Imithetho imizila yemfuza

Zesayensi mihla yemfuza njengoko iziseko babekwa zizazinzulu atyalwa eCzech Republic Mendel. Yaba nguye owathi ngo-1865 wenza uthotho experimenti phezu kweenkomo yembewu ertyisi kunye ngokusekelwe iziphumo yaqulunqa hypothesis ukuba inkqubo ilifa ngenxa yobukho kunye nentshukumo kwamasuntswana ethile ekhethekileyo. Ukongeza, Mendel mna ezinye iimpawu eziziziqalelo kwinkqubo yemizila yemfuza, eyile yokuba akanayo i umlinganiswa eliphakathi.

Kamva, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini sele, iingqikelelo Mendel zaye yaqinisekiswa experiment, leyo zaphuhliswa zaza zasetyenziswa H. De Frizo and K. Correns. Igama elithi "yemfuza" phakathi intsingiselo igama nenzululwazi entsha wabonakala okokuqala kwi wokubhalwa semvelo IsiNgesi uWilliam Betsona, kwaye ngo-1909, ukuhlola izisekelo yemfuza Mendel, Dane B. Johansen yaziswa ejikeleza lwenzululwazi udidi "gene", ebhekisela amasuntswana ekhethekileyo kakhulu, Yintoni na wakhokelela Mendel.

Ingcamango ezingundoqo kummandla yemfuza yi yofuzo. ukuqonda esekelwe phezu iimpawu ingqalelo zonke izinto eziphilayo Kwathi iimpawu zabo njengelifa. Le nkqubo kubonelelwa ubuchule babo ukugcina iimpawu zazo zithwala ixesha elide. Kulo mzekelo, kwakunye neempawu ufuzo eyimfuneko ubuchule eyaziwayo ukutshintsha phenotypic kunye neempawu genotypic. Lo mhlaba weza ukwaziwa Ukwahluka-hlukana ke, enyanisweni, ukuba ngoku bayaqonda njengesiseko yemfuza zizalele nakuzo.

Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke inkqubela mihla izakhi kweleta izizathu yabo ukuvela kunye nophuhliso uphando ezintsha nobuchwepheshe. Kuphela kule isisekelo kwaba lula ukufaka abonise izibonelelo ngokomfuniselo ezinjalo angundoqo theory and Applied Genetics, isakhiwo kunye nokwakhiwa le asidi acid, bavumelekile ukuba atyhile ikhowudi ikhowudi yezofuzo, bonisa iyahlolwa kwaye ucacise kwinqanaba amanyathelo theory biosynthetic. Xa ilizwi, iziseko ze yemfuza, wabeka phantsi kwi-19 - 20, waba sisiseko apho namhlanje nokuphuhlisa iindawo ezininzi lenzululwazi yemfuza: yemfuza eziphilayo kwindaleko, gene geography kunye immunogenetics, imfuza zonyango kunye nabanye.

Inkqubo lokwanda rhoqo entsimini yophando izakhi kwakhokelela ekwandeni kakhulu, kwaye ukufunda isifundo yayo njenge inzululwazi ngengqiqo mihla, isihloko nenzululwazi ye yemfuza kukufunda imithetho ziqhelekileyo nayimfuneko kwimfuza kunye nomahluko. Isiseko enokwehla yokuqhutywa kophando ezinjalo data phenotypic.

Ngexesha uphuhliso lenzululwazi yemfuza kwasekwa izixhobo categorical kwale nzululwazi, yaye namhlanje phantse wonke umntu ofundileyo isebenza kakhulu ngokukhululekileyo izinto ezifana, gene phenotype, kweejini kunye nabanye. Ngaphezu koko, iindidi ezithile Genetics "owahamba" kwaye kwezinye nenzululwazi, kuquka kwezentlalo. Apha zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa iimpawu ezithile kunye neemeko oluntu kunye nezakhiwo zawo, ebonakala ngu ukukwazi ukugcina uzinzo yayo, uzinzo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka ekudluliseni lweempawu zentlalo nenkcubeko.

iziseko Modern zofuzo isekelwe ukuqatshelwa eziliqela amalungiselelo:

- ufuzo cala kuyimfuneko yaye parameter obubobu, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza eziphilayo;

- ukuba yokwahluka kwemfuza i ingcambu unobangela ukuvela kunye nophuhliso yonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye ngendaleko babo;

- iimpawu hereditarily ehlelwe zinxulunyaniswe iimolekyuli DNA kunye RNA benzela abathwali enkulu ulwazi zamafa;

- zokubonisa nobuqu kweentlobo ngamnye sibonelelwe reactions kwemichiza ebandakanya genes and udlulise ulwazi olufanelekileyo malunga isibonakaliso esithile;

- ulwazi yemfuza ngokwayo ise kwiseli nucleus.

Ngokwesiseko la malungiselelo ziye zavela mfundiso, leyo namhlanje zenza isiseko yemfuza ezisisiseko. Phakathi kwabo, yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kuhlala ezifana kwithiyori umnqamlezo monohybrid, ebizwa ngalo igama mdali layo - Gregor imithetho Mendel ngayo ubungqina indibanisela, kunye nezinye theory chromosomal.