Njani amasuntswana e eziqinileyo, ezilulwelo kunye neegesi?

Le ezibonakalayo kuphela sithetha ngendlela zicwangciswe amasuntswana e eziqinileyo, kodwa njengoko zihamba ngayo igesi okanye ulwelo. Iintlobo yikristale ezikrobeni kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ziza kuchazwa.

isimo physical

Kukho imigangatho ethile, ebonisa ubukho ezintathu ithi ngumntu udibaniso, ezizezi okuqinileyo, ulwelo kunye negesi.

Awona macandelo elungiselelwe amacandelo karhulumente ngamnye aggregate.

1. Ezi eziqinileyo kusebenza zozinzo ubukhulu kunye nokumila. Utshintsho lokugqibela kuyingxaki kakhulu ngaphandle iindleko ezongezelelweyo zamandla.
2. Esingamanzi ukutshintsha ngokulula imilo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ugcina umthamo.
3. izinto sukube ndaphelelwa imilo okanye umthamo.

Isibaluli apho umiselwa imeko udibaniso lilungiselelo ezo molekyuli kunye neendlela intshukumo yabo. I sukube into ubuncinane umgama phakathi iimolekyuli ngamnye kuphezulu kunoko zabo. Ngenxa yoko, le molecule kwezinto engamanzi musa ndikuchithachithe amabanga elide phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo kubo nokugcina umthamo wabo. Amasuntswana ezisebenzayo eziqinileyo alandelelana echanekileyo, ngamnye kubo, ngathi ikloko pendulum, ihamba ingongoma ethile yikristale ngekroba. Oku kunika eziqinileyo amandla ethile ukuqina.

Ngoko ke, kule meko, lo mbuzo ngokucinezelwa ukuba amalungiselelo indlela amasuntswana ezikhoyo eziqinileyo. Kuzo zonke ezinye iimeko, i-atom (molekyuli) agcinwa kanjalo isakhiwo.

Iimpawu ulwelo

Kuyimfuneko ukuba anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yokuba ilulwelo luhlobo njengekhonco phakathi imeko esiluqilima lomzimba isigaba wayo sukube. Ngenxa yoko, ngokwehlisa iqondo lobushushu Ukuguqulwa kolwelo ulwelo, kwaye xa ukhulisa sibonakale ngaphezulu iqondo iziyobisi ludlulele kurhulumente sukube. Nangona kunjalo, ulwelo ezifanayo kunye izinto eziqinileyo kunye sukube. Ngoko ke, ngo-1860, i-nzulu obalaseleyo Russian D. I. Mendeleev waseka ubukho ekuthiwa lobushushu ezibalulekileyo - abilayo epheleleyo. Le ixabiso apho liyalahleka umda obhityileyo phakathi irhasi kunye kweziyobisi urhulumente esiqinileyo.

Isibaluli elandelayo, edibanisa ezimbini omelene seemodyuli karhulumente - isotropy. Kulo mzekelo, le mihlaba ziyafana kuyo yonke indlela. Ziikristale, zibuye zibe anisotropic. Ngokufanayo igesi, nolwelo musa i imilo fixed ukulidla ngokupheleleyo umthamo isitya ahlala kuzo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba babe viscosity ephantsi fluidity eliphezulu. Ezijongeneyo, ilulwelo okanye igesi microparticles yenza nokususwa free. Kuqala wacinga ukuba umthamo yile engamanzi, kukho intshukumo nangocwangco iimolekyuli. Ngenxa yoko, ulwelo kunye negesi abachasene kwakheka. Kodwa ngenxa izifundo ezilandelayo aye abonisa ukufana phakathi eziqinileyo kunye ulwelo.

Kwisigaba ulwelo kubushushu kufutshane Ukuqinisa intshukumo thermal efana intshukumo eziqinileyo. Kulo mzekelo, ulwelo kusengenzeka isakhiwo ethile. Ngoko ke, ngokunika impendulo yalo mbuzo, njengoko amasuntswana acwangciswe eziqinileyo ulwelo kunye neegesi, singatsho ukuba umbhodamo, ogula intshukumo yokugqibela iimolekyuli. kodwa okuqinileyo, iimolekyuli nokuhlala kwiimeko ezininzi ezithile, indawo esisigxina.

