Indlela yokulawula nomthetho. Ummandla wolawulo lomthetho

Kuma-Middle Ages abantu baqonda ukuba kuyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ukwakha amandla karhulumente ngokusemthethweni kwaye akukho nto. Le ngcamango yayisungulwe ngokubanzi ngabaphengululi be-Renaissance ne-New Age. Namhlanje igama elithi "umthetho" akuyona into entsha kwihlabathi lezenzululwazi. Akukho mntu uyamangalisa xa kukho amasebe amaningana karhulumente. Konke oku kukufakazela ukuzingelwa kweentlalo kuphela, kodwa uluntu ngokwawo. Ulwahlulo olukhoyo kwicandelo lemiqathango eyahlukileyo yezomthetho kwenza ukuba kube lula ukulawula kuphela umgca othe ngqo olwalamano kuluntu ngokufanelekileyo ngokukhawuleza, ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo, kodwa nakwiimeko ezithile zobomi. Kuzo zonke izishishino ezikhoyo, kubalulekile ukuba ungayibhalisi enye inxibelelwano phakathi koburhulumente kunye nabemi bayo ngqo okanye bangeniswe. Siyabulela ebusweni beemimiselo zomthetho ezinokuthi umntu asebenzisane neenxalenye zelizwe lakhe ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko ezisemthethweni. Eli nqaku liza kugxininisa kwintsimi yomthetho wolawulo, kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswe kuyo ukulawula ubudlelwane boluntu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le shishini libhekiselele kwinqanaba elithile, eliza kuxutyushwa ngokubanzi kwinqaku.

Nguwuphi umthetho wolawulo?

Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba nayiphi na indlela yokulawula nomthetho Ingaba yindlela yokuthintela ubudlelwane boluntu, okungabizwa ngokuba yinto yesifundo okanye lelo lizwe elisemthethweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umgaqo-mthethweni yinkqubo yonke, kunye neziganeko zayo kunye nezinto ezithile, eziza kuxutyushwa ngezantsi. Ngokubhekiselele kumthetho wolawulo, isebe elisemthethweni elilawula ubudlelwane kummandla wendlela yokusebenza kwamagunya karhulumente, kunye namagosa kwinkqubo yokuzalisekisa izibophelelo zabo ezisemthethweni. Kwakhona, umthetho wolawulo uthathwa njengesayensi. Namhlanje ikhula ngokukhawuleza kumazwe ase-Soviet nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Umthetho wolawulo ungomnye weziseko zokuqeqesha ootitshala bezomthetho. Indlela yokulawulwa komthetho nezomthetho icacile kwisiseko sayo. Yonke ngenxa yokuba ichaphazela umdla woluntu kunye noluntu.

Imbali yophuhliso lomthetho waseRashiya

Ekuqaleni, njenjalo, le shishini alikho nhlobo. Ulawulo lolawulo lwahlula ngamaqela amaninzi: amasiko, imfundo, unyango, umthetho wamapolisa. Ingozi ebalulekileyo yenkqubo leyo yinto yokuba umthombo wawuyisithethe esingokomthetho, njengomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaloo ndlela, isihloko solawulo kunye nomthetho ngokubanzi Bekungekho. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhuthazwa kokuphuhliswa kwesebe lolawulo kwakuchanekileyo ngokomthetho wamapolisa. Isifundo sakhe sasinobudlelwane phakathi kwenkqubo yokuthotyelwa komthetho, ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho, intlalontle yabemi. Kwakule shishini umbuzo wokuqala ovela malunga nokuhlelwa kolawulo lwangaphakathi. Kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba abukho kuphela ubudlelwane obungokomthetho obuvela kwilizwe ukuya kubantu, kodwa kwakhona ukuhlaziya indlela yomsebenzi kwinkqubo yesimo ngokwawo. Ngaloo ndlela, ingcamango "yolawulo lwangaphakathi" yintlungu yokuphuhliswa komthetho wolawulo lwangoku.

