Indlela yokukhupha amanzi yenzululwazi. Indlela yokutsala yezenzululwazi kuqoqosho

Economy kucingelwa ukuba yenye yezona kwezesayensi endala. Kwanomntu ukuzazi, ophethwe ulwazi olusisiseko kule ndawo: Banengqiqo ethile imigaqo zokulima, ulwalamano asakhulayo phakathi onke amalungu oluntu kwinkqubo imveliso kunye nokusasazwa kwempahla kunye wonaniselwano imveliso ifunyenwe. Nangona kunjalo, ezi banezimvo ayizange ibe esigangeni ezimeleyo ulwazi.

History of Theory Economic

Ukwenzeka ingcamango kwezoqoqosho olwenze ixesha pre-mveliso (lwezolimo) uphuhliso lwentlalo kwaye ibandakanya impucuko yamandulo ezifana baseRoma uBukhosi, Greece, etc ... (IV amawaka BC -... V ngo AD ...). Waye ngokusondeleyo sase kweli xesha ideology zonqulo kunye nemibono yezopolitiko kunye esemthethweni.

Ubhala ngendlela kwezoqoqosho yokucinga ziye ichazwe becala ezisebenza iingxaki, kwakunye nombutho eyiyo ishishini kunye nengqesho, ulawulo kunye uxanduva kwipropati. Ezi imibhalo: Iikhowudi zomthetho, izicatshulwa Endala New Testament, izivumelwano ezahlukeneyo ezinde zentlalo bulumko yabantu ngabanye.

Eminye Ukudaleka kwinkangeleko kwezoqoqosho wachitha kumaxesha aphakathi: .. Western Europe - V-XVIII iinkulungwane, kuquka revolution yongxowankulu, eRashiya - IX-XIX iinkulungwane, ngakumbi ncam, ukuya yotshintsho ka 1861. Eli xesha lu dityanisiwe iimbono asakhulayo malunga neengxaki, nomnombo, ukwabiwa ingeniso, ubunini mhlaba, amakhonkco uhlobo lweshishini (Thethani ezidolophini, umthengisi inhlangano uluntu eselumelwaneni, iivenkile zobugcisa, kunye kartel nemiyalelo sigodlo m. p.). amandla ezopolitiko fanele yezikhulu wempangelo neecawa feudal (abanini mhlaba), izikhundla ezibalulekileyo ukubekela bucala isithethe, koko, kweyisa inqubo yonqulo.

Nangona ekuqaleni ukubonisa inzala, ezijolise ubudlelwane emveliso-mali. Le mbono engundoqo abaphengululi, kunye neengcamango advantageously zoqoqosho abolekwe izahlukano, umzekelo ukulingana, sesa ekugwetyweni yokuthengisa ukuzanelisa, umsebenzi umsebenzi kunye t. D.

Kwimeko ukuvela ubudlelwane longxowankulu yaye sokonakalisa feudalism kuvela lokuqala lwesikolo yezoqoqosho umyalezo weimeyile - (. XV-XVIII kwiinkulungwane) mercantilism. Kunjalo, ngeli xesha luphawulwa entsa ezoqoqosho inzululwazi elizimeleyo ngenxa ukuvela kwenkqubo yokuqala iimbono kwezoqoqosho, ngundoqo ukuba owona ingxaki wobutyebi.

theory Economic: inkcazelo, izalathiso eziphambili kunye namacandelo

Lomqulu ingqeqesho ezoqoqosho, yaye ezinze yeengcingane, kuqulethe ezahlukeneyo iintsingiselo nezikolo. theory kwezoqoqosho, inkcazelo esele uchazwe apha ngasentla, kufuneka zincediswa into yokuba ngokuyintloko ekufundweni inkqubo ukukhetha benolwazi abantu kunye noluntu indlela yokusebenzisa izibonelelo ezinqongopheleyo ukuba multi-njongo.

theory zomnotho kubandakanya inani amacandelo:

• methodology of ezoqoqosho;
• microeconomics;
• Uqoqosho lwesizwe;
• noqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe;
• oqosho;
• umdlalo.

Linako ngoku ukwaba izikolo zenzululwazi zilandelayo imiyalelo theory kwezoqoqosho:

• neo-Keynesianism;
• ezoqoqosho yeziko entsha;
• monetarism;
• neuroeconomics;
• yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko entsha;
• School Austria;
• Uqoqosho oluphangaleleyo kunye nomthetho.

Ekhonza umxholo zenzululwazi umbuzo?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo iinkcazelo ezininzi. Ngaloo ndlela, izifundo theory kwezoqoqosho:

1. Imisebenzi ezinxulumene neenkqubo pathways kwaye iintengiselwano yorhwebo olwenzeka phakathi kwabantu.

2. everyday msebenzi ubomi ishishini yabantu kwakunye kwenziwe kunye nokusiwa kwe-mali ezifunekayo ngokomsebenzi.

3. Ezona mpawu zokuziphatha komntu kunye namaqela abantu kwi-sikhokelo zemveliso, ukwabiwa, exchange kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo.

4. Isakhono abantu ukumelana nemingeni asakhulayo kummandla kwimveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa.

5. bobubele ngenxa ubuhlobo babantu.

6. Imithetho elawula imveliso, utshintshiselwano kwezinto eziphathekayo kumanqanaba afanelekileyo nasekusungulweni yoluntu (Engels).

7. Bubuncwane ezikhuthaza ukuba undibabale amaza nemisebenzi yabantu, kwakunye iintshukumisa nenkcaso yabo (A. Marshall) kunye nezinye utoliko oko izifundo theory kwezoqoqosho.

theory Keynesian ukukhula koqoqosho

Imfundiso langoku inxulumana njani nelo thuba post-imfazwe. I-prerequisite njongo ukuba ivela iinkqubo ezithe zenzeka kuqoqosho lwehlabathi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX. Ezi ziquka:

1. Ukusasazwa NTR.
2. Ukwanda kakhulu izinga lokukhula koqoqosho kumazwe yali.
3. Angalinganiyo kuphuhliso lwamazwe nkulu, njalo-njalo. D.

Ngu iinkqubo ngentla apha ziye uqaqambise ingxaki nokukhawulezisa ukukhula kwaye kwakhokelela emibonweni eziliqela lokukhula, apho ababhali zigxininise ekufumaneni imiba efanayo inkqubo.

It sathathwa theory Harrod (eNgilane) kunye E. Domar (USA), nto leyo esekelwe ekuphelisweni admissibility serhafu okuzinzileyo lokukhula koqoqosho njengoko siyafuneka lizama karhulumente olutshintshayo kuqoqosho, ukuvumela ukuphumeza ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo izakhono zemveliso kunye kwanababoneleli bemfundo.

Enye ilungiselelo imodeli Harrod-Domar yenza ingqalelo parameters rhoqo okucingelwayo: avareji ukusebenza eyinkunzi kunye nesabelo imali ngongeniselo zizonke.

I indawo yesithathu lulonke yaba ingxelo ukuba kuzuzwe ukukhula okuzinzileyo kunye lwesilinganiso okuhambisa Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba ungenelelo esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho.

Ababhali waqukumbela: ngaphandle eyinkunzi kwemveliso ezinzileyo kunye nezinga zokuqokelelwa kobutyebi uzinzile kwaye isantya sokukhula sengeniso yesizwe ( "isiqinisekiso izinga lokukhula"). Kwaba sobala ukuntsonkotha yokuqinisekisa eseleyo kwi-sikhokelo nakumandla eemarike, ezizezi ukunqongophala yeemeko oluzenzekelayo eyayiza kuba negalelo ekufumaneni yokuqala eseleyo ngaphambili kakuhle.

A ethile ebalulekileyo yemodeli Keynesian kukuba abasoloko Harrod Domar kunye nesakhiwo lwezentlalo nezoqoqosho loluntu ekhoyo nkulu, kunefuthe elingqalileyo Dynamics izikhombisi zoqoqosho.

Economics New Institutional

Yena uye ukufunda yokuziphatha kwezolimo. Le yenye indlela entsha, inxalenye ingcamango ezisisiseko kwezoqoqosho. Evela umdla imodeli yeziko kunxulumene imizamo ezijolise soyise inani zangaphambili ukuba uphawu neoclassicism (ukhuphiswano egqibeleleyo, saziwe yokuba nengqiqo epheleleyo, le lizama karhulumente ngokusebenzisa indlela ixabiso), uhlalutyo iinkqubo loqoqosho kweli ezintsonkothileyo, kunye nesidingo athe izifundo ngeziganeko ezitsha, ezinxulumene ne STR.

Amalungiselelo le modeli

Okokuqala, amaziko thaca indlela yokuziphatha arhente kwezoqoqosho.