Kulwelo kule meko luhlobo nomlomo. Okukhona lobushushu ukuba ithumba, kokukhona molekyuli lihamba yeegesi. Ukuba Amazinga likufutshane lenguqu ukuya kwisigaba eqinileyo, le microparticles niqalise ukuba anyakaze kwaye ngocwangco ngakumbi.

Ukutshintsha imo ye-izinto

Cinga umzekelo olula ngokwenene, ukutshintsha iimeko amanzi. Ice - sisigaba esiluqilima amanzi. kwithempritsha yayo - ngaphantsi zero. Kubushushu lingana zero, umkhenkce linyibilike kwaye iba emanzini. Oku kungenxa kokutshatyalaliswa yikristale Ilibele xa afudunyezwe amasuntswana uqale ukususa. Iqondo lobushushu apho into litshintsha imo aggregate ibizwa ngokuba indawo yokunyibilika (kule meko amanzi ilingana no0). Qaphela ukuba iqondo lobushushu umkhenkce iya kuhlala kwinqanaba elifanayo ukuya kwindawo yayo yokunyibilika. I-atom okanye molecule lwelo ukuhambisa ngendlela efanayo naleyo echazwe eziqinileyo.

Emva koko, qhubeka ukufudumeza amanzi. Amasuntswana kulo mzekelo uqale ukususa ngokunzima logama nje nemfuyo yethu zifikelela kwinqanaba elilandelayo notshintsho kwi imeko udibaniso - abilayo. Loo mzuzu kwenzeka imixokelelwane lekhefu phakathi molekyuli iyilwe nguye ngokuthi ekukhawuleziseni intshukumo - ke uba simahla kwindalo, kwaye igqalwa yi ulwelo singena kwisigaba sukube. Inkqubo yotshintsho umba (amanzi) ukususela kwisigaba yolwelo apha ekuthiwa abilayo sukube.

Iqondo lobushushu apho amanzi yamathumba, iqondo umnxeba. Kwimeko lethu eli xabiso ilingana 100 degrees Celsius (ubushushu kuxhomekeke koxinzelelo, uxinzelelo yinto malunga mnye umoya). Qaphela: xa kukho into engamanzi ngokupheleleyo iguqulelwe umphunga, iqondo layo uhlala rhoqo.

I-reverse amanzi inkqubo yenguqu bekwimo sukube (umphunga) kwi ulwelo, leyo kuthiwa ngamanzi.

Ukongeza kuyenzeka ukubona inkqubo yovalo - yenguqu engamanzi (amanzi) ngendlela eziqinileyo (isimo sokuqala ezichazwe ngentla - i ice). Le nkqubo ichazwe apha ngasentla ukuvumela ukuba ufumane impendulo ngqo ngendlela zicwangciswe amasuntswana e eziqinileyo, ulwelo kunye negesi. Indawo kunye nemeko molecule into ixhomekeke imeko yayo, udibaniso.

Yintoni okuqinileyo? Ukuziphatha kwe microparticles kulo?

Solid - kule imeko kukuba okusingqongileyo eziphathekayo, isici esasenza apho kukugcina imilo rhoqo kunye nohlobo rhoqo sesindululo thermal of microparticles benza okunzulu ezincinane. Iqumrhu inokuba eqinileyo, elulwelo kunye nesimo sukube. Kukho kwakhona karhulumente lesine, abaphengululi mihla uthambekele ungasibaleli inani aggregate - ekuthiwa-plasma.

Ngenxa yoko, kwimeko yokuqala, nayiphi na into ngokubanzi imilo rhoqo engatshintshiyo kwaye anefuthe indlela amasuntswana acwangciswe eziqinileyo. Kwinqanaba kakhulu, kuba kubonakala ukuba athom ezakha eqinileyo, anxulumene omnye komnye ngeentambo imichiza kwaye kwi yikristale ngekroba.