Isihloko somthetho wezomthetho kumthetho wolawulo

Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, umxholo wolawulo kunye nomthetho wezomthetho ulwalamano loluntu kummandla wezenzo zamagosa karhulumente kunye namagosa abo. Ukusuka apha siyakwazi ukuchonga ubudlelwane bomthetho obuqhelekileyo kule shishini:

- Ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi karhulumente ekujoliswe ekukhuseleni amalungelo, inkululeko kunye neminqweno yabemi. Ukugcinwa komthetho kunye nomyalelo.

- Ukuhlaliswa kweengxabano ezivela kumyalelo okhethekileyo wenkqubo.

- Ukuqinisekisa ulawulo loluntu ngokusebenzisa uluhlu loluntu.

- Umbutho wolawulo phakathi kobudlelwane phakathi koburhulumente kunye nabemi, amabhunga olawulo kunye namagosa abo, urhulumente kunye nabomthetho, amabhizinisi, njl.

- Umbutho wolawulo lwe-rulemaking.

- Ulawulo lweentsebenziswano zoluntu, ukuba yeyiphi na enye indlela yokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo wezolawulo nokusemthethweni.

Ukuqwalasela zonke iinkalo ezikhankanyiweyo ngasentla, kunokugqitywa ukuba ngomthetho wolawulo, umbutho weendlela zangaphakathi kubasemagunyeni unikezelwa, kunye nezenzo zangaphandle kubemi.

Ukuhlulwa kobudlelwane bolawulo

Kuza kube namhlanje, izazinzulu ziye zakha uluhlu olusemthethweni lwezobudlelwane bezolawulo nezomthetho, oku:

1. Ngokweziganeko ezisemthethweni zobudlelwane, iinkqubo zenziwa (ziye zenziwa kummandla wendlela ehambelana nomthetho ngokumalunga nesisombululo samatyala omntu ngamnye) kunye nezinto eziphathekayo (ulwalamano loluntu lwendalo).

2. Ngokomlinganiselo wemisebenzi kunye namalungelo ezifundo zobudlelwane bezomthetho zolawulo , amaqela amabini ahlukeneyo: ubudlelwane bokuthotyelwa kunye nobudlelwane, apho abathathi-nxaxheba balingana ngokulinganayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iintlobo zokugqibela zisoloko zigxekwa, kuba, ngokweengcali ezininzi zenzululwazi, iinkqubo zolawulo nezomthetho, ngokusekelwe kwimiba yazo kunye nesimo soshishino, ayikwazi ukulawula ubudlelwane phakathi kwabadlali abalinganayo. Kuhlala ku ngeniswa.

3. Ukuqhubela phambili kwiinkalo ezininzi zezomthetho ezenza ubudlelwane bezomthetho, bahlukanise ubudlelwane obuvela kwizenzo ezisemthethweni nezingekho mthethweni.

Indlela nganye yokulawulwa komthetho kunye nomthetho, ngenye indlela okanye enye, ijolise ekulawuleni ubudlelwane obusemthethweni obuboniswe. Nangona kunjalo, kuqala kukho konke kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba imimiselo yomthetho kunye nendlela ephunyezwa ngayo kwisebe lolawulo.

Nguwuphi umgaqo osemthethweni?

Ngokuqinisekileyo onke amagatsha omthetho akhoyo ekulawuleni ulwalamano oluthile loluntu. Indlela enjalo iyimfuneko nje, kuba uluntu, ngokusisiseko, lufana nesihlwele sabantwana abancinci abamele bahlale behlala kwinto ethile, ngaphandle koko umsebenzi wabo uya kuphuma ekulawuleni. Ngoko ke, ngoncedo lwezithethe zomthetho, uluntu luququzelelwe. Umthetho wezomthetho olawulayo unencazelo yesayensi. Le ndlela iyakwamkelwa ukuba yenziwe njengento enenjongo yempembelelo evela kurhulumente kwiintlalontle zoluntu zolu hlobo okanye olo hlobo. Inempembelelo enjalo yenziwa ngeendlela kunye nezendlela zomthetho, kuxhomekeke kwimeko yolwalamano kunye noshishino apho bakhona khona. Kodwa injongo yempembelelo yomthetho ayikho kuphela ubudlelwane bomthetho, kodwa nezifundo ngabanye. Umgaqo oqhelekileyo ngumgaqo obanzi oquka iindlela njengenye yezindlela zokuphumeza umthelela wezomthetho. Inkqubo yolawulo kunye nomthetho ngokusemthethweni isekelwe kwiindlela zoshishino lolawulo.

Izindlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zempembelelo zomthetho

Indlela yolawulo kunye nomthetho Isekelwe kwiindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko, eziyisiseko salo nawuphi umgaqo ngokubanzi. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba le ndlela isetyenziselwe izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuchaphazela umcimbi othile. Ngaloo ndlela, le ndlela yinkcazelo eyinkimbinkimbi, ehambelana neziko okanye nayiphi na inxalenye yenkqubo yomthetho. Izinto zeendlela zokulawula nezomthetho zenziwe ngokusemthethweni kwiindlela ezimbini eziphambili:

1. Imperative, eyona ihambelana nemisebenzi yomthetho wolawulo. Umgca wecala kukuba isifundo sinokusebenza kuphela kwisakhelo esisisigxina. Kule meko, enye inketho ayimkelekanga, kuba nayiphina impazamo ibangelwa ukuqala komsebenzi. Kwakhona, indlela efunekayo ibonisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo okunyanzelisa. Iyingqungquthela kwimigangatho yoluntu-yomthetho.

Ukwakhiwa ngokuthe ngqo kobudlelwane bezomthetho kubonisa indlela echanekileyo. Izifundo zinikezelwa ithuba lokuzimela ngokwazo, ngesiseko senkqubo esele senziwe ngokomthetho. Le ndlela ifumaneka kuzo zonke iicandelo, ngokukhethekileyo ngasese. Ngokukodwa kuxhomekeke ekulinganiseni kwamaqela.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ulawulo lomthetho kunye nomthetho lukhulu kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukukwenza kuphela ngendlela echanekileyo, kuba akukho zifundo zilinganayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo umntu kufuneka asebenzise indlela yokunyanzelisa, kodwa ezinye iimpawu zihambelana nendlela yokulawula.

Iimpawu zendlela yolawulo

Indlela yolawulo lomthetho wolawulo lolawulo Ngaba unemiba ekhethekileyo eyenziwe phantsi koxinzelelo lwezo nxu lumano, apho inkqubo yecandelo lucacile ngqo. Ngaloo ndlela, sinokuhlukanisa ezi zinto zilandelayo:

- Indlela yezomthetho yolawulo imisoloko isetyenziswa ngemimiselo yamandla, kuba elinye icala linika enye inyelelo.

- Amaqela akakwazi ukutshintsha uhlobo lwentsebenzo esemthethweni yolawulo lwawo naziphi na iimeko.

- Amaqela akanalo ukulingana ngokuthe ngqo. Esinye isihloko sihlala siphantsi komnye.

- Ukungahambi kakuhle kwemimiselo.

Umgaqo oqhelekileyo uhlala uhlala phakathi.

Iindlela ezenziwa ngayo indlela

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba indlela yokulawulwa komthetho neyezomthetho iphunyezwa kuphela ngeendlela ezithile ezisebenzisayo ngokutsha kwi-yesebe yesebe. Kukho ubuchule bokuqala:

1. Inkcazo yindlela esekelwe ekubeni izifundo ziya kuzalisekisa iimfuno ezibekwe ngumgaqo othile wezomthetho. Ukungaphumeleli kwabo akuyi kuthwala nayiphi na imiphumo yomthetho, ayiyibi okanye ayikho. Ingcamango yomthetho wolawulo Ngokuphawulekayo kwandisa ingcamango yale ndlela, kuba ngokwenene iinjongo zokuphunyezwa kwayo.

