixesha elide apho benza umsebenzi omkhulu. AbaPalamente beNdlu yeeMiyunisi ngabona bameli abakhulu belizwe. Bamele bahlale besetyenziselwa ukuphucula umgaqo-nkqubo wekhaya kunye nakwamanye amazwe ukuba uphendule okokuqala kunokwenzeka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko nezentlalo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuphakama kwale ngxenye yepalamente kunokulandelwa nangona eyaziwayo ngokusemthethweni nemisebenzi yomzimba omele umhlaba.

Ukwakhiwa kweNdlu yeeManyoni kunye ne-suffrage

INdlu yeMinyano yaseBrithani enkulu, enomgaqo wokhetho, ilandela enye injongo. Njengoko uyazi, ubukumkani yinkqubo ebini yeqela. Kwaye umzabalazo wonke wezopolitiko usebenza phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Ngenxa yolu lonyulo, abameli babo beza epalamente. Kwaye ke yonke into iyilula: kubani iqela libaninzi, liya kulawula ibhola. Le nkqubo isele ibe yindabuko yaseBrithani enkulu kunye namaqela ayo aseVigi kunye namaTory, anamhlanje kuthiwa ama-liberals kunye nama-conservatives, ngokulandelanayo.

Bonke abemi abafikelele kwiminyaka eyi-18 abahlala kwisithili, kunye nabo babhaliswe kwiintlu zonyulo, bathatha inxaxheba kokhetho. Ezi zintlu zidwetshwe ngonyaka okanye phambi kwe-10 Oktobha. Kwaye ngoNovemba 29, baxhonywe ukuba bahlolwe luluntu ngenjongo yokuba bahlolwe ngabemi kunye nezilungiso ezikhoyo.

Ndimele ndithi kukho inkqubo yonyulo ngeposi, kunye ne-proxy kwiimeko zokugula okanye ukungabikho kwisithili ngelixesha lonyulo.

Njengakwamanye amazwe, izakhamuzi ezigulayo, abantu bezinye iintlanga bakhonza izivakalisi ngokubhekiselele kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, abo banetyala lokungathembeki kokhetho olungaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18, kunye neontanga, ngaphandle kwe-Irish, ayithatha inxaxheba kulo lonyulo.

Ngubani onokunyulwa kwipalamente?

INdlu yeeMimandla yenziwa ngabemi abahambelana nemimiselo yomthetho ongaphantsi komthetho. Eli lungelo linikwe bonke abemi abafikelele kwiminyaka engama-21, ngaphandle kwe:

Ugula ngengqondo;

Abagwebi abahlawulelwayo nabamantyi;

- oontanga kunye nomdla, ngaphandle kwe-Irish, kuba abanalo ilungelo lokuba ngamalungu eNdlu yeeNkundla zePalamente yeNgesi;

- abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni (abafuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kokhetho, umqeshwa kaRhulumente kufuneka aqale ukuyeka emsebenzini wakhe, kwaye ukhethe ukhetho lwakhe);

- abasemagunyeni (abafuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kokhetho, igosa kufuneka lihoxise kuqala, emva koko unokuzikhethela yena);

- iintloko zeenkampani zikawonkewonke (umzekelo, i-BBC);

- abameli befundisi.

Ukuba umntu akahlangabezi neemfuno ezingentla, akanako ukuthatha inxaxheba kokhetho. Kwiimeko apho, phambi kokhetho, oku kungabonakali, ukhetho luyakunqunyulwa ngexesha lonyulo kunye nangemva kwabo. Emva koko isihlalo esingenamntu sichazwa singenanto, kwaye unyulo luyabanjwa kwakhona. Ilungu elikhethiweyo leNdlu yeeMimoni linikezelwe ngamagunya anikezelweyo.

Ixesha loxhotyiso

Amalungu epalamente atsandulweyo anikwe amalungelo ngelixesha leminyaka emi-5. Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ixesha lokuchithwa nokuzihlaziya. Ngokubhekiselele kokuqala, inokucetyiswa nguNdunankulu waseBrithani Enkulu, kwaye ke ukumkani, akanalo, eneneni "ebhaliweyo" iimeko zokugatya isiphakamiso sakhe. I-nkulumbuso inokukhokelwa ngamaqiniso ahlukeneyo, ngokuqhelekileyo oku kubangelwa ukulandelwa ngaphakathi kwepalamente. Ngokomzekelo, emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ipalamente yokuqala, eyasebenza kwixesha elipheleleyo, lonyulwa ngo-1992.

Kwezinye iimeko (ezinqabileyo kakhulu), iPalamente yase-UK ingayichazela ukuchithwa okanye ukuhlaziywa kwamagunya ayo. Ngokumalunga neyokuqala, ixesha lokugqibela lenzeke ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100 edlulileyo-ngo-1911. Kwaye xa sithetha ngokunyusa kwamandla, zenzeke ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuqala neyesibini.

Ukubunjwa kunye nokwakhiwa kwesithili

INdlu yeeMimandla yenziwe ngamalungu angama-659. Eli nani alizange lihlale lifanayo, lihluka ngoxhomekeke ekukhuleni kwinani labantu kubalini nakwiidolophu zelizwe. Ngokomzekelo, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-70 edluleyo, inani lezindlu ezisezantsi liye landa ngo-10%.

Ukuba sibheke ukubunjwa kwimiba yesithili, isabelo seengonyama senziwe ngamalungu aseNgilandi - amalungu angama-539, iSkotland imelwe izihlalo ezingama-61, iWales - 41 ne-Northern Ireland-18 izihlalo.

Ukubunjwa kweqela kwakha ngokuxhomekeke kumsebenzi owenziweyo, kunye nezakhono zobunini bezonyulwa ezivela kwizithili nakwizixeko. Okungadingeki ukuthetha, ukulwa kunesibindi, akukho mntu ufuna ukuphinda abuyele, kwaye kaninzi amazwi ahluke ngokuthe ngqo.

Somlomo wendlu ephantsi

INdlu yeeMinyano ayikho nje iqela lamagosa, lidibene nenjongo enye. Lo mzimba unobuncwane obucacileyo kunye nabantu ngabanye benza imisebenzi ethile. Kukho ezimbalwa izikhundla, zibandakanya isithethi kunye namagosa akhe amathathu, inkokeli yegumbi, kunye nomsizi wesikhokelo.

USomlomo ungomnye wabaphathi beCandelo kwaye ukhethwa ngabalingane bakhe ngokuvuma komntu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukhethwa ilungu elilawulayo leqela elilawulayo, nangona kukho ukungabikho. Unyulo lwakhe lwenzeka kanye, kodwa uhlala kwisithuba sakhe ade alahlekelwe unyulo okanye ahambe ngokuzithandela. Isithethi sinemisebenzi yokuseka umyalelo weentetho zamagosa. Nguye onelungelo elilodwa lokugqiba ingxoxo. Ngenxa yoko, ukubaluleka kunye nendawo yesithethi kwipalamente yendlu ephantsi yase-UK iphakamileyo kakhulu. Ekusebenziseni amandla akhe, isithethi sigqoke kwisambatho kunye ne-white wig. Kuyathakazelisa, emva kokuphela kwekota yakhe, unikwa isihloko seBaron, esenza ukuba ilungu lezindlu eziphezulu.

ISekela ezithethi, inkokeli, unobhala kunye nomsizi wesikhokelo

Isithethi sinamagosa amathathu. Ookuqala naye usihlalo weendlela nezindlela. Umsebenzi wakhe kukutshintsha isithethi xa engekho. Kwiimeko zokungabikho kwakhe, amagunya adluliselwa kwamanye amagosa amabili. Amagosa amathathu atyunjwe phakathi kwamagosa asepileni kwisiphakamiso senkokeli yeCumbi.

Inkokheli ayikho igosa elibalulekileyo leNdlu. Esi sikhundla asikhethiweyo. Inkokheli iphakanyiswe nguNdunankulu waseBrithani Enkulu, njengommiselo, ukhetho luwela kumntu onamandla kunabo bonke kunye negunya leNdlu.

Imisebenzi yobhala inikwe ubhala wenkundla, encediswa ngabancedisi ababini. Umsebenzi ophezulu wenobhala yile ngcebiso isinikwe kwisithethi, inkcaso, urhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, kunye nesithethi kunye nenkokheli yeCandelo, ungomnye wabantu abaluleke kakhulu. Ukhuseleko kwindlu engaphantsi yimbandela yobubaluli besizwe, apho umsizi wesikhokelo-mali unoxanduva.