Kodwa kukho ngaphandle - izinto amorphous, leyo eqinileyo, kodwa ke ubukho yikristale emkhusaneni ayikwazi ndiqhayise. It iyaqala kule kwaye anike impendulo ngendlela zicwangciswe amasuntswana ku eziqinileyo. Physics kwimeko yokuqala ibonisa ukuba athom okanye molecule enziwe kwi sites ngekroba. Kodwa kwimeko yesibini komyalelo efanayo, ngokuqinisekileyo, kwaye le nto ngakumbi njenge ulwelo.

Physics kunye enjengesakhiwo umzimba eqinileyo kunokwenzeka

Kulo mzekelo, izinto idla ukugcina umthamo wayo kwaye, kakade, ifomu. Oko kukuthi, ukuze utshintshe yokugqibela, iinzame kufuneka zenziwe, kwaye akunamsebenzi nokuba isifundo kwensimbi, isiqwenga yeplastiki okanye udongwe. Isizathu ilele kubume bayo eziphilayo. Ukuze ube ngqo ngakumbi ukuthetha, xa impefumlelwano ezo molekyuli ezibumba umzimba. Kulo mzekelo zezona zikufuphi. Oku le iimolekyuli yi-phinda. Kungenxa yoko le nto imikhosi yomtsalane phakathi ngalinye kula macandelo liphezulu kakhulu.

Impefumlelwano microparticles uchaza uhlobo yeentshukumo zabo. Ekubumbeni okanye umthamo kulo mzimba eqinileyo ukuze alungise kwicala elinye okanye omnye kunzima kakhulu. amasuntswana obuphathekayo umzimba abakwazi ukuya ngokungenamkhethe kulo umthamo umzimba eziqinileyo, kodwa unako uyatshintshatshintsha kuphela macala ingongoma ethile emajukujukwini. molekyuli okuqinileyo-karhulumente isihla inyuka ngokungakhethiyo kumacala ahlukeneyo, kodwa kukhubeka phezu ngokwayo ukuba babuyele ukuba imeko yabo yokuqala. Yiyo loo nto loo Amasuntswana eziqinileyo zidla zibekwe ngendlela echazwe ngokungqongqo.

Amasuntswana kunye nelungiselelo zabo eqinileyo

imizimba Solid unokuba iindidi ezintathu: crystalline, amorphous kunye zisasilela. Yeyona ekwakhiweni yemichiza kuchaphazela indawo amasuntswana ku eziqinileyo.

eziqinileyo crystalline abe isakhiwo odwa. Ezi athom okanye iimolekyuli benza crystal emkhusaneni uhlobo lwendawo echanekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, okuqinileyo, leyo crystalline karhulumente, uye ngqo akhazimlayo emkhusaneni nto leyo, ikhankanya iipropati ezithile emzimbeni. Oku impendulo njani zicwangciswe amasuntswana ngendlela eqinileyo.

Nanku umzekelo: iminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo eSt Petersburg kwindawo yokugcina ukubamba stock of brilliant amaqhosha tin emhlophe, apho kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi baye balahlekelwa zisakhazimla kwaye obungwevu intsimbi emhlophe. Amaqhosha crumbled kuse olungumgubo. "Isibetho Tin" - babizwa ngokuba "isifo", kodwa ke nakubeni ke ngokutsha lwesakhiwo yikristale phantsi kwempembelelo lobushushu eliphantsi. Tin kwi inguqu ukusuka emhlophe ezahlukeneyo grey ibonakala ukuba ngumgubo. Ziikristale, ke, azizahlulo mono- kunye polycrystalline.

ziikristale elilodwa polycrystalline

ziikristale Abangatshatanga (sodium ityuwa) - yinto ziikristale olunye yohlobo olunye emelwe gqolo akhazimlayo efestileni ngohlobo weepholigoni rhoqo. Polycrystals (intlabathi, iswekile, isinyithi, amatye) - imizimba crystalline ezithe ikhule ndawonye, ziikristale ezincinane ngokungakhethiyo ezisasaziweyo. Le ziikristale bayiqaphela le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa anisotropy.

