Igesi lwemostade: impembelelo umntu, imizekelo isicelo, imiphumela

Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, umyalelo yaseJamani yaqala okokuqala ukusebenzisa izixhobo zeekhemikhali ukuhlasela iqela. Ngenxa yoko, zawahlasela imichiza, ngokubulala ngaphezu kwesigidi abantu. "UKumkani" ngeegesi yityhefu ye leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi yaba lwemostade. Eli nqaku liphendula imibuzo malunga into lwemostade kwaye kusetyenziswa apho.

History of indalo

Mustard - igama lwenzululwazi-2,2-dichloroethyl thioester. Yithi for ukuba ngubani kuqala kuhlelwe igesi akunakwenzeka. Ehlabathini ngexesha elifanayo (1860), izazinzulu ezininzi bakwazi ekwahluleni emoyeni elebhu. EJamani, wenza ukufunyanwa Albert Niemann, eNgilani - Frederick Guthrie, France - Sezar Depre. German Victor Mayer (1886) waphumelela ekuphuhliseni indlela yokuvelisa lwemostade ecocekileyo. Kwakhona, le izazinzulu waqhuba iimvavanyo laboratory yokuqala, nto leyo ikhokelele amaphepha echaza iziphumo enetyhefu igesi lwemostade kwi umntu.

Asebenza naye, naye wathabatha inxaxheba kuphononongo, kunye B. Mayer, wayengusosayensi Russian uNikolay Dmitrievich Zelinsky. Ngelishwa, kule nkqubo ND Zelinsky wafumana ukutsha ubuthi yile igesi, akunakwenzeka ukuqhubeka uvavanyo. Ngokusekelwe imisebenzi Mayer, ngowe-1916, ekhemisi ezimbini, B. Lommel (Lommel) kunye B. Shteynkopf (Steinkopf), buphuhliswe buqaliswe buphenjelelwa ukuveliswa woshishino igesi enetyhefu, ekuthiwa Lost (oonobumba bokuqala ezimbini amagama oosonzululwazi). Igama e igesi ayikho ngci.

Ngowe-1917, ngoJulayi 12 ngexesha uhlaselo kwidolophu saseBelgium Ypres, amaJamani kusetyenziswa imigodi azaliswe zizinto ezinamafutha ityhefu. Ukuboniswa kwezinto igesi lwemostade wayeyindoda ezingcangcazelisayo. Yena angena nkqu yokunxiba kunye nezihlangu. Ngenxa yoko le bombardment lwemostade abachaphazelekayo abantu malunga 2,500, abantu abamalunga ne-100 abuleweyo. Emva uhlaselo igesi ebulalayo got igama layo ngoku - lwemostade. Igama lwesibini ityhefu, nto leyo kwakhona xa besiva abantu, "igesi lwemostade". Oku kungenxa ivumba ethile yerhasi lwemostade, leyo embhoxo livumba lwemostade okanye horseradish.

Iindlela ngokwenza kushishino

Emva kweziganeko zobundlobongela Ieper iqela German siqalisile ukuphuhlisa ngenkuthalo iindlela zemveliso kwimizi yerhasi ityhefu. I-British, amaMelika kunye French ekuveliseni kaEtere kusetyenziswa kudibaniso ngqo ecetywayo Nimono kunye Guthrie. Mustard afunyenwe ngenxa yokuba wokujoyina izinto ezimbini, ethylene chloride nesalfure. Le nkqubo ayikho njengoko ixesha elide kwaye zibiza, njengokuba indlela esetyenziswa yi yiJamani.

EJamani, ngokuba ukuvelisa irhasi lwemostade kusetyenziswa indlela B. Mayer, kodwa zongezwe. "Mustard Gas" eziveliswa ngokudibanisa thiodiglycol kunye phosphorus trichloride. Ngaphandle kokuba le nkqubo kuthathe ixesha elide kwaba njini, amaJamani kusetyenziswa kuphela kuye. Emva kokuba imveliso yokugqibela ifunyenwe kwi amaxesha ambalwa kakhulu (95%) kunokuba kunye nezinye iindlela.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Iimpawu ezingundoqo wenyama 2,2'-dichloroethyl thioester:

