Ilitye le-Monolithic endlini eyenziwe ngekrekri ephazamisayo. Ukubalwa kunye ne-device monolithic

Xa ukwakhiwa kweendonga ezivela kwikhonkthi ephazamisayo kuza ixesha apho kuyimfuneko ukunyamekela ukwakhiwa kwee-ceilings eziphazamisayo, zinokuthi zenziwe ngamaplanga emithi okanye i-slabs slabs. Ukuba uthelekisa nezakhiwo ezakhiwe kwizitena, ngoko xa ufaka izifaki zokuphazamisa kwiindonga ze-foam kunye neekhasi zegesi, kufuneka ubeke ibhanti elikhuphayo eliza kusasaza imithwalo.

Isixhobo sokugqithisa kwi-plate monolithic

Ilitye le-monolithic kwindlu eyenziwe ngekrekri ekhutshiwe ingenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-slab eqinisekisiwe. Le teknoloji isetyenzisiwe namhlanje kwintsimi yokwakhiwa ngamatitshala abucala kunye neengcali zobungcali. Iziseko zihlala zithembekile kwaye zinokwethenjelwa, kodwa zinobunzima obumangalisayo, obufanele ziqwalaselwe xa zakha izindonga ezakhiweyo. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba amacwecwe angakwazi ukusabalalisa ubunzima bawo kwaye angaphuli ubuchule benkqubo, xa kufakwa i-slabs , kufuneka kwenziwe ukwakhiwa okongeziweyo, okubonakala ngathi ikhonkrithi okanye ibhande lesitena. Kwimeko yokuqala, iplati ixhaswa ngetekiti ye-150x250 mm yekhonkrithi. Itholakala ngaphaya komda wodonga. Itheyipu iyaqiniswa ngokuqiniswa, ububanzi bayo buyi-10 mm. Isigaba esilandelayo kukuphalaza ibakala le-concrete M-200.

Xa ukufakela kwe-monolithic kwindlu kwenziwe ngekrekri ephazamisayo, i-gap lokushisa e-2-cm kufuneka ishiywe, emele ibekwe phakathi kokuphela kwesibhakabhaka esenziwe ngogrethi kunye nodonga. Ukuphelisa amabhuloho abandayo, ibhanti yokuqinisa kunye neplate isongezwe, kwaye i-polystyrene ekhutshweyo ingasetyenziswa. Kukulungele ukukhetha abo abanama-50 mm. Ikhetho lesibini, elibonelela ukusetyenziswa kwebhanti yitena, kubandakanye ukubamba umzobo wezitena obomvu. Ubekwe emigqeni emithathu. Olu khetho luqhelekileyo xa usebenzisa ibhanti yokuhambisa.

Brick Belt

Kule meko, akukho mfuneko yokuxhobisa ifom yomsebenzi, okwaneleyo ukwakha isakhelo sokomeleza kwiintonga. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokubeka izitena, kufuneka uqinise iibhloko zodonga kunye nokuqiniswa. Kule nto, kuyimfuneko ukwenza i-groove, ukubeka imivalo yokuqinisela kuyo kwaye uzalise umquba we-samente. Ubumbano luqiniswa ngumnatha wobuciko, ophakathi kwemigca. I-slaol monolithic eqinisekisiwe i-konolithic kufuneka ifinyelele ngakumbi eludongeni ngo-14 cm. Oku kuya kukwanela ukuqinisekisa ukuqina nokuzinza kwesakhiwo.

Iimpawu zeselfowuni se-monolithic

Ilitye le-monolithic kwindlu eyenziwe ngekrekthi ephazamisayo inokubonelela ngebhanti yokuqinisa i-monolithic. Isakhiwo esenziwe ngekhonkrithi ephawulwayo le ngxenye yomsebenzi iyimfuneko. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, lenza indima yokusabalalisa umthwalo ukusuka phantsi, iindonga ezingaphantsi kunye nokulayishwa kwimivuzo evela kwizinto zangaphakathi, abantu kunye nezixhobo. Ibhanti yokuqinisa iya kuhlawulela ukungabikho kwekhonkrithi ebonakalayo, ebonakaliswa ngamandla okusebenza ekuguquleni.

Nangona ikhonkrithi ephazamisayo iyakwazi ukunyanzeliswa, ukungabikho kwebhanki eliqinisayo kuya kubangela umthwalo ongalinganiyo phezu kweendonga. Ngenxa yoko, bangabonakala ukusikwa, ngenxa yokokuba ezinye iibhloko zingabonakala. Ukufakela ukutshatyalaliswa okanye ukuqinisa intambo, iintlobo ezinzima zekhonkrithi kunye nokuqiniswa kufuneka zisetyenziswe, okokugqibela okuhambelana neklasi A III.