2. Ngendlela yokuthintela, kukho imida ecacileyo yezinto ezinokuba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu kumntu ophula umthetho. Ukuba ukuthintela kuphulwa, kuya kuba nako ukusebenzisa amanyathelo athile empembelelo (uxanduva lolawulo okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho).

3. Imvume yindlela enyanisekileyo yokuphumeza indlela yolawulo-yomthetho. Umgca wecala kukuba umxholo unikezwa ithuba lokukhetha enye yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kwakhe. Njengomthetho, ngokusebenzisa imvume, ubudlelwane bomthetho obunxulumene nemisebenzi yamagosa bulawulwa.

Kukho nezinye iindlela zokuphumeza indlela yokulawula nomthetho.

Iinkqubo ezithile zokuphumeza indlela yokulawula

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa iindlela ezimbini iindlela zokulawula eziqhutyelwa rhoqo, kodwa azinakuthi zikhankanywe:

1. Ukwamkelwa kwamagunya okulawula kubonakala kummandla wamandla karhulumente. Umgca ongundoqo kukuba umqeshwa ophakamileyo unikwe ilungelo lokunyanzelisa nabani na abaphantsi kwakhe ukuba benze isenzo okanye benze isabelo esisebenzayo.

2. Ingcamango yendlela yokulawula kunye nomthetho inika ingqiqo yokuba impembelelo kwizentsebenzo zomthetho zenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kweemimiselo. Ezi zilandelayo zithathwe kwizenzo eziqhelekileyo zesebe okanye zenziwe ngokuzimela. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuba ngumgangatho wezomthetho. Ingundoqo yayo kukuba igunya likarhulumente linelungelo lokukhupha izenzo ezithile ezizodwa eziqinisekisa ukuba kukho i-set of rights and obligations.

Iindlela eziqhelekileyo

Umthetho wokulawula usebenzise ezinye iindlela zokumisela, kodwa zisekondari, kuba azivumeli ukuphunyezwa ngokugcwele kwazo zonke iinkqubo zecandelo. Ngako oko, iindlela zesekondari zi:

1. Ukukhuthazwa. Umlinganiselo wempembelelo entle isetyenziselwa ukugcina umgangatho wemisebenzi yabo nokufezekiswa kwemisebenzi ngokumalunga nesifundo.

Indlela yokucebisa ivumela ukuba isifundo sisebenze ngendlela ethile (enconywayo), kodwa oku akumthinteli ukuba enze ngale ndlela. Ukungahambisani nemithetho, ayiyi kuba nemiphumo.

Ngubani na umxholo womgaqo?

Ngokuqhelekileyo abantu abaqondi ukuba ngubani na umphumo wesimiselo somthetho osebenzayo. Ukuhlalutya umgaqo wemimiselo yezolawulo kunye nemithetho, Siyakwazi ukwahlula inani lezifundo zale shishini, oku:

- Abantu kunye nemibutho esemthethweni.

- Amagosa alawulayo karhulumente.

- Amashishini angaphandle kwamashishini.

- Abezinye iintlanga nabangenamthetho.

Ngokumalunga nalezi zifundo, iindlela kunye neendlela zokulawula umgaqo-nkqubo wokufikelela kwimisebenzi yecandelo zingasetyenziswa. Makhe siwaqwalasele ngokubanzi.

Imisebenzi yesebe lomthetho wezolawulo

Namhlanje, izazinzulu zihlukanisa imisebenzi elandelayo yoshishino lolawulo:

Mthethweni,

- intlangano,

- ulungelelaniso,

Ukuthotyelwa komthetho,

Ukwenza umthetho.

Olu luhlu luqhubeka lukhula, kuba ubudlelwane boluntu kwimida yolawulo luhlala luqhubeka.

Isiphelo

Ngoko, kwinqaku sifunde ukuba imigaqo yomthetho yolawulo yintoni. Ingcamango yale nqanaba ibonisa ukubaluleka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwishishini lonke kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje.