Indlela eziphathekayo: ubuchwepheshe ukwakha

The basic into ekwakheni iindlela i igada. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva iyafuneka wazilungisa; kwandule ke recovery yonyaka lweepropati yokusebenza. Eziphathekayo indlela asphalt oluphangaleleyo ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa usebenziso lwayo anqongophele.

Izizathu zoku ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• mali zokwakha ezingafanelekanga;
• imveliso eliphantsi;
• kwemozulu;
• ukulayisha traffic;
• ukungabikho iintlobo eziyimfuneko zesamente;
• elimi ngayo.

Kwi-US, ubutyebi kazwelonke indlela eziphathekayo (ifoto ngezantsi).

Buyela kwi-50 e-Melika kunye West ukuqonda ngani ukwakha ngokupheleleyo.

Ngaphambili, iindlela eziphathekayo eRashiya zaye zabekwa iipleyiti, uqhuba imoto yayifana intshukumo koololiwe emalungwini zikaloliwe. Ngoku uwaphalazele emhlabeni kunye ukutyabeka yi egudileyo.

Ziziphi indlela eziphathekayo?

indlela eziphathekayo unalo iingenelo zilandelayo:

• lula kulungiselelwa umxube eziphathekayo ;
• High speed ingqokelela;
• amandla phezulu kwalo;
• umphezulu ogudileyo, ukuba adhesion ezilungileyo ivili;
• ukubonakala ngcono xa kuthelekiswa asphalt ngenxa reflectivity elungileyo.

iindlela eziphathekayo banamalungelo zokusebenza, enamakhulu ukufudusa umthwalo ukusuka slab ngqongqo eziphathekayo ezininzi wenqwelwana kwaphuma. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi entwasahlobo. Aphambuke asphalt kaninzi kwenzeka lisenza, njengoko oko kungqinwa yimbonakalo mizila kunye namaza. Umgangatho eziphathekayo kunciphisa aphambuke ezinjalo, lo gama ekufezekiseni ulondolozo kukudla ukuya kutsho kuma-20%.

iinzuzo Environmental enxulumene yokunqongophala nongcoliseko lomhlaba iimveliso ioli ukuba ivelele igada. imali amafutha kunciphisa ezikhutshwayo. Kukholelwa ukuba ukutyabeka eqinileyo ngakumbi uvelisa ingxolo ngakumbi, kodwa oku kwanda babambanayo mncinci kakhulu.

Impembelelo ye elimi ukwakhiwa kweendlela

indlela Automotive eziphathekayo iyakhiwa ngoncedo lobuchwepheshe ezahlukeneyo. Iprojekthi ngamnye wahlukile. Kwiindawo esezintabeni, indlela ulandela mmandla.

Ngexesha imigwaqo ukuzama iyalilungisa: ukudakumba backfilled, iinduli, banqunyulwe nge iintaba yabanjwa imigudu, iibhulurho kunye iibhulorho zakhiwa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba indlela abakhi-high speed bazame ukuphepha ekhwela imixawuka, ekwehleni avule.

Uyilo ezahlukileyo iindlela zokuhlela esisiseko isekelwe phezu topcoat, esenokuba Musiqisi okanye eziphathekayo. Asphalt kufuneka inokulungiswa kwiminyaka 3-4. Ezinye indlela ezihamba imigama ziqala kwakhona xa ukwakhiwa awukagqitywa okwangoku. indlela eziphathekayo kubiza imali eninzi kakhulu-80%, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ukulungisa kwiminyaka yokuqala-10 zokusebenza. iyahlala yayo kunciphisa iindleko zolondolozo. Xa sibeka indlela eziphathekayo lwenziwa ngokomgangatho, kufeza iminyaka eliqela ngaphandle ukulungisa.

Ubume wendlela

Ukwakhiwa kweendlela eziphathekayo ikhutshwa phandle layers zilandelayo:

• ezongezelelweyo,
• underlayment;
• ngeso lenyama eziphathekayo.

ukulungiselela umhlaba

Uchitha ikhonkrithi owandulelayo ukulungiswa komhlaba kunye nokuveliswa kwe esibekwa ulungelelwaniso. Umhlaba kufuneka ube ashinyeneyo. Oku lula iqinisekisiwe ngokunamathela kwi bar ngentsimbi ye-12 mm ubukhulu. Umele abe lilungu ukuya kubunzulu engekho ngaphezu kwe-60 cm. Ukuba itywina akwanelanga, athethe ngakumbi prosyadet nokudilizwa eziphathekayo.

ukatyvayut primer pre. Ingakumbi ingqalelo oku zokulala yayo. Kulo mzekelo, nomnombo yenziwa zikhabane. ukugangatheka Umhlaba lwenziwa kwisiqulatho sokufuma elilelona. Uhlobo kunye nenani labafundi abapase ze ahambise ukuba zikhethwe ngokomfuniselo ngokuvelisa uvavanyo onenombolo. Ukuba ukufuma ngaphantsi kwexabiso obuvumelekileyo, umhlaba kufuneka utyebile. Ukuba ekrwada kakhulu, oko womile ziba, kongezwe intlabathi, zeBlack okanye ezinye iindlela.

Wastewater

Xa wakha indlela eziphathekayo, i-iteknoloji ibonelela kukuyeka kubo zinyibilikisiwe, imvula amanzi onogumbe phambi kokuba nokwakhiwa roadbed. Umsebenzi kule ndawo lwenziwa apha esixekweni kunye nangaphaya.

Izixhobo kwendlela eziphathekayo kunye kwezulu itephu kuyimfuneko ukwandisa ubomi nkonzo kwaye ukuphucula iimeko uqhuba. Phezu kwendlela onganobungozi ukuthutha amanzi ngexesha kwayo. Maxongo adhesion ku ilaphu, ukutshiza ukusuka amavili kuthintela jikelele, kwaye ezakhiwa ngexesha amazinyo. Ukucima endleleni kufuneka ithambeke kwi ezinqamlezayo nesalathiso longitudinal, zenziwe ngomaleko ekufunxeni. Isiseko endaweni yi eninzi kwaye idala ukuqhubela enokuthi ibe okanye ukwayama-gable. Iindawo apho amanzi qokelela, zilungelelaniswe yaye igqunywe nedreniruyuschim lomhlaba.

Ngaphandle amanzi wesixeko endleleni liyasuswa esiseleni yezithuthi. ububanzi yabo 1-2.5 m Amanzi uqokelela kubo yaye akhutshelwa abafumana amanzi :. umsele, umzimba zendalo okanye ezenziwe ngumntu yamanzi, ebhedini umlambo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, iseli uyila icala 1-4% kwingca enqatyisiweyo ingca, igrabile, ilitye okanye detrital eziphathekayo.

Xa uluntu lonke neengcedevu amanzi ukuya kumjelo umzi. Devices for kwaziswa kwayo rhoqo licocwe ukuphumeza olukhupha efunekayo.

Amanzi ingena emhlabeni, kuba yingozi endleleni. It uphiwa esicwangciswe ezizeni, ezifana luhlalu. Lubeke imibhobho yamanzi kunye slits okanye imingxunya. Zingakotshwa eyenziwe ngeplastiki, ikhonkrithi okanye yodongwe.

NemiSebenzi nokwabiwa bands zendlela zinyibilikisiwe, esiphango kunye neempuphuma kwenziwa phambi kokuba ulwakhiwo roadbed.

Ukubeka zokulala layer

On kumhlaba oyisanti yi 20-40 cm komqamelo zamafu. Ngaphandle kube lula ukulawula, kodwa ikhono kakhulu ithombo ukufuma ukusuka phezulu emhlabeni, yaye kuphucula yamanzi. Kuyimfuneko ukuthintela usaba kunye iqabaka Inkitha, ekhokelela inkangeleko nemingxuma kunye neentanda dwala eziphathekayo. Eyona ngxaki inkulu idala umhlaba nodongwe, umgquba okanye nayiphi na enye, onako yande amanzi. It engagqibekanga ndinqumle kunye emazantsi amaqhezu kwakhona bahlaselwa ngamatye, uze luhlalu. Ukuphakama zomaleko emva Kuqukaniswa imalunga-30 cm. Ukususela iindleko zabo uqeqesho kwaye zizakuxhomekeka kwindlela ixesha liya kwakha iindlela eziphathekayo. Ebubanzini Ubuncinane wenqwelwana ixhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaba kunye zone zemozulu. Kuchazwa kwitheyibhile. Phakathi zonke iimaleko izinto ezahlukeneyo wabeka geotextile.

Ilungelelanise umaleko ngalinye eziveliswa ngokuhambisana kuyilo kwithambeka longitudinal and enqamlezileyo.

Stone izinto isiseko ngokubanzi ukomeleza izinto zinezinto ayikokubambana ngendlela. Oku kunokuba isamente okanye inkunkuma yemizi-mveliso: granulated zeBlack metallurgical kunye Ukongeza yekalika ekhawulezayo, nothuthu izikhululo zamandla thermal, zeBlack emhlabeni. Lo maleko kufuneka monolithic, oko kwenziwa ngokuthi kusetyenziswe ziyabophelela ezaqanjwa kaloliwe ngenyameko.

Kwathi oomatshini zokwakha rhoqo kufuna ukwanda ezongezelelweyo inqaba umaleko asezantsi. Ukuze wenze oku, oko kusenza ezaqanjwa cementitious.

formwork

Formwork eyenziwe ematendeni Ugcwaliso ukuphakama, nto leyo 100-150 mm. Ukukhetha ukuphakama kwayo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kungqameko slab eziphathekayo wenza iimbambo ukuba ukwandisa amandla ayo. Ububanzi ngamaplanga kufuneka ubuncinane i-50 mm. ukwakhiwa kwawo isale, utsalo lula ukusuka slab zibambene. Ngu formwork of neenkuni iimfuno amandla injongo ngekhonkrithi entsha kunye nemikhosi evela ngexesha umsebenzi loyo.

Ukuba isicelo enzima oomatshini indlela ukugangatheka kunye nendawo ophela eziphathekayo, iseti onamandla formwork ngentsimbi. Akunamsebenzi lokoluka, kwaye kakhulu elide. Intende iye noseko lwalo, okwandisa ukuzinza.

Icandelo shuttering ifakwe kwi-line, wabopha nikholosile. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi xa uthe wenza oomatshini enzima ehlokomayo eziphathekayo. Xa iindawo ukunciphisa amanqanaba isiseko phantsi formwork kugalela layers eziphathekayo ndayame ukwenzela uzinzo olukhulu.

Eziphathekayo indlela: iipleyiti iindlela zokuvelisa

Ngaphambi kokuba iiseti eziphathekayo ukwanda amalungu kuvumela Iizilebhu ukuba nkqo yaye tye kwandise okanye ucinezelo.

1. Amalunga Ukwandiswa

amacandelo Baza, bahlukane ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuba izinto grouting uyasetyenziswa, ngokubamba amandla: i paperboard ubushushu, iinkuni ethambileyo, ukhokho ngebhitumene. Ukuze awukhusele eluthulini kunye namatye kwindawo ingenamthungo eliphezulu ukuya kubunzulu ka 40-50 mm kuyimfuneko ukwenza ukuba zingangenwa sealant. Ukuba akukho nto yenzeka ngexesha, ukwandiswa iibhulorho amatye usenokwaphula kude.

Umgama phakathi yaseZimbabwe kwi sezulu sifudumele ka 20-30 m ukuthembeka enamathela kuba Iizilebhu elide yi-50% kunye omfutshane -. 85%. Lubonakala yi ukuxhathisa ngokuhlaziya phakathi overhauls. ngeso lenyama Monolithic ixhaswe iintonga zentsimbi, zibekwe ezivuzayo.

Bona efakwe ngokusebenzisa ebusweni icala okanye isixhobo olukhethekileyo pavers. Xa izikhewu phakathi iipleyiti ezikufutshane zezona kumgama ongaphezu kwe-6 m, isiciko ephezulu oluzakunyuswa beentanda enxibelelanisayo kubunzulu ka 1/3 Ebubanzini eziphathekayo. amalungu lobuxoki kwaye wenze esqwini indlela.