Okwesibini, olijonga ngokwembono bafakela impembelelo yabo izigqibo ezithathwe ngu-arhente kwezoqoqosho.

Okwesithathu, abaninzi izinto banganxulumaniyo "iibhokisi black", okt intlangano (urhulumente, imizi, iinkampani) ibonwa njenge nkqubo kunye nesakhiwo lwangaphakathi umdla.

Okwesine, ukuthelekisa ezizezinye lweziko omnye komnye, kungekuphela nje ngendlela egqibeleleyo yezinto.

Okwesihlanu, indlela yehlabathi ngakumbi yokumisa imeko malunga ukhetho phakathi imodeli yeziko, nto leyo evumela ukuyekelela izithintelo indlela statics athelekisekayo.

LeSithandathu, oku ijolise ekwaziseni ngokufanayo le nkqubo kwezoqoqosho.

Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo ulwazi lwenzululwazi

Abayikhethayo indlela yokukhupha amanzi yenzululwazi. Xa ezoqoqosho, ukuba limelwe yokuhlambulula into yophando evela imiba bethutyana random, kwakunye inkcazo esiveza, ongqala ngqo kumntu kunye neempawu zakhe rhoqo.

izenzakalo Economic musa Azifumaneki izinto zokufunda nezixhobo, ukuze njengeyona ndlela iphambili zokufunda wasebenzisa nomda, okanye mandithi ukuphazamiseka zonke izinto musa ne uhlobo into uphando.

Oko kusenokubonakala ngathi ukuba ucaphulo yenzululwazi kukhokelela kude ixabiso lezoqoqosho weli into yokuba zihlalutywe. Nangona kunjalo, akukho sigqibo sibi. Yena, kwelinye icala, kufutshane obubonakala yinyaniso, ukufihleka emva imfumba iziganeko zeqela lesithathu ezininzi ezinzulu.

Indima yale ndlela kuhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho

Oku kukwenza lula inkqubo yophando iziganeko kwezoqoqosho. indlela yokwakha yenzululwazi luqikelela ukuba zonke ezinye iziganeko ngaphandle kwabo wafunda kwesi sigaba, kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

Gabalala, enyanisweni, kukho ucaphulo ngabom kunye lula. Ngenxa yoko, kokukhupha ananzi yenzululwazi itolikwa njenge ukhetho iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga lukhulu uvavanyo baphume yonke ngempazamo kwaye nezasesekondari.

Ubuchule obusisiseko yale ndlela

Ithiyori kwezoqoqosho, abaphengululi asetyenziswa ngokubanzi, njengoko sele ikhankanyiwe ngaphambili, indlela nomda, leyo iindlela ezimbini eziphambili kuso ukusebenza - ebanjwayo kanye induction.

Baya bakhonza iyavumelana, ukuba ukuphikisa iindlela zophando. Mazenziwe zisekelwe kula yeengcinga ikholisa Economist uhlobo benchmark kule yinkqubo yokuqokelela idatha enokwehla. Iintlobo-ntetho ngokubhekiselele izibakala ezithile kunye nehlabathi ngokubanzi afuneka izigwebo ezithe vetshe lebyi.

data ISISHWANKATHELO reception

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, indlela ukutsalwa yoqoqosho yenzululwazi imelwe iindlela ezimbini. Ngenxa yoko, yoqheliso (indawo) - indlela yokuqiqa, olusekelwe phezu Yindibanisela izibakala ezithile. Ngale ndlela ubonelela ebizwa ngokuba yi-utshintsho ukusuka kuphando zabucala (unit) nesenzeko kwizigqibo jikelele kunye nemimiselo.

Kwakhona, indlela lwenzululwazi yokutsala kubandakanya indlela for ukufunda injongosenzi iphungulwe (zokuphambukisa) - ukucamanga ngayo hypothesis ivavanywa naziphi na izinto ngokwenene. Le ndlela yenza iyafumaneka inguqu ukusuka labucala ukuba izigqibo jikelele.

Indlela ukukhupha yenzululwazi, wavakalisa nekhono lokuhlaziya, Ivumela ngokuthe ngcembe zityhila i_i_isiseko iziganeko kwezoqoqosho. Oku kufuna uhlobo oluthile amagama ubhalo, ebonisa ngokupheleleyo inyaniso lokwenyaniso kwezoqoqosho.