• Ulwelo, ayinazo umbala.
• Sinevumba, ezifana ikonofile, lwemostade.
• abilayo - 217 ° C.
• ubushushu ukunyibilika - 14,5 ° C.
• It nokucazululwa into kubushushu-150 ° C; siqala ezipheleleyo 500 ° C.
• Iziyobisi ezinoxinano ngaphezu lexinene amanzi.
• Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, igesi enetyhefu emoyeni lifinyele, kodwa umlinganiselo Ester kwi molekyuli emoyeni kwandisa ngenxa hexa elungileyo.

iipropati chemical

Kuba iipropati chemical lwemostade idibana isalfure, athom ezimbini chlorine kunye ethylene:

• Ayikaqondwa enyibilikayo emanzini. Ukuxutywa kwenzeka kuphela sibanga ngamandla. Umzekelo, ukuba enze nasiphi na umzimba lwemostade lwamanzi akayi ukunyibilika emanzini, kodwa liya kuhlala kunye imichiza ukwakhiwa enye, ngoxa kubunzulu. Kwezinye iimeko amanzi sibe phezu komhlaba ezicekethekileyo ifilimu.
• Kuyinto enyibilikayo nemifuno kunye nezilwanyana amafutha, izinyibilikisi organic.
• Egalelwe iintlobo ezininzi zesinyithi; umgqomo ulwelo ukugcina kundikhonza njengezingxobo aluminium.

Mustard: ifuthe abantu

Mustard ibhekisela enetyhefu izinto blister. Yintoni na indlela amanyathelo ubuthi emzimbeni womntu?

• Ngenxa ukunyibilika ezilungileyo igesi lwemostade kwi nezikhongozelo womfuno kunye nezilwanyana imvelaphi, unako ngokukhululekileyo ukungena kwi emzimbeni womntu ngesikhumba. Xa imozulu ishushu kakhulu, ukufunxeka olomeleleyo igesi enetyhefu igalelo ukukhululwa ukubila.
• Xa abantu, lwemostade ngokukhawuleza bahlukane. Oku kuvelisa ezinye iikhompawundi eziyityhefu ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu ebantwini.
• Lymphocyte ziiseli zegazi ezimhlophe kunye ngowokuqala ubunzima kwimiphumo igesi lwemostade. Ngenxa yoko, amajoni omzimba kuba sengozini.
• Ngokubhekele phaya ngokutsho iqondo nefuthe elibi izikhungo yenkqubo hematopoietic, lo isifo emathunjini.
• igesi lwemostade uyakwazi ukutshintsha ulwakhiwo DNA.

imiphumela yityhefu yerhasi lwemostade emzimbeni imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ngexesha uqala kunye nomntu ezincinane iingedosi lwemostade awukwazi nangoko baqaphele iimpembelelo igesi phezu esikhumbeni okanye iphecana sokuphefumla. Ithuba ebhekiswe - Iiyure ezi-6-8. Kuphela ukwanda xi igesi kukukhokela bume ukusa uthimla, okanye umqala obuhlungu.
• Ityhefu iqokelelane apha emzimbeni, ngaloo ndlela mandundu imeko yesigulane.
• Kuba naliphi ifuthe phezu komhlaba inyama yangaphakathi kwaye iqala ukufa kweeseli, ekhokelela ekufeni kwenxalenye yonakele.
• Ijwabu ukulungisa emva kokuba nenxeba olucothayo kakhulu.
• Kwiindawo yomzimba eyonakaliswe ubuncwane ityhefu, kukho vesicants inxeba. Ngenxa yoko sifo bewuhlisele kwakhona nezinye izifo zinokwenzeka, leyo nzima ukuchacha nomonde okanye kukhokelela ekufeni.
• Kukhona zofuzo.
• It kwandisa nobuzaza umzimba ukuba ngamagciwane.

Mustard: imiphumo ifomu yokwehlulwa igesi enetyhefu

Isiphumo esingundoqo yerhasi lwemostade okukuchaphazela amehlo, inkqubo yokuphefumla nolusu. Ukuba arhente wemichiza into kutshizwa ngokohlobo kwegesi, sesichengeni igesi lwemostade kubantu ngokuqhelekileyo amalungu emehlweni, ngoko ke amalungu bokuphefumla isikhumba ngaphantsi kancinane. uhlobo kwamathana Ulwelo yerhasi lwemostade kakhulu kuchaphazela isikhumba. Ifuthe yokuhlasela gas baphathwe ngcono kunokuba iintlobo ulwelo lwe izinto eziyityhefu.

