Iintlobo lweenkqubo zebhanki. Central Bank. Network iibhanki zorhwebo

Uphuhliso ngempumelelo loqoqosho lwesizwe karhulumente kweli lizwe ifuna inkqubo yogcino esebenzayo. Zininzi iindlela zokwakha kuyo. Kodwa kuqala, iinkokheli lizwe liya kuqinisekisa ulandelelwano lohlobo inkqubo yogcino-mali kulindeleke ukuba. Yintoni ezithile kulo mzekelo, nga ha kokela nyingiso uRhulumente?

Yintoni na kwinkqubo yogcino

Ngaphambi kokuhlolisisa imihlaba leyo zihlelwe kwindlela yogcino (iintlobo, isakhiwo model nganye), ukuchaza ixesha iqumrhu ingqalelo. Zeziphi iindlela eziqhelekileyo ukubhengezwa iikhonsepthi uphando kulo mba?

I ingcali uluntu Russian phantsi kwenkqubo leebhanki amaninzi aqondwe ngoLwesithathu intsebenziswano phakathi kukarhulumente, amaziko ahlukeneyo kunye nemibutho, abantu ngokusemthethweni apho imicimbi ezisemthethweni nemali kunye nempahla zemali. unxibelelwano Data kunokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ezahlukahlukeneyo iindlela. Le nkqubo yogcino - iziko mali yinxalenye ebalulekileyo loqoqosho lwesizwe.

Kakuhle eli unxibelelwano ziyaphawulwa ngokuzibhala kurhulumente, amashishini kunye nabantu luqinisekiswa kakhulu uhlobo necandelo leebhanki. Ngokufunda oko babe.

Ukwahlukanisa Iinkqubo zebhanki

Kukho izizathu ezininzi ngokuhlelwa kweenkqubo zebhanki. Kulo mkhuba Russian lithe laqhenqetha ingqikelelo, njengoko apho amaziko ezemali afanelekileyo zinganikezelwa kwinguqulelo iphambili ilandelayo:

- usasazo (okanye inqanaba single) inkqubo;

- Inkqubo yenguquko;

- (okanye kabini) inkqubo emarikeni.

Siza kufunda iinkcukacha zabo ezithile.

inkqubo emanqanaba

Iintlobo ingxelo lweenkqubo zebhanki zibandakanya ngoko ukhetho kwamaziko zemali-kwinqanaba elinye.

Okukodwa yabo phambi lonxibelelwano tye phakathi kwamaziko ngetyala, ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi yophatho eyinkunzi ngokusekelwe imigangatho kunye nemigangatho yehlabathi. Inkqubo zebhanki ibhaso-uhlobo luphawulwa ikakhulu kumazwe kunye zoqoqosho buthathaka, kwaye kumazwe apho inkqubo iindlela zolawulo yolawulo kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho.

inkqubo emanqanaba-amabini

ingqiqo ingqalelo, uchaza apho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zebhanki, ikwabandakanya ulwabiwo amaziko mali yomtshato.

Kule yokugqibela, unxibelelwano phakathi kwamaziko credit kwenziwa nokuba tyaba okanye nkqo. Ngokuphathelele indlela yesibini ibandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi CB - iziko zemali ezingundoqo kurhulumente - kunye neebhanki omlambo. Phakathi sikhokelo indlela esekwe kunxibelelwano tye phakathi iimpepha ezisemthethweni ngokulinganayo nomba lwamaziko ngetyala. Indima ye-Central Bank kwi inkqubo yolawulo entlu-mbini - ukuqinisekisa ukuba amatyala izakhiwo ingxelo yemali, kwakunye ekusetyenzisweni yommiselo soqoqosho.

Le modeli yiSoviet lombutho inkqubo yogcino-

Iintlobo Iinkqubo zebhanki, siye saxubusha ngasentla, loo nto ngamazinga nelo ziko zabo zemali awayekho ngamaxesha Soviet - ngenxa yokuba iye inani iimpawu ezizodwa. Kuthetha ntoni oku? Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba inkqubo yogcino-enamanqanaba omnye busenza ukuba ubukho indlela yonxibelelwano enye phakathi amaziko azimeleyo ngetyala - tye. inqanaba ezimbini kubonisa ukuba inkqubo yentsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko zemali kunye Central Bank ixhulumane.