Ilitye le-monolithic kwindlu eyenziwe ngekrekri ekhutshiwe ingaba nebhanti elomelezayo, elixhotywe enye yeendlela ezikhoyo. Inokuthi ibe ngolu hlobo: kwicala elingaphandle kufuneka ukhuphule iibhloko zekhonkrithi, njengesisombululo esithile, ngamanye amaxesha usebenzisa isitena se-silicate. Phakathi komda womgangatho kwaye le mveliso ifanelana nokuqiniswa, kufuneka iboshwe. Kufuneka ukuba ukhethe izinto eziphathekayo kunye neeseli zesikwere, ecaleni elilingana no-10 cm. Amakhonkco angaphandle nangaphakathi kufuneka agxilwe nge-staples zensimbi, emva kokuba ibhande elomelezayo liza kuthunyelwa ngekhonkrithi.

Ukukhethwa kwendawo yokuhlala kwindlu ephuma kwi-gas block

Ipansi eliphakathi kwindlu eyenziwe ngekrekri ephawulweyo ingabonakaliswa okanye i-monolithic. Ziyakulungiswa kwisitye okanye iiplanga, zisebenzisa iiplati ezingenasiphelo ezivela kwiselula, ikhonkrithi enzima okanye izakhiwo ezikhethiweyo-i-monolithic. Njengesiqalo sokuqhawulwa, i-slaol monolithic ingenziwa, eyenziwa ekwakheni indawo. Iiplanga zokhuni kunye neekrete zineenzuzo kunye neentsikelelo, nangona kunjalo, ngokuqwalasela ukuthandwa kwekhonkrithi ephazamisayo, eqhubekayo isetyenziswa namhlanje kwindlu yokwakha, ezi zilandelayo zilandelayo:

• Ukukhawuleza kokwakhiwa;
• Iindleko zokufakela;
• Ixabiso lezinto eziphathekayo;
• Kufuneka ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezizodwa.

Ukwakhiwa kwekhonkrithi ephilileyo, iiprojekti ezinokufunyanwa kwinqaku, lilungiselela ukwakhiwa kwe-overlap, okukhethiweyo ukuba imimandla emininzi kunye namandla, njengommiselo, ayifanelekanga, ngenxa yokuba iintlobo ezidwelisweyo zinika ezi mpawu kwinqanaba elaneleyo kwinqanaba lezinto zokwakha. Ngaloo ndlela, ulwabiwo lwedatha lubalwa ukusuka kwi-500 ukuya ku-800 kg yemithwalo nganye kwi-1 m ² yommandla. Izifake eziphakathi kwendlu eyenziwe ngekrekthi ekhutshweyo kufuneka zenziwe ngezinto ezizinzileyo kunye nokugcina iimpawu zamandla kwizinga elifanelekileyo. Bamele babe nobomi benkonzo ende, iindleko eziphantsi, ukuxhathisa kwimpembelelo yangaphandle yemichiza okanye yemvelo.

Izilwanyana ze-monolithic ezenziwe ngekrekri ephazamisekileyo

Iindlu ezingabizi ezenziwe ngekhonkrithi ephazamisayo zingaxhaswa nge-slabs ephawulweyo eneempawu ezifanayo kunye neepropati njengeendonga. Olu khetho lunokuthiwa lunyanisekileyo, ngakumbi ukuba sinokuqwalasela ukuqhuba kakuhle kwezinto eziphathekayo, eziya kuba zifanayo. Ukuyeka kule nketho, unokukhetha izakhiwo ezikhethiweyo-monolithic, iimveliso eziqinisekisiwe zi-slabs zerkrit, okanye i-slaol monolithic. Kwimeko yokuqala, ngexesha lokufakela inkqubo, ukuqiniswa kufuneka kwenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kwamajoyina ekhonkrithi.

Namhlanje, xa kuthengiswa, unokufumana i-slabs yokukhonkxa ekhonkcekileyo, eyenziwa ngokwezikhulu zomntu ngamnye. Nangona kunjalo, ubude obude buyi-6 m, kwaye ububanzi bukhawulelwe kumda we-1.5 ukuya kwi-1.8 m. Ubunzima bungama-30 cm, umthwalo umda ngamnye kwi-1 m ² ngu-600 kg. Amacwecwe anjalo ayenziwa kuphela nge-autoclaving, kunye noxinano lwabo oluhambelana nomda we-D500. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-monolithic slabs ixhaswa ngumxube we-groove, oku kwenza kube lula ukufumana ulungelelwano oluqinileyo lwezinto kunye nomnye, ngelixa ufakelo lwenziwa ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu. Kweshintsho olunye, iqela labantu aba-4 liyakwazi ukwenza umonakalo, indawo leyo iyahluka ukusuka kwi-50 ukuya kwi-120 m ² .