kuvela iintlobo mnene umonakalo sitho kwimeko kokuhlala kwabantu elifutshane elide kwindawo into enetyhefu kunye xi encinane gas (0.002 mg \ L) kunye ifomu engamanzi (0.01 mg \ cm2). Medium - nokonyuka imali iimolekyuli izinto eziyityhefu kwi-bume: Gas - 0015 mg \ L, ulwelo-drop - 0.1 mg \ cm2. Ityhefu igesi lwemostade Heavy, nto leyo kunokukhokelela ekufeni, kwenzeka xa uyondelelwano lwee- iyeza kunyuka karhulumente - 0,07 mg \ L. Amafoto imiphumela gas lwemostade kwi umntu kunokubonwa kweli nqaku.

iintlobo ezintathu izilonda zemigudu:

• Ifomu mnene yokwenzakala: ukudumba emqaleni kunye nempumlo. Ebonakalisa kwi netuwa amaninzi ukusuka impumlo, ubunzima igwinya, umqala obuhlungu. Emva kweentsuku 10-12, iimpawu ndimke.
• Umlinganiselo ifomu: ukukhohlela ukubhobhoza ubovu, ubushushu bomzimba phezulu, iintlungu kwindawo esifubeni. Nge unyango laneleyo kukhokelela inyumoniya. Ixesha therapy emiselweyo ikhuthaza linophiliso ngenyanga enesiqingatha.
• A kakhulu lwe: mpawu ityhefu zenzeka iiyure eziliqela emva kokuba sesichengeni gas lwemostade. Ukunxila - khohlo kunye ubovu ukubhobhoza ulwelo, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, inyumoniya ukuvela ngomhla wesithathu, singaqhubela ku necrosis ye imiphunga kunye nokufa. Ukufunyanwa izigulane emva yityhefu kakhulu iya nzima.

iintlobo ezintathu umonakalo zomzimba:

• Amehlo kakhulu ingqalelo kwimiphumo lwemostade (gas). Nokuba kwi kungomlinganiselo omncinci (0.005 mg \ L) kwi kangangesiqingatha seyure - yintsimbi yesithathu waziva abuhlungu, ukutsha, eziva zesanti emehlweni, kudumba ngamandla ukubaleka iinyembezi amehlo yangaphakathi. Isibini leeveki imeko nganye.
• Xa iimpawu ocular sandla ngokulinganisela, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ziyanyuswa, corneas ezinye asha kuvela ubomvu. izilonda ezinjalo zinokunyangwa, ukuchacha kwenzeka emva kweenyanga ezintathu.
• zenzeka iintlobo ezimandundu yentshabalalo ukuba igesi kwamathana lwemostade elulwelo lingene emehlweni akho. Ubunzima kakhulu inwebu, nangokurhala na eyenzeka kuqala, uze emva koko turbidity, emva kokufa izihlunu kwenwebu yamehlo, kukhokelela kubumfama.

iintlobo ezintathu kolusu:

• uhlobo Mild yokwehlulwa; esizeni qha ulusu kunye neziyobisi ityhefu kukho nangokurhala, kukho iindawo mnyama, yokuzikhwebula. Emva kweveki kunye iimpawu enesiqingatha iyanyamalala, nombala kuphela kuhlala ixesha elide.
• Xa neziphumo oluphakathi kwi eluswini kuvela amaqamza amancinci, ezithi ke ngoko zidityaniswe zibe ukudubuleka ezivula maleko ongama. Oku kwenzeka ezinye izifo ukuba andzise sifo. Kwakhona, le fomu luphawulwa ukurhawuzelela kakhulu kunye neentlungu. Iimpawu zinyamalale kwisithuba inyanga.
• Ifomu kunawo - owesithathu. Lubonakala yi izitshanguba ze ancedisana enzonzobila angakhula abe nezilonda necrotic hardhealed. Indawo yoBuyiselo-kwenzeka emva kweenyanga 4.

igesi lwemostade ungakwazi ukungena kwaye kwisiqwenga gastro-amathumbu kunye nokutya anetyhefu okanye amanzi. utshintsho enetyhefu ibhalwe kwisisu zomlomo, kuvuleke iminxunya emathunjini. Kulo emathunjini, ngokuqhelekileyo akuveli ukudumba ngenxa yokuba ityhefu ongena egazini ukusuka esiswini. Iimpawu: ifiva, ukugabha, urhudo, ukungasebenzi wentliziyo, kwamanani lilonke umzimba. iintlobo ezimandundu ubuthi ekhokelela ekufeni.

lokuqala zoncedo

Kwindawo yokuqala, ukunqanda isiphumo enetyhefu igesi lwemostade kwi umntu, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukukhusela ulusu kunye isixokelelwano sokuphefumla, amehlo iindlela ezizodwa - imaski igesi kunye isuti olukhuselayo.