Ethetha imodeli yiSoviet, asinakukwazi sithi ukuba ube ngokupheleleyo iimpawu zohlobo yokuqala okanye yesibini lweenkqubo. Inyaniso yokuba iibhanki kwi-USSR wasebenza yinye ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaphantsi ngokungqongqo kuRhulumente Bank. Oko akukho unxibelelwano oxwesileyo akuthethi kuqhubeka phakathi kwabo. Kwelinye icala, naziphi iinqobo ukwahlula amanqanaba amabini yentsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko zemali eSoviet Union, nazo ukufumana kunzima. Into yokuba i-Bank State ebikade iyinxalenye yenkqubo enye zebhanki kazwelonke, kunye nendima yayo efana naleyo yenziwa yi-Central Bank of Russia ayiphelelanga nokugcinwa amatyala kunye ummiselo. umsebenzi wayo luboniswa into ngokunika uluhlu olupheleleyo lweenkonzo zebhanki kunikwa kusetyenziswa uthungelwano omthetho owayamileyo kwiibhanki zengingqi.

Noko ke, abanye abaphandi kusekho badla ukuba bathi imodeli yiSoviet lombutho zentengo yemboleko kunye namaziko zemali uhlobo-kwinqanaba elinye. Yintoni na impikiswano yeengcali kulo mba? Into yokuba i-Bank State of waseUSSR, enalo yedwa phantse zonke iintlobo iinkonzo zebhanki, enyanisweni, abe ngaloo ndlela i "kwinqanaba elinye 'kwesihloko. Kukho abaphandi abo Cazulula ngetyala kunye nenkqubo-mali ye-USSR kunye namanye amazwe, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo imodeli yolawulo ulawulo lwezoqoqosho njenge iintlobo ezahlukeneyo - olukwindawo enye.

Inkqubo yenguquko

Ziziphi iinkalo agcwele kwinkqubo yogcino akutshintsho? Kuyenzeka ukuba uphi na unxibelelwano, leyo uphawu ukuba zombini iintlobo-kwinqanaba elinye amaziko ezemali, nangenxa level-mabini. Kwimeko yokuqala njani ukuthetha phambi beebhanki karhulumente, ezo isibonisi isantya, isabelo ebalulekileyo yonke inkqubo yemali yesizwe kwaye ngaxeshanye ukulondoloza kokuzimela Central Bank kubonakala ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo zemali ezikhuthaza kwimarike, inkcazo eziphambili kuphuhliso. Kwelinye icala, kwindlela yokugcina imali yelizwe abanokuya ziko, nto leyo, ingxelo ngqo kwi-Central Bank nokugcina ulongamo ngaphakathi kwimida emiselwe ngumthetho.

Inkqubo zebhanki yakutshanje Russian Federation

Ngoko ke, siye wajonga iintlobo ezisisiseko kwiinkqubo zebhanki kwisakhelo kweekhonsepthi ukuba zande phakathi abaphengululi mihla. Ukuthetha ngayo amaziko ezemali mihla eRashiya, njani ukuba zihlelwe?

Kwiimpawu ezininzi kwinkqubo yogcino Russian --enamanqanaba amabini. Oku kusebenza akuthethi ukuqhuba imisebenzi zamaziko zemali akukho kuphenduliswa Central Bank. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo zebhanki Russian ibandakanya nokusebenza inani elikhulu amaziko yeentengo zemboleko ngenkuthalo basebenzisane kunye nezinye iindawo tyaba. I-Central Bank of the Russian Federation uphumeza zombini tye kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo. Inika amatyala ibhanki xa ngokubanika mboleko ngokungqinelana izinga isitshixo.

Noko ke, abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba uhlobo kwinkqubo yogcino Russian ngoku - nangoku, ogalelwe. Kodwa hayi ngokwemiqathango indibanisela iimpawu i-enamanqanaba enye kwenqanaba-ezimbini imifuziselo, kwaye inkalo ebusweni iimpawu ezithile ukuba uphawu kwinkqubo esembindini yiSoviet lombutho leziko zemali ezifanelekileyo. Iingcali bathi lo mbono yokuba ukuba iibhanki eRashiya phambili - urhulumente. Ezi ziquka Savings Bank, "VTB", "Bank Agricultural". Oku kugqiba into yokuba urhulumente, efana kuRhulumente Bank of waseUSSR, eneneni ubambe yesizwe ngetyala kunye nenkqubo-mali phantsi kolawulo. Ngenxa yoko, kwinkqubo zebhanki Russian na esekwe kakuhle kwimarike-hlobo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba abangakwaziyo ahambelana imisebenzi yorhwebo ziya kubekho inani elikhulu abadlali abasebenzisana tye. Lo msebenzi osemqoka uphawu imodeli yomtshato.