Ngethuba lokufakela, ingongoma ebaluleke kakhulu kukuvuma ngexesha lokuveliswa kwee-slabs, ixesha lokuqeshisa i-crane yokukrazula kunye nexesha lokuthutha impahla kwiziko. Ukuba indlu ineendonga ezenziwe ngekrekri ephazamisayo, ngoko ke, njengokuba kungabikho ukusetyenziswa, kunokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe amacwecwe a-monolithic adibeneyo, ahlanganiselwe kwiibhloko eziyi-T. Ukusetyenziswa kweekhonkrithi eziqinileyo eziqinileyo , ubude obuyi-7 m, kunye nobude buyi-20 cm. Ubunzima besakhiwo bunokuba malunga neekhilomitha eziyi-120, okwenza ukuba ukwazi ukufaka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izixhobo zokwakha. Umgama phakathi kweemithi kufuneka ube ngu-68 cm, obonelela ngenkxaso kwicala kwicala ngalinye, oku kuyinyaniso ukuba ubude bebhloko bungama-60 cm.

Xa ufaka umgca wokuqala, elinye icala lomgca wesigxina liya kuphumla eludongeni oluxhasayo lwesakhiwo. Amalungu ahlanganiswe phakathi kweebhloko aya kubonakala njengemifula, zizaliswe ngekriti, iklasi layo kufuneka ihambelane ne-B20. Emva kokuba zonke iibhloko ezithintekayo zikhoyo, kufuneka ubophe ukuxhaswa, okuthululwa kwisalathisi se-5-cm yekhonkrithi. Ngokugcwele ukuqonda kwakhe kuya kwenzeka kwiiveki ezi-4, kodwa ngokukodwa ukulayisha ukuyila kungenziwa emva kweentsuku ezi-7.

Yiphi iiplanga eziya kukhetha indlu ukusuka kwi-gas block

Ukuba ucinga malunga nombuzo wohlobo oluthile lokuphulukana olungcono kwindlu ephuma kwisitishi segesi, ngoko kufuneka ubeke ingqwalasela kwimithi. Yona khetho ekhethiweyo kakhulu kwiibhloko zodonga ezilula. Ukugqithwa okunjalo kukhanya ngakumbi kunezikhonkco, bafaka ingcinezelo encinci kwiindonga ngethuba lokusebenza, uyilo luba lulula. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, iindleko zeemithi zokhuni, ngokuqwalasela ukuhanjiswa kunye nokufakela ziya kuba ngaphantsi kweendleko zokuxhaswa kweebhonkti zekhonkrithi. Impompo ebizayo ayimfuneko ukuba iqeshwe, kuba yonke into ingenziwa ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Ukusebenzisa iiplanga zokhuni, kuyaqatshelwa ukuba ukufakela kulula kakhulu. Ukwenza oku, kuya kukwanela ukwenza ibhanti yokuqiniswa, njengoko kunjalo kwi-slabs slabs. Kuya kubeka iiplanga. Imilenze ihlanganiswe ngokubunjwa kwe-antifungal phambi kokufakwa, baya kuxhaswa ngeendonga. Bayihlanganiswe ngophawu lokuphahla okanye nayiphi na into ekhusela amanzi. Kunconywa ukuba ukuphela kwesibonda kuhluthe, i-angle kufanele ibe ngama-60 °. Ngendlela efanayo, i-heatater isetyenziswe. Phakathi kwodonga kunye nokuphela kushiywe i-2-cm gap, efunekayo ekunyuseni kweqondo lokushisa. Izigodo zokhuni zibekwe eludongeni, zimele zenziwe zijonge nge-15 cm.

Ubungakanani kunye neendleko zeebhloko zeekrekethi

Iibhloko zeerkrithi ezicwangcisiweyo, ubukhulu kunye nexabiso lentengo echaziweyo ngokubanzi, isetyenziswa ekwakheni namhlanje ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Iindleko nganye ngecandelo elingu-130 ruble. Eyona mininzi kakhulu iibhloko, ngokukhawuleza kuya kubakho ukugqiba ukwakhiwa. Izinto eziza kuphakanyiswa kweendonga ziya kuhlawula phakathi kwama-ruble angu-3,100 no-3,600. Ngama-cubic meter. Ubude obude buyi-600 okanye 625 mm, ububanzi bungalingana no-250, 300, 375, 400 okanye 500 mm. Ngokumalunga nokuphakama, inokulingana nama-200 kunye nama-250 mm. Iibhloko zeerkrithi ezicwangcisiweyo (ubukhulu kunye nentengo nganye ngalunye zixutyushwa kwinqaku) zingabuye zenzelwe ukwahlula. Le nto ithengiswa ngexabiso lama-ruble angama-3200. Ngama-cubic meter. Ubude obude kunye nobude buhlala bufana nale ndlela ingentla, kodwa ububanzi buba ngu-50, 75, 100, 125 no-150 mm.