Emva ukuqhagamshelana nge gas lwemostade kusithwa Nokwethisa ulusu kungaba indlela esisebenza ngayo izinto ekhethekileyo evela iphakheji anti-igesi ngamnye, ukuba akunjalo, ngoko sebenzisa isisombululo alkoholi chlorine bleach. Ukuba ezonakeleyo ahlambe emanzini aphilileyo okanye isisombululo soda buthathaka iliso. Ukungena berhasi lwemostade kwi wokugaya iyabhlokwa yi lavage esiswini kunye nesisombululo ezibuthathaka potassium permanganate.

isicelo

Kuba okokuqala ukusetyenziswa igesi lwemostade yi-amaJamani kwenzeka ebudeni imfazwe phakathi kane Alliance kunye Entente. Kuluncwadi, le kwesiqabu kudla ngokuthiwa kwimfazwe nje imichiza, kuba sohlala kweli xesha, ukuvavanywa ndayinikela omkhulu izinto eziyityhefu ezibulalayo.

Emkhosini German wasebenzisa igesi lwemostade ukuze ukunqanda phambi kotshaba umkhosi kufutshane nedolophu Ypres. Ngobusuku ka July 13, 1917 amaJamani wahlaselwa abendlu ka-Entente igesi lwemostade. Imiphumo ukusetyenziswa lokuqala igesi ityhefu kade: abachaphazelekayo abantu malunga 2,500 babulawa kuloo ndawo malunga 100. wafa ezininzi emva kokuba usebenze kanzima, kuba isiphumo igesi ebulalayo lungenzeki ngoko nangoko. Emva olu hlaselo amaJamani amaBritane, amaMelika, isiFrentshi wagqiba kwelokuba amkele lwemostade kakhulu.

Amawaka kwabafileyo, ikamva, ezilinyaziweyo, umzimba, ubuso amajoni zamajoni, ukungcola komhlaba kunye namanzi - neziphumo zokusetyenziswa izixhobo kwemichiza ngexesha lemfazwe. Ihlabathi oluphucukileyo akakwazi ukuthintela ukwenzeka ukwesaba okunjalo kwixa elizayo. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1925 sisayinwe i Geneva Protocol ngokuvala ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo imichiza, izixhobo zebhayoloji ngexesha lemfazwe.

Nangona uvaliwe, amazwe amaninzi aye asebenzisa arhente imichiza yaso umdlali yakhe ekoneni ze uphumelele imfazwe.

UMussolini akazange thandabuza ukwenza usebenziso lwe igesi lwemostade emfazweni nxamnye Italian State of Ethiopia (1935-1936). Eyona njongo ephambili - ukuze zimanyane phantsi kweflegi ye eItali, inxalenye emantla eAfrika, ngoko kule khosi kwakukho iindlela ugonyamelo emkhosini, kuquka himataki. Ngenxa yoko, Italy ukuba umbuso Ethiopia kwaye kudityaniswe Eritrea kunye Italian Somaliland kwi kuyo entsha.

Ngowe-1943, kwakukho yintlekele, ezithe azachaphazela kuphela emkhosini kodwa abahlali Bari port. Butho German ATM iinqanawa yaseMelika, omnye ibithwele oonokrwece abotshwe nge lwemostade. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kuwa zazihanjiswa ngaphandle iifyuzi, ugwayimbo umoya ngokwaneleyo ukuze isebenze imixholo ezinetyhefu. Kwakukho ukuhlaselwa yemichiza yabulala abantu abamalunga 90.

I-Japanese Ugqwesile zonke inxalenye yolu vavanyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza e-China. Xa banesifo Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ukuba zaye zathengwa izixhobo German ekuveliseni igesi ngendlela engazange mveliso. Umkhosi Japanese wakha kwiiplanti zeekhemikali eziliqela kumaphondo eTshayina. Iimvavanyo ze izinto eziyityhefu ziqhutywa phezu amabanjwa emfazwe kunye nabalimi eziqhelekileyo! Amajoni ilanga eliphumayo bakholwa consumable Chinese. Umkhosi Japanese "wasindisa" izixhobo zeekhemikhali kwimfazwe e-China (1937-1945). Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe Sino-Japanese, i yaseJapan, ukubatshabalalisa "ubungqina", wangcwatywa okanye antywiliselwe emanzini izinto ezingafunwayo enkulu lezixhobo zeekhemikhali. Kwiminyaka 90 kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwakukho iimeko xa himsnaryady ungxamile erisayikilishiweyo yonakele, kunye nesiphumo enetyhefu igesi lwemostade bafumana abemi abaqhelekileyo. Ngo-2010, eendaba ingxelo ukuba ukwakhiwa isityalo siya kwenziwa e-China inkunkuma kungcwatywa ngezikrweqe Japanese imichiza.