Qaphela ukuba ngaphambi eSoviet Union - ngemihla yoBukhosi Russian - kwilizwe lethu nabo kukho inkqubo yogcino aphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo. It waphawulwa, ngokutsho kubaphandi abaninzi, intsebenziswano eyiyo kakhulu amaziko mali karhulumente kunye nawabucala. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, amava yembali ngaloo minyaka ukuya kumkhamo othile emalifakwe eRashiya yanamhlanje.

amava International

Funda imigaqo esisiseko apho neebhanki asebenza, kunye nenkqubo zebhanki Russian, cinga izibakala eziphawuleka kakhulu ngokuphathelele umsebenzi amaziko ezemali afanelekileyo kumazwe angaphandle. Iluncedo ingakumbi ukuba banikele ingqalelo namava kuqoqosho lwaseNtshona phambili. Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yogcino Russian oluqhutywa-sikhokelo imodeli nkulu. Ngokucacileyo, amava kumazwe Koloni kule ndlela kukuba obungako enkulu.

Iindlela kwenkcazo indima kweebhanki

Phakathi kwezona langutana ngemiba zebhanki mihla kumazwe Western - a zokwazisela iindlela ukuya nokuqonda indima kweebhanki kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Inyaniso kukuba i-credit zakudala kunye namaziko zemali kumazwe Western - asingabo abadlali kuphela kwicandelo rhwebo. Kucetywa ukuba ukomeleza indima nokubaluleka kuqoqosho lwesizwe imibutho engekho-zebhanki. Ezi zithinteli ongasebenza kuyo othile ekufutshane oko uphawu iibhanki yamandulo: umzekelo, ukunikezela ngeenkonzo ukuba bafumane iintlawulo, ukuququzelela ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi imali. Ngelo xesha, umsebenzi izakhiwo ezo ayifuni ubukho Central Bank of-mvume kwaye akayi kuba kwimeko enjalo loviwo zihlolelwe uthotyelo lomthetho mali kwenziwa abasemagunyeni zokusuphavayiza yeebhanki.

Kakade ke, imibutho ezinjalo sele uxakeke kwimisebenzi kunye eRashiya. Ezi ziquka ikakhulu iinkqubo elektroniki-intlawulo, kwakunye nemibutho micro-credit. Eneneni, abakwazi ukuba phakathi egcina imali, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ukuba bakwazi ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ukuba kumba ixesha lokuba amaziko zemali yamandulo. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, ingakumbi kwimisebenzi EPS, amaziko microfinance kunye namanye amaziko non-bank eRashiya ukuba mthetho lifuna ukuba yancuma amalungiselelo elawula umsebenzi kwezakhiwo kule hlobo kunye iibhanki yamandulo. Yintoni na impikiswano leengcaphephe ubambe le mbono? Ngoko ke, abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba uMthetho "Kwi inkqubo yekhompyutha-yentlawulo" njengoko ixesha kubandakanya kumakishwa ubunye imigangatho yolawulo. Umzekelo, ngokubhekiselele ekuqapheleni umboleki le nkonzo. Kwiminyaka yokuqala ukusebenza eRashiya EPS ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kweenkonzo e-intlawulo kwi-Russian Federation umntu akazange kufuneka ukuqinisekisa isazisi sakho, ngoko ke ukwamkelwa umthetho ngawo, kwavela isidingo esinjalo.

Ngenxa yoko, kwi-West inxalenye yenkqubo neebhanki, njengoko kuqatshelwe abanye abahlaziyi, bubonakala kwimeko eyahlukileyo. EPS kunye nabanye abadlali ukuba ndingenguye kudidi ngetyala zakudala kunye namaziko zemali ziya, ngokuhambelana nenye iingqiqo kakhulu ethandwa kufuneka kungene ezahlukeneyo, hayi ezinxulumene ngqo ukubhankisha niche. Kodwa yintoni imigomo kuba sisiseko ukwahlulwa nengxenye ababini?

Ngoko ke, ngokutsho abaphandi, iibhanki kunye necandelo leebhanki ukuba enze zonke ezi nemisebenzi:

- Iinkonzo elinguvimba kumntu ngamnye kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni kunye isiqinisekiso ngokupheleleyo ukugcinwa eyinkunzi;

- umbutho kumashishini lwemisebenzi imali zonke iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zomthetho;

- ngokubonelela ngemali-mboleko 'ubude' (mortgage, mboleko loosomashishini).

Ngenxa yoko, amaqela non-ibhanki kufuneka, ngokungqinelana omnye iingqiqo kakhulu zithandwa egxininisa lo msebenzi ulandelayo:

- ngokubonelela udluliselo ngokukhawuleza noluthembekileyo imali, efumana iintlawulo iinkonzo zabucala kunye noluntu;

- ukubonelela ngeziseko zeteknoloji lokuhlawula amatikiti iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezithuthi;

- ngokubonelela ngemali-mboleko "ezimfutshane" (ubukhulu becala abo zihlelwa micro-credits);

- Ukuququzelela umsebenzi ngempumelelo yeevenkile online.