Ukubalwa kokugqithwa kweplate

Ubungakanani obuphezulu beelolitiki yelitrha yeendonga zekriteli zendlu zikhankanywe ngasentla. Uyilo lomthwalo kwi-1 m ^{2 yaziwa} kwakhona, yingakho kunokwenzeka ukubala ukugqitywa kweplate. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka ukwazi ukumelana nokukhwa kwekhonkrithi, ukumelana nokuqulunqwa kokuqiniswa kunye neklasi yeentonga zokuqiniswa. Iparameter yokuqala iyalingana no-Rb = 7.7 MPa, okwesibini ngu-Rs = 365 MPa, kanti iklasi yokuqiniswa esetyenziswayo ngu-A400C.

Umgama ukusuka kumgca weplani ukuya kuqiniswa ngowama-35 mm, umzuzu wokugqithisa umlinganiselo kufuneka ubalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: M = q * L 2 2/11. M = 695 * 2.52 / 11 = 395 kg / m. Ukuba i-overlap ine-mesh ephantsi yokuqinisa, kufuneka ihlangabezane neemeko phantsi kwam ngaphantsi kwe-ar. Ipharamitha yesibini imiselwe kwaye i-0.440. Nangona ndiyi-M / (Rb * b * h02), apha b ububanzi obugqithisiweyo, obuyi-6 m, ngelixa h0 umgama ukusuka kwinqanaba lobunzima bokuqiniswa kumgca we-plate, eyi-0.045 m. Ngaloo nto, ndilingana no-395 / (77000 * 6 * 0.0452) = 0.042. Ixabiso le-0.042 likhulu kune-0.440. Ukuba mna mkhulu kuno-ra, ngoko kukho isidingo sokwandisa uphawu lwekhonkrithi okanye ukwandisa icandelo eliphambeneyo lokuqiniswa.

Ukuqhubela phambili ngasentla, kunokuthi ingqalelo ukuba ukubalwa kwe-monolithic kungenziwa ngawe.

Kutheni usebenzisa i-monolithic overlap

Nangona kunjalo ukuba namhlanje kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeendonga zeendonga zekritezi ezinamanzi, i-monolithic inezinzuzo ezininzi. Abakhethiweyo kungabikho ngaphantsi kwezinto ezikhethiweyo ze-wood-monolithic. Isixhobo sokugqithwa kwe-monolithic siphumelele, emva kokuba zonke izakhiwo ezinjalo:

• U qoqosho;
• Ihlala ihleli;
• Kulula ukufaka;
• Ukungabi nomlilo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe kwakhona ukufumaneka ngokubanzi kwezinto zokwenza umsebenzi. Into kuphela emele ihlawulwe ingqalelo ukuba ikhonkrit ekulungele ukuzakhela ngasese ayifanelekanga. Kunconywa ukuyiyala, kuba kwimveliso kukho iimfuno ezithile kunye nemigangatho elawulwa nguRhulumente. Ukuba wenza ukhonkrit wena, awukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba iya kufeza imigangatho, iya kuba yithembekileyo kwaye ihlale ihleli.

Isixhobo sokuqhawula i-monolithic sinokuhamba kunye nobunzima obuninzi, oboniswe kwinto yokuba ikhonkrithi iya kuphakanyiswa ekuphakameni okukhulu. Ngoko ke, kukho isidingo sokuqasha ipompo yekhonkrithi. Iingxaki nazo zibonakaliswe kwinto yokuba kuya kubakho ukuxhobisa yonke ifom yommandla. Yenziwe ngumbandela oqinileyo kwaye ophezulu oya kuba nakho ukuxubusha umxube wekhonkrithi. Inye imitha yesigcawu iya kubhalisa i-500 kg, oku kuyinyaniso ukuba uhlaka lwekhonkrithi lu-15 cm.

Isiphelo

I-slabs ze-concrete zixhotywe ngemisebenzi eyenziwe ngezinto ezifunekayo kufuneka zibe neyona ndlela ekhuselekileyo yokukhusela, kuba umthwalo uya kunyuka xa uphalala kumpu wekhonkrithi. Iingcali zicebisa ukusebenzisa ibhola le square ngehlangothini lwe-100 mm kule njongo. Njengesisombululo esinye, kukho iipaneli zeplywood, ububanzi obuhluka kwi-18 ukuya kwi-20 mm. Emva kokuba ifom ekulungele, kufuneka uqiniseke ukuba inqanaba kunye noncedo lwezinga lokwakha.