Beka iintlanganiso

Ngokomlando, iintlanganiso zamagumbi asemibini zenzeka kwiNdlu ye-Westminster. Igumbi eliluhlaza linikezelwa kwindlu engaphantsi, ubukhulu buncinane kwaye bubukeka buthobekile. Emacaleni amabini ahlukeneyo ekamelweni ngamabhentshi. Phakathi phakathi kwabo kukho inqaku. Ekupheleni kwegumbi yindawo yesitulo sesithethi, phambi kwayo kukho itafile enkulu-indawo yendawo ye-mace. Emva kwesi sithethi etafileni kubhala amaphepha kunye nokumnika iingcebiso. Amasekela ahlala kwindawo kwiibhentshi ngesizathu: ngakwesokunene sithethi bahleli ngamagosa avela kwiqela elilawulayo, ngakwesobunxele-inkcaso.

Ngaphambi kwemida yeebhentshi, imigqa ebomvu ivela kwicala ngalinye - le yimida. Zifumaneka kumgama weenkemba ezimbini ezivela komnye. Ngethuba lempikiswano, abalawuli abavunyelwe ukuwela le miqolo. Kwi-intersection, kuqwalaselwa ukuba isithethi sifuna ukuhlasela umchasi wakhe. Izihlalo zangaphambili zihanjiswe ngasese kubaphathiswa bakarhulumente kunye neenkokheli zenkcaso.

Kancinci, ewe, akukho cala ...

Isici esahlukileyo, esabelwe kwindlu ephantsi, kukungabikho kweendawo. Kukho amabhentshi angama-427 kwiibhentshi zabo. Nangona kuthe kwathiwa ngasentla ukuba kukho abalawuli aba-659 ekamelweni. Ngaloo ndlela abantu abangaphezu kwama-200 baphoqeleka ukuba bangene emnyango. Ukususela ngoMsombuluko ukuya kuLwesine, iveki esebenzayo ihlala, ngamanye amaxesha iintlanganiso ziqhutywa ngoLwesihlanu. Kwiimeko ezinxulumene nosongelo lokhuseleko lwesizwe, amagosa ahlala kuphela ngolunye usuku-ngeCawa.

Uninzi kuninzi, iintlanganiso zavunyelwa ukuba zigcinwe kwelinye igumbi egumbini - iWestminster Hall. Nangona kunjalo, imiba enzulu ayiqondwa kuyo.

Iikomiti

Ukulungiswa kokugqibela kunye nokwamkelwa yiNkundla yeMithetho okanye iibill, kukho iikomiti ezahlukeneyo:

• Rhoqo. Ziyadalwa ekuqaleni kwenkundla yepalamente elandelayo kwaye isebenze kulo lonke ixesha elilawula igunya layo. Igama lalo alikho nto lithetha ukungahlaziywa kohlobo lwayo. IiKomiti, njengeNdlu yeeNqununu, zisebenzisa ukhetho ngalunye ixesha ukudala nokuqwalasela iindleko ezintsha.
• Ezizodwa. Kwiphalamente yesiNgesi kukho iikomiti ezikhethekileyo ezili-14. Umsebenzi wabo oyintloko kukubeka iliso imisebenzi yeeNkonzo. Le nkqubo yasungulwa ngowe-1979 kwaye ithathwa njengenguqu ebaluleke kakhulu yenkulungwane, evumela ukuba kuphuculwe umsebenzi kaRhulumente ngokulinganayo.
• Session. Ezinye zeekomiti zimiselwe kunyaka, oko kukuthi, kwiseshoni yomsebenzi wepalamente, yikho ke banalo igama. Ezi ziinkomiti ezinkulu zokuvelisa, kwaye zisebenza ngokuthe ngqo kumsebenzi weNdlu ye-Commons ngokwayo.

Ukongezelela kwiintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zeekomiti, kwezinye iziganeko zidibeneyo zenziwa. Ziquka abameli bezindlu zombini zepalamente, njengoko zichaphazela iimfuno zoluntu kunye namakhosi.

Ngaloo ndlela, inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseUnited Kingdom, ukuphuhliswa kwiinkulungwane ezininzi kwimbali yayo, ifike ixesha elide. Umzuzu obalaseleyo ekubunjweni kwawo kukudala kunye nokuziqhelanisa komzimba omela-ipalamente. Njengomphumo wenkqubo ehlelwe kakuhle yamagumbi ayo, i-Great Britain namhlanje yenye yezona zikhokela phambili kwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Ngexesha elifanayo, iNdlu yeeMinon idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni kwezombusazwe kunye noshintsho lwezentlalo kunye noluntu kwilizwe.