Ezi imigaqo engundoqo ezibonisa umahluko phakathi kwendima yamaziko zemali zebhanki emveli kunye namaziko non-mali kumazwe aseNtshona. Ukuze kangakanani loo mbono ingahimbiselani ukusebenza zonxibelelwano zemali Russian? Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, isitshixo i migaqo ikhankanywe ngasentla kakhulu ezifanelekileyo i-Russian Federation. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukuba mthetho ngaphandle kwinqanaba elifunekayo lwenkxaso yemisebenzi abadlali yemarike ngokwemigaqo ngeenkonzo ezifanelekileyo.

iibhanki zorhwebo kunye notyalo-mali

Kumazwe amaninzi Western abenza umahluko yeebhanki (kwaye oku esinye isiseko kunokwenzeka ukuba ekulinganisweni iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo) kwabo ukuba yenze ngetyala kunye nemisebenzi zemali, kwaye abo bazenzayo ngokuyintloko kumsebenzi mali (enxulumene ukuthenga nokuthengisa lezabelo, izibambiso, njl . d.). Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States ngokwenyani iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezimbini eentlangano. Ngokufanayo ke kunjalo e-Japan. ERashiya, kwakukho umkhwa apho lophawu linye kuyilwa units uxanduva kokubini ebhankini kunye nemisebenzi zotyalo-mali. Ngokomzekelo, xa isakhiwo "VTB" ebambe isakhiwo "VTB 24" yaye "VTB Capital". KwiVangeli ebhalwe nguye ubalisa neebhanki, okwesibini - nje umsebenzi utyalo-mali efanayo.

Indima ye-Central Bank

Iimpawu ze kwinkqubo yogcino yesizwe luqinisekiswa kakhulu umsebenzi elithile le-Central Bank, indima yayo kuqoqosho karhulumente. Zeziphi iindlela ngolwazi lwalo anoqoqosho nkulu kuphuhliswa?

Kukho States apho Central Bank nguye komlawuli kuphela kwinkqubo yesizwe zemali. Phakathi kwabo - Australia, Ireland, Italy. Kwamanye amazwe, i-Central Bank iyahlula umsebenzi ophawulekayo kunye neminye imibutho - isenzo esinjalo iye yaphuhliswa eUnited States, eJamani, France. Phakathi yemifanekiso kakhulu umdla lombutho kwenkqubo yogcino yesizwe - America.

Ngoko, xa isakhiwo yeziko zemali ezifanelekileyo eUnited States kukho eneneni iindidi ezine amaziko:

- kazwelonke amaziko abolekisa ngemali ;

- banks karhulumente ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo i-Federal Reserve System;

- iibhanki ezingaqukwanga kwi-Fed, kodwa ayihambisani Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;

- izakhiwo mboleko musa basebenzisane kunye nemibutho ezikhethekileyo.

Fed kulo mzekelo lisebenza analog of CBA elenza umsebenzi ukukhutshwa kwaye ugcina isambuku. Noko ke, eUnited States nabo uyakwazi ukusebenza amaziko yeentengo zemboleko na enxulumene nemisebenzi ye-Federal Reserve System.

Amathuba ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yebhanki Russian

Ngoko wafunda ingqiqo kunye neendidi kweenkqubo zebhanki. Yeyiphi kwezi ngongoma yophuhliso yeziko mali echaphazelekayo zivunywa eRashiya? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ifuna uhlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo ngokwezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, kwaye ngandlela abaninzi izinto zembali yenkcubeko okuluphawu ingakumbi i-Russian Federation njengelizwe. Ngokutsho zophando ezininzi, iingxaki kwinkqubo yogcino eRashiya, ukuba kukho ngoku, ingakumbi, inzala eliphezulu-mboleko, uxhomekeke elikhulu amaziko ezemali Russian yi mboleko angaphandle, kwangaphambili njengoko ixesha kukuba imilinganiselo emininzi yasentshona kusebenzise imali e Russia ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo kwizinto ezichaphazela yesizwe yonxibelelwano karhulumente, ushishino kunye nabemi kule ndawo.

Kulo mba, iingcali ezininzi bakugqala kuluncedo ukuba ukuhlola nje amava kumazwe asentshona malunga nophuhliso yeziko-mali efanelekileyo, kodwa ke imodeli engembali ukusebenza kwemibutho ngetyala eRashiya. Ngaphezu koko, bona, njengoko sibonile ngentla apha, bezikhona ixesha elide yaye lubonakala, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, iqondo eliphezulu nokubabhaqa. Ngaloo ndlela, yasebenza ngayo iifayile Russian yembali kwiinkqubo zebhanki kunye neempawu zazo inokuba akukho mthombo obalulekileyo ngaphantsi lobungcali ngokwemiqathango yokuphucula eziqokelelwayo nolawulo yesizwe karhulumente.