ukuthintelwa Chemical Izixhobo

NgoSeptemba 3, 1993 kuye kwandululwa ukuba asayine yeNgqungquthela ukuthintelwa lezixhobo zeekhemikhali. Eneneni, wangena ku-Apreli 1997, emva kokuba usayine 65 ithi. Phantsi kwesi sivumelwano, amazwe kufuneka ukuba atshabalalise kummandla zonke izixhobo ezingafunwayo kunye neenkqubo imichiza yokulondoloza uphuhliso kunye nokuqaliswa iindidi ezintsha ze iityhefu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amazwe 190 isayinwe ndibano, amalungu oMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo. Malunga ne-60% yazo zonke isitokhwe lezixhobo zeekhemikhali itshatyalaliswe.

ezikhoyo ngoku

Convention uxhaswe kumazwe amaninzi, kodwa izinto eziyityhefu luqhutyelwe phambili kangangoko ukusetyenziswa kuphela ngexesha ungquzulwano kodwa kwi bombardment lweedolophu emkhosini. Kusukela entwasahlobo ka-2017 eendaba liqhuma iingxelo zokusetyenziswa igesi lwemostade e-Iraq ayiqhelileyo imfazwe. lwabasunguli Himataki baba abameli Islamic State (wavalwa Russia). Kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo imichiza e Syria ukufaka kunye nezixeko (2016-2017 gg.). Ukuhlaselwa izinto eziyityhefu kuchaphazela kuphela emkhosini kodwa abahlali. Nangona urhulumente waseSiriya libhengeze ngokusemthethweni ukuba nebhetshi entsha izixhobo zeekhemikhali athathwa ngaphandle ngoJuni 2014. Laboratory ekuveliseni igesi lwemostade e-Iraq, emkhosini wafumana abaseMelika. UN Commission kwenziwe uphando kwimeko nganye ukusetyenziswa izinto eziyityhefu.

Mustard - kwesigulo?

Emva kokuba nentlekele ngowe-1943 kwizibuko Italian ka Bari, abaphengululi wabancina umzimba ufile. Ngenxa yokuba uhlolo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba amalungu igazi-yenza uze iindawo nkovu ndingekho leukocytes. Esi siphumo kwenza izazinzulu ukuba irhasi lwemostade lusetyenziswe unyango kwizifo somhlaza. Abaphandi ukusuka America Goodman kunye Gilman ngokwesiseko igesi lwemostade baye basungula into yokuba ngeedosi ezincinane elawulwa kwisigulana lymphoma. Ekuqaleni, iyeza xi ukusebenza ngomhla ithumba Ukwakheka. It bancipha ubukhulu. Kodwa emva kwexesha elithile umhlaza iye inkqubela. A amaninzi emzimbeni kwento ngenxa lwemostade awuqali ukunceda umzimba, kodwa kungcono ityhefu kuye. Le ndoda wabulawa ukunxila.

Maxa kungomlinganiselo omncinci, igesi lwemostade isetyenziswa ngokuphatha ukhwekhwe isifo solusu. Ngenxa sungula lwemostade, linamafutha apho ikhoyo nokubakho om-1 ukuya ku-20 000 okanye 40 000. Kodwa ke kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, iyeza kunqabile wabhenela kwindlela olukhulu loo unyango.

Ngexesha iimfazwe kwikhosi iindlela, maxa wambi ukhohlakele kakhulu kwezo njongo. Kodwa akubi njalo, isiphelo Mathews indlela. Ngoko ke kwenzeka ntoni ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza. Iziphumo ukusetyenziswa ayingozi izinto kukothuka (kuquka ifuthe kwegesi lwemostade kwi mntu). De kube ngoku, abantu baye bazama ukumelana neziphumo ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umsebenzi ophambili kweli hlabathi oluphucukileyo ukuba singaphindi ezinjalo iimpazamo.