Ububanzi eentsontelo zombini indlela 6-9 m. Lobushushu-nciphisa itywina kwakhona kwenziwa phakathi kwabo iintanda longitudinal zaye ayakhekanga.

2. Ukubeka of eziphathekayo

Inkunkuma layer luvalwa iphepha manzi, amanzi okanye utyebile. Eziphathekayo ibekwe Ebubanzini ngexesha elinye. Ukuba kugunyaziso uyasetyenziswa, uzaliswe kuqala umaleko ububanzi 30-40 mm, kukuzishumayela kuyo igridi, uze emva koko zigcwaliswe ukuya ekupheleni shuttering.

Lo mxube ikhonkrithi kufuneka isicelo ngokukhawuleza, kuba lixesha elifutshane iphila. ayikwazi ukuba amanzi ngokuxuba, kuba oko kuya kukhokelela ekubeni kukwehla iimpawu mechanical le nembasa.

Ngenxa izixa elikhulu ukulungele-ukubeka mveliso eziphathekayo kumpompoze. Emva ukothula lo imoto yena ebulungelelanisile umatshini ezizodwa exhotyiswe iibleyidi eziqhutywa. Lo mxube iyakhutshwa kweyoku-1 m ³ kwaye ibekwe ngokufanayo, okanye iya kuba ngumwewe omkhulu kunakuqala ezantsi ngaphezu kwezinye iindawo. Xa lenkqubo ilungelelanise le angalinganiyo igcinwa khona, nto leyo ekhokelele ekunyukeni iziza shrinkage malouplotnennyh. Ngaloo phezu komhlaba kwipleyiti kwakhiwa misinga. Eyona ndlela engcono ingqokelela efanayo olungundoqo 2-3 zikhabane.

3. ukutywina eziphathekayo

Izixhobo ngokuba ukugangatheka ngekonkriti yi iplanga eyenziwe ngomthi okanye ngentsimbi, leyo asenokuzichaphazela esisigxina kwaso izando anomoya. Oku sokuvalwa kumxube eziphathekayo kwaye ushukume ngaphakathi kuyo. Xa icandelo processing iphela, umqadi uphakanyiselwa mazigqithiselwe kwenye indawo.

Xa usebenzisa vibratory bar armature kufuneka ibe kulo kumgama 5-7 cm ngasentla.

Umatshini neentshukumo kwakhona iquka ngaphandle screed neentshukumo edulusele phambili.

Ngu plasticity le eziphathekayo mix iimfuno ezizodwa. Kufuneka mobile ngokwaneleyo, kodwa hayi zibhityile kakhulu, okanye enye into kuthatha indawo ekususeni, niphuphuma ngokusebenzisa formwork - amandla kuguga.

Emva ukuqaqadeka kancinane le slab eziphathekayo obegalelwe ngamanzi ukunqanda iintanda kukoma. ikhava Wakhe zesanti, bebasa iindiza, ezirhwexayo okanye ngelaphu. Indlela yanamhlanje nokhuseleko Ukuvela komphunga luhlobo ekubizwa kutshizwa kwi slab kumphezulu lukhuni sealant. Iarhente film-yakheka lisetyenziswa lonke komhlaba kunye nokuphela kwegqabi. Phambi ekufuneka ukususa ukufuma kwemfuneko ukusuka ukutyabeka.

Low concrete kwizinga umxube kukhokelela imfuno ukulungiswa kwendlela rhoqo.

isiphelo

Ithekhinoloji ukwakhiwa kweendlela eziphathekayo qho ukuphucuka, ngenxa kulandelayo:

1. Ukuphucula izakhono kunye namava lweengcali.
2. Ubukho multi-msebenzi kunye nobuchwepheshe ophezulu yokusebenza.
3. ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo zobugcisa, nto leyo evumela zokunciphisa umsebenzi wezandla.
4. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezintsha phambili.

Nangona yeendleko eziphezulu, iindleko zokulungisa iindlela eziphathekayo kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu ngakumbi na ukulungiswa asphalt.