Amorphousness: a Eyonanto ibalulekileyo

umzimba Amorphous (resin, rosin, iglasi, evuthiweyo) agcinwa ukucima indlela engqongqo kwilungiselelo le amasuntswana. Le meko ezingaqhelekanga, yintoni ukuze ezi Amasuntswana eziqinileyo. Kulo mzekelo, kukho lo mkhuba iimpawu isotropic wenyama eziqinileyo amorphous na efanayo kuwo onke amacala. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, baba ngathi ulwelo viscous, yaye low - njenge eziqinileyo. Xa amandla lwangaphandle ngaxeshanye ukubonisa iipropati ilastiki, ngamanye ufa xa wambetha amasuntswana ezincinane njengoko eziqinileyo, kwaye fluidity: iqondo sesichengeni elide baqala flow abe lulwelo. Musa ukuba kwawe kunye crystallization ecacileyo. Xa itshiswe, wathambisa umzimba amorphous.

Imizekelo yezinto amorphous

Ngokomzekelo, iswekile eziqhelekileyo ukufumana indawo amasuntswana kwi eziqinileyo izihlandlo ezahlukahlukeneyo umzekelo wakhe. Kulo mzekelo, umbandela efanayo kungenzeka uhlobo crystalline okanye amorphous. Xa iswekile otyhidiweyo kancinane Ukuguqulwa kolwelo, ezo molekyuli benza ngokwemigca ethe ngqo - ziikristale (itheyibhile iswekile okanye neswekile). Ukuba iswekile zanyibilika, umzekelo, agalelwa amanzi abandayo, ukupholisa kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye amasuntswana abanalo ixesha ukwenza imiqolo rhoqo - baphele Ukuguqulwa kolwelo ngaphandle iikristali. Njengoba kuvela iswekile ilekese (oku iswekile non-crystalline).

Kodwa emva komzuzwana, into unako recrystallized, amasuntswana ziqokelelwe ngokwemigca rhoqo. Ukuba sugar candy kulala phantsi iinyanga eziliqela, kuya kuqalisa yenziwe yi umaleko evakalala. Ekubeni ziikristale kuvela phezu komhlaba. Sugar uya kuba ezimbalwa kwiinyanga ixesha, kwaye uya kuba lilitye - kwizigidi zeminyaka. Umzekelo eyahlukileyo carbon. Grafayithi - kobudala crystalline, isakhiwo sayo sixhobo sekhombuya. A nedayimani - ke izimbiwa inzima phezu komhlaba, unako ukusika iglasi waza wabona amatye, isetyenziselwa ukubhola kunye wokucoca. Kulo mzekelo esifana - carbon, kodwa isici uyakwazi ukwenza iifom crystalline ezahlukeneyo. Le yenye impendulo njani zicwangciswe amasuntswana ngendlela eqinileyo.

Iziphumo. isiphelo

Isakhiwo kunye nohlelo Amasuntswana eziqinileyo ixhomekeka apho hlobo loluka iyeza umbuzo. Ukuba into leyo crystalline, indawo microparticles iza kunxiba ngocwangco. Isakhiwo amorphous ye bebubalaselisa akwenziwanga ilifa. Kodwa zisasilela liphethwe zombini iqela lokuqala nolwesibini.

Kwimeko enye, ulwelo uziphethe efanayo eqinileyo (kwiqondo lobushushu ephantsi, nto leyo kufutshane ubushushu crystallization i), kodwa kungakhokelela kunye negesi (ukuba ukwanda). Ngoko ke, kule nto Isishwankathelo ukuba ozakuthathwa amasuntswana ibekwe nje kuphela eziqinileyo kunye nezinye lithi ezisisiseko-arhente